As of October 16, 2024, the yield for a ten-year U.S. government bond was 4.04 percent, while the yield for a two-year bond was 3.96 percent. This represents an inverted yield curve, whereby bonds of longer maturities provide a lower yield, reflecting investors' expectations for a decline in long-term interest rates. Hence, making long-term debt holders open to more risk under the uncertainty around the condition of financial markets in the future. That markets are uncertain can be seen by considering both the short-term fluctuations, and the long-term downward trend, of the yields of U.S. government bonds from 2006 to 2021, before the treasury yield curve increased again significantly in 2022 and 2023. What are government bonds? Government bonds, otherwise called ‘sovereign’ or ‘treasury’ bonds, are financial instruments used by governments to raise money for government spending. Investors give the government a certain amount of money (the ‘face value’), to be repaid at a specified time in the future (the ‘maturity date’). In addition, the government makes regular periodic interest payments (called ‘coupon payments’). Once initially issued, government bonds are tradable on financial markets, meaning their value can fluctuate over time (even though the underlying face value and coupon payments remain the same). Investors are attracted to government bonds as, provided the country in question has a stable economy and political system, they are a very safe investment. Accordingly, in periods of economic turmoil, investors may be willing to accept a negative overall return in order to have a safe haven for their money. For example, once the market value is compared to the total received from remaining interest payments and the face value, investors have been willing to accept a negative return on two-year German government bonds between 2014 and 2021. Conversely, if the underlying economy and political structures are weak, investors demand a higher return to compensate for the higher risk they take on. Consequently, the return on bonds in emerging markets like Brazil are consistently higher than that of the United States (and other developed economies). Inverted yield curves When investors are worried about the financial future, it can lead to what is called an ‘inverted yield curve’. An inverted yield curve is where investors pay more for short term bonds than long term, indicating they do not have confidence in long-term financial conditions. Historically, the yield curve has historically inverted before each of the last five U.S. recessions. The last U.S. yield curve inversion occurred at several brief points in 2019 – a trend which continued until the Federal Reserve cut interest rates several times over that year. However, the ultimate trigger for the next recession was the unpredicted, exogenous shock of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, showing how such informal indicators may be grounded just as much in coincidence as causation.

At the end of 2023, the yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury bond was 3.96 percent. The highest yields could be observed in the early 1990s. What affects bond prices? The factors that play a big role in valuation and interest in government bonds are interest rate and inflation. If inflation is expected to be high, investors will demand a higher return on bonds. Country credit ratings indicate how stable the economy is and thus also influence the government bond prices. Risk and bonds Finally, when investors are worried about the bond issuer’s ability to pay at the end of the term, they demand a higher interest rate. For the U.S. Treasury, the vast majority of investors consider the investment to be perfectly safe. Ten-year government bonds from other countries show that countries seen as more risky have a higher bond return. On the other hand, countries in which investors do not expect economic growth have a lower yield.

Graph and download economic data for Moody's Seasoned Baa Corporate Bond Yield (BAA) from Jan 1919 to Feb 2025 about Baa, bonds, yield, corporate, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for 10-Year High Quality Market (HQM) Corporate Bond Spot Rate (HQMCB10YR) from Jan 1984 to Feb 2025 about 10-year, bonds, corporate, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

Of the largest economies by GDP, the United States saw the sharpest fall in absolute terms for 10-year government bond yields due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. From a level of 1.51 percent in January 2020, yields on 10-year government bonds fell to 0.65 percent by April 2020, and had further fallen to 0.53 percent by July 2020 before starting to recover towards the end of the year. Conversely, countries that went into 2020 with already low bond yields like Japan, Germany and France actually saw a small increase in March 2020 - although these already low yields mean that these small changes are significant in relative terms. As of December 2024, the countries with the highest 10-year yields are the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia with 4.66, 4.54 and 4.46 percent, respectively.

Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Gross Sales: Bond: High Yield Global data was reported at 514.341 USD mn in Jan 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 319.307 USD mn for Dec 2024. Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Gross Sales: Bond: High Yield Global data is updated monthly, averaging 284.711 USD mn from Jan 2023 (Median) to Jan 2025, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 514.341 USD mn in Jan 2025 and a record low of 172.682 USD mn in Apr 2023. Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Gross Sales: Bond: High Yield Global data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Hong Kong Investment Funds Association. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong SAR (China) – Table HK.Z036: HK Investment Funds Association Statistics.

Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Net Sales: Bond: High Yield Europe data was reported at -1.368 USD mn in Nov 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of -1.315 USD mn for Oct 2024. Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Net Sales: Bond: High Yield Europe data is updated monthly, averaging -1.053 USD mn from Jan 2023 (Median) to Nov 2024, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.291 USD mn in Jul 2023 and a record low of -9.703 USD mn in Jan 2023. Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Net Sales: Bond: High Yield Europe data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Hong Kong Investment Funds Association. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong SAR (China) – Table HK.Z036: HK Investment Funds Association Statistics.

In December 2024, the yield on a 10-year U.S. Treasury note was 4.39 percent, forecasted to decrease to reach 3.27 percent by August 2025. Treasury securities are debt instruments used by the government to finance the national debt. Who owns treasury notes? Because the U.S. treasury notes are generally assumed to be a risk-free investment, they are often used by large financial institutions as collateral. Because of this, billions of dollars in treasury securities are traded daily. Other countries also hold U.S. treasury securities, as do U.S. households. Investors and institutions accept the relatively low interest rate because the U.S. Treasury guarantees the investment. Looking into the future Because these notes are so commonly traded, their interest rate also serves as a signal about the market’s expectations of future growth. When markets expect the economy to grow, forecasts for treasury notes will reflect that in a higher interest rate. In fact, one harbinger of recession is an inverted yield curve, when the return on 3-month treasury bills is higher than the ten year rate. While this does not always lead to a recession, it certainly signals pessimism from financial markets.

Germany 10Y Bond Yield was 2.79 percent on Thursday March 27, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. Germany 10-Year Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

India 10Y Bond Yield was 6.60 percent on Wednesday March 26, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. India 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

U.S. ten-year government bonds have provided significantly higher yields compared to German ten-year bonds since 2008, with the former yielding 4.36 percent in November 2024 compared to 2.31 percent for the latter. Being safe but low-return investments, treasury bond yields are generally considered an indicator of investor confidence about the economy. A rising yield indicates falling rates and falling demand, meaning that investors prefer to invest in higher-risk, higher-reward investments; a falling yield suggests the opposite.

Key information about Germany Short Term Government Bond Yield

• Germany Short Term Government Bond Yield: Daily: Germany: 2 Years was reported at 2.15 % pa in Mar 2025, compared with 2.13 % pa in the previous day.
• Germany Short Term Government Bond Yield data is updated daily, available from Jan 2014 to Mar 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 3.34 % pa in Mar 2023 and a record low of -1.02 % pa in Mar 2020.
• Short Term Government Bond Yield is reported by CEIC Data.

Key information about US Short Term Government Bond Yield

• United States Short Term Government Bond Yield: Daily: United States: 1 Year was reported at 4.09 % pa in Mar 2025, compared with 4.11 % pa in the previous day.
• US Short Term Government Bond Yield data is updated daily, available from Jan 1962 to Mar 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 5.49 % pa in Oct 2023 and a record low of 0.04 % pa in Jun 2021.
• Short Term Government Bond Yield is reported by CEIC Data.

Canada 10Y Bond Yield was 3.16 percent on Wednesday March 26, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. Canada 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

United Kingdom 10Y Bond Yield was 4.81 percent on Thursday March 27, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. UK 10 Year Gilt Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

The monthly average yield on five, ten, and twenty-year nominal zero coupon British Government securities in the United Kingdom (UK) have all seen a continued decrease from December 2019 to July 2020. January 2021 saw a slight increase, progressing to October 2022 when yields reached a new high. At the end of December 2024, the monthly average yield of 20-year British Government Securities stood at 4.65 percent.

