The number of university students in the Netherlands grew annually, with enrollment especially increasing between 2019 and 2021. In 2022, ******* students were registered at universities around the country. The largest share of these students was studying degrees related to behavior and social sciences, at around ******. By comparison, roughly ***** students were enrolled in a teaching program. Internationalization of higher education The growth in the number of university students is mostly the result of an increased number of international students finding their way to the Netherlands. In the last decade, the number of enrolled international students more than doubled. Whereas in 2008 less than ****** international students were studying in the Netherlands, by 2018 this had grown to just under ******. Netherlands especially popular among German students In the academic year 2018/2019, over ****** German students were enrolled at universities in the Netherlands. Germans formed by far the largest international student community in the country. In 2018/2019, the number of German students in the Netherlands was nearly twice as large as the second, third and fourth-largest communities (Italian, Chinese and Belgian students) combined.
This statistic shows the number of university students in the Netherlands in 2022, by field of study (in 1,000s). The largest amount of students were studying behavior and social sciences at nearly ******, followed by economics at ****** and technology at ******.
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Netherlands NL: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 42,900.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 40,473.000 FTE for 2021. Netherlands NL: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 30,739.000 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 42,900.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 13,060.000 FTE in 1981. Netherlands NL: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In the Netherlands, beginning with the 2013 data, the following methodological improvements led to breaks in series in the business sector (increase), the government sector (decrease), and at the total economy level (increase): better collection and treatment methods for measuring and reporting R&D expenditures related to external R&D personnel (alignment with the 2015 Frascati Manual); reclassification from the government to the business sector of public corporations engaged in market production; and a better follow-up of non-respondents. In 2012, the method for sampling enterprises included in ISIC industries 84 to 99 (community, social, and personal services) as well as the breakdown of personnel data by occupation were modified leading to breaks in series in the business and government sectors. In 2011, the method for producing business enterprise data changed: all observed enterprises are included whereas before 2011, only enterprises with substantial R&D activities (i.e. with a minimum number of R&D personnel) were incorporated. Subsequent changes affected the higher education sector: before 1999, a large number of PhD candidates were formally employed by research institutes (in the government sector) financing their research. From 1999, universities became the formal employer of PhD candidates and their research activities moved from the Government sector to the Higher Education sector. Besides this, the R&D activities of the Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO) were taken into account for the first time. Finally the R&D activities of the Academic hospitals were increasingly underestimated due to the merging of the Academic hospitals and (parts) of the Faculties of Medicine of the universities into so-called University Medical Centers (UMC's). This started in 1998 and meant for instance that staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the university became employees of the UMC. As a result, data on R&D in the field of medical sciences were also revised. As of 2000, newly-recruited researchers on the payroll of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW), previously included in the Government sector, were included with personnel in the higher education sector. In 1982 and 1990, the methodology of the survey on R&D expenditure changed.
In 2003, Statistics Netherlands revised the panel of the R&D survey for the Government and PNP sectors, resulting in breaks in series for both. Also beginning in 2003, R&D personnel in the PNP sector are grouped with Government sector R&D personnel.
In 1994 and 1996 there were major expansions of the scope of the Business Enterprise sector survey; R&D expenditure and personnel data in the latter sector and in the whole economy are thus not comparable with those for the previous years.
In 1990 and 1999, new methods for calculating GUF are introduced for GBARD series.
The government expenditure on university education in the Netherlands was modeled to be 7.89 billion euros in 2023. Between 1900 and 2023, the expenditure rose by 7.88 billion euros, though the increase followed an uneven trajectory rather than a consistent upward trend.
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This table gives an overview of government expenditure on regular education in the Netherlands since 1900. All figures presented have been calculated according to the standardised definitions of the OECD. Government expenditure on education consists of expenditure by central and local government on education institutions and education. The government finances schools, colleges and universities. It pays for research and development conducted by universities. Furthermore it provides student grants and loans, allowances for school costs, provisions for students with a disability and child care allowances to households as well as subsidies to companies and non-profit organisations. Total government expenditure is broken down into expenditure on education institutions and education on the one hand and government expenditure on student grants and loans and allowances for school costs to households on the other. If applicable these subjects are broken down into pre-primary and primary education, special needs primary education, secondary education, senior secondary vocational and adult education, higher professional education and university education. Data are available from 1900. Figures for the Second World War period are based on estimations due to a lack of source material. The table also includes the indicator government expenditure on education as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). This indicator is used to compare government expenditure on education internationally. The indicator is compounded on the basis of definitions of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). The indicator is also presented in the StatLine table Education; Education expenditure and CBS /OECD indicators. Figures for the First World War and Second World War period are not available for this indicator due to a lack of reliable data on GDP for these periods. The statistic on Education spending is compiled on a cash basis. This means that the education expenditure and revenues are allocated to the year in which they are paid out or received. However, the activity or transaction associated with the payment or receipt can take place in a different year. Statistics Netherlands published the revised National Accounts in June 2024. Among other things, GDP has been adjusted upwards as a result of the revision. The revision has not been extended to the years before 1995. In the indicator 'Total government expenditure as % of GDP', a break occurs between 1994 and 1995 as a result of the revision. Data available from: 1900 Status of the figures: The figures from 1995 to 2022 are final. The 2023 figures are provisional. Changes on 31 December 2024: The final figures of 2021 and 2022 and the provisional figures of 2023 have been added. As a result of the revision of the National Accounts, among other things, GDP has been adjusted upwards. The indicator ‘Total government expenditure as % of GDP’ in this table has been updated on the basis of the revised figures for the entire time series since 1995. A break occurs in the indicator between 1994 and 1995. When will new figures be published? The final figures for 2023 and the provisional figures for 2024 will be published in December 2025. More information on the revision policy of National Accounts can be found under 'relevant articles' under paragraph 3.
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Netherlands NL: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 28,300.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 26,732.000 FTE for 2021. Netherlands NL: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 17,068.500 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 38 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28,300.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 6,123.000 FTE in 1981. Netherlands NL: Higher Education Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In the Netherlands, beginning with the 2013 data, the following methodological improvements led to breaks in series in the business sector (increase), the government sector (decrease), and at the total economy level (increase): better collection and treatment methods for measuring and reporting R&D expenditures related to external R&D personnel (alignment with the 2015 Frascati Manual); reclassification from the government to the business sector of public corporations engaged in market production; and a better follow-up of non-respondents. In 2012, the method for sampling enterprises included in ISIC industries 84 to 99 (community, social, and personal services) as well as the breakdown of personnel data by occupation were modified leading to breaks in series in the business and government sectors. In 2011, the method for producing business enterprise data changed: all observed enterprises are included whereas before 2011, only enterprises with substantial R&D activities (i.e. with a minimum number of R&D personnel) were incorporated. Subsequent changes affected the higher education sector: before 1999, a large number of PhD candidates were formally employed by research institutes (in the government sector) financing their research. From 1999, universities became the formal employer of PhD candidates and their research activities moved from the Government sector to the Higher Education sector. Besides this, the R&D activities of the Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO) were taken into account for the first time. Finally the R&D activities of the Academic hospitals were increasingly underestimated due to the merging of the Academic hospitals and (parts) of the Faculties of Medicine of the universities into so-called University Medical Centers (UMC's). This started in 1998 and meant for instance that staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the university became employees of the UMC. As a result, data on R&D in the field of medical sciences were also revised. As of 2000, newly-recruited researchers on the payroll of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW), previously included in the Government sector, were included with personnel in the higher education sector. In 1982 and 1990, the methodology of the survey on R&D expenditure changed.
In 2003, Statistics Netherlands revised the panel of the R&D survey for the Government and PNP sectors, resulting in breaks in series for both. Also beginning in 2003, R&D personnel in the PNP sector are grouped with Government sector R&D personnel.
In 1994 and 1996 there were major expansions of the scope of the Business Enterprise sector survey; R&D expenditure and personnel data in the latter sector and in the whole economy are thus not comparable with those for the previous years.
In 1990 and 1999, new methods for calculating GUF are introduced for GBARD series.