The Emerging Markets Bond Index (EMBI), commonly known as "riesgo país" in Spanish speaking countries, is a weighted financial benchmark that measures the interest rates paid each day by a selected portfolio of government bonds from emerging countries. It is measured in base points, which reflect the difference between the return rates paid by emerging countries' government bonds and those offered by U.S. Treasury bills. This difference is defined as "spread". Which Latin American country has the highest risk bonds? As of September 19, 2024, Venezuela was the Latin American country with the greatest financial risk and highest expected returns of government bonds, with an EMBI spread of around 254 percent. This means that the annual interest rates paid by Venezuela's sovereign debt titles were estimated to be exponentially higher than those offered by the U.S. Treasury. On the other hand, Brazil's EMBI reached 207 index points at the end of August 2023. In 2023, Venezuela also had the highest average EMBI in Latin America, exceeding 40,000 base points. The impact of COVID-19 on emerging market bonds The economic crisis spawned by the coronavirus pandemic heavily affected the financial market's estimated risks of emerging governmental bonds. For instance, as of June 30, 2020, Argentina's EMBI spread had increased more than four percentage points in comparison to January 30, 2020. All the Latin American economies measured saw a significant increase of the EMBI spread in the first half of the year.

Canada 5 Year Bond Yield was 2.77 percent on Wednesday March 26, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Canada 5Y.

Decentralized Finance users reached a peak of 7.5 million unique users in late 2021, whereas figures in 2023 are considerably lower. This according to a network crawling code that tries to measure the number of unique user addresses involved in buying or selling specific projects associated with DeFi. For example, the code lists data fetching commands associated with Uniswap and Aave — two DeFi protocols with a market cap that was higher than one billion U.S. dollars in March 2022. As Decentralized Finance — much like cryptocurrencies or NFTs — are not being tracked by an official government, these procedures try to measure "network activity". Such activity on the Ethereum blockchain/network, the most used blockchain for DeFi, or elsewhere — tend to be the only source of information on the market size of these topics. However, the source does acknowledge the numbers shown are not without their potential flaws. DeFi in 2023 is relatively small-scale Often remarked as a potential breakthrough trend for 2024, the TVL (total value locked) of DeFi in 2023 reveals a market that is much smaller than in 2021. The amount of money stored in Decentralized Finance was worth about 50 billion U.S. dollars by November 2023, compared to 175 billion U.S. dollars at the end of 2021. Two reasons can be named for this decline. First, the overall cryptocurrency markets has witnessed several dramatic moments. Prices declined after the crash of stablecoin LUNA, and the sudden collapse of crypto exchange FTX in 2022. In 2023, the United States government handed out one of its largest ever corporates fines to Binance — the world's largest crypto exchange. Second, analysts believe the high yield on U.S. Treasury bonds in 2023 when compared to DeFi yields negatively impacted the young industry — as these bonds pose lower risk than DeFi. DeFi use cases: Supporting crypto investments Decentralized Finance hopes to offer different digital financial services, which are run by a community in a so-called decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) away from banks or governments. These services can include asset management, money lending, or trading, potentially making it possible to offer services that traditional finance cannot do. By late 2023, however, DeFi focused on two main use cases: Liquid staking and money lending. These processes are there to support crypto investors, specifically. The market size of insurance within Decentralized Finance, for example, was much smaller in comparison.

Key information about India Short Term Government Bond Yield

• India Short Term Government Bond Yield: Month End: India: 1 Year was reported at 6.58 % pa in Jan 2025, compared with 6.66 % pa in the previous month.
• India Short Term Government Bond Yield data is updated monthly, available from May 1996 to Jan 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 13.01 % pa in Jan 1998 and a record low of 3.46 % pa in Nov 2020.
• Short Term Government Bond Yield is reported by CEIC Data.