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Netherlands NL: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 24.627 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 25.195 % for 2021. Netherlands NL: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 33.485 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 35 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 41.869 % in 2009 and a record low of 24.120 % in 2018. Netherlands NL: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In the Netherlands, beginning with the 2013 data, the following methodological improvements led to breaks in series in the business sector (increase), the government sector (decrease), and at the total economy level (increase): better collection and treatment methods for measuring and reporting R&D expenditures related to external R&D personnel (alignment with the 2015 Frascati Manual); reclassification from the government to the business sector of public corporations engaged in market production; and a better follow-up of non-respondents. In 2012, the method for sampling enterprises included in ISIC industries 84 to 99 (community, social, and personal services) as well as the breakdown of personnel data by occupation were modified leading to breaks in series in the business and government sectors. In 2011, the method for producing business enterprise data changed: all observed enterprises are included whereas before 2011, only enterprises with substantial R&D activities (i.e. with a minimum number of R&D personnel) were incorporated. Subsequent changes affected the higher education sector: before 1999, a large number of PhD candidates were formally employed by research institutes (in the government sector) financing their research. From 1999, universities became the formal employer of PhD candidates and their research activities moved from the Government sector to the Higher Education sector. Besides this, the R&D activities of the Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO) were taken into account for the first time. Finally the R&D activities of the Academic hospitals were increasingly underestimated due to the merging of the Academic hospitals and (parts) of the Faculties of Medicine of the universities into so-called University Medical Centers (UMC's). This started in 1998 and meant for instance that staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the university became employees of the UMC. As a result, data on R&D in the field of medical sciences were also revised. As of 2000, newly-recruited researchers on the payroll of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW), previously included in the Government sector, were included with personnel in the higher education sector. In 1982 and 1990, the methodology of the survey on R&D expenditure changed.
In 2003, Statistics Netherlands revised the panel of the R&D survey for the Government and PNP sectors, resulting in breaks in series for both. Also beginning in 2003, R&D personnel in the PNP sector are grouped with Government sector R&D personnel.
In 1994 and 1996 there were major expansions of the scope of the Business Enterprise sector survey; R&D expenditure and personnel data in the latter sector and in the whole economy are thus not comparable with those for the previous years.
In 1990 and 1999, new methods for calculating GUF are introduced for GBARD series.
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Tertiary education, academic staff (% female) in Netherlands was reported at 48.3 % in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Netherlands - Tertiary education; teachers (% female) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on October of 2025.
This statistic shows the population of the Netherlands from 2013 to 2022, by education level. Between 2013 and 2022, the share of people who with a master's degree or PhD increased. Whereas in 2013, **** percent of the population had a university master's degree or higher, by 2022 this had grown to **** percent.
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Netherlands - At Risk of Poverty-rate: Tertiary education (levels 5-8) was 8.00% in December of 2024, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Netherlands - At Risk of Poverty-rate: Tertiary education (levels 5-8) - last updated from the EUROSTAT on October of 2025. Historically, Netherlands - At Risk of Poverty-rate: Tertiary education (levels 5-8) reached a record high of 10.20% in December of 2022 and a record low of 6.40% in December of 2011.
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Netherlands NL: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 6.095 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.834 % for 2022. Netherlands NL: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 2.009 % from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2023, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.095 % in 2023 and a record low of -2.398 % in 1996. Netherlands NL: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In the Netherlands, in 2022, new stratification and sampling methods were implemented, resulting in a series break across all sectors except higher education. Beginning with the 2013 data, the following methodological improvements led to breaks in series in the business sector (increase), the government sector (decrease), and at the total economy level (increase): better collection and treatment methods for measuring and reporting R&D expenditures related to external R&D personnel (alignment with the 2015 Frascati Manual); reclassification from the government to the business sector of public corporations engaged in market production; and a better follow-up of non-respondents. In 2012, the method for sampling enterprises included in ISIC industries 84 to 99 (community, social, and personal services) as well as the breakdown of personnel data by occupation were modified leading to breaks in series in the business and government sectors. In 2011, the method for producing business enterprise data changed: all observed enterprises are included whereas before 2011, only enterprises with substantial R&D activities (i.e. with a minimum number of R&D personnel) were incorporated. Subsequent changes affected the higher education sector: before 1999, a large number of PhD candidates were formally employed by research institutes (in the government sector) financing their research. From 1999, universities became the formal employer of PhD candidates and their research activities moved from the Government sector to the Higher Education sector. Besides this, the R&D activities of the Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO) were taken into account for the first time. Finally the R&D activities of the Academic hospitals were increasingly underestimated due to the merging of the Academic hospitals and (parts) of the Faculties of Medicine of the universities into so-called University Medical Centers (UMC's). This started in 1998 and meant for instance that staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the university became employees of the UMC. As a result, data on R&D in the field of medical sciences were also revised. As of 2000, newly-recruited researchers on the payroll of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW), previously included in the Government sector, were included with personnel in the higher education sector. In 1982 and 1990, the methodology of the survey on R&D expenditure changed.
In 2003, Statistics Netherlands revised the panel of the R&D survey for the Government and PNP sectors, resulting in breaks in series for both. Also beginning in 2003, R&D personnel in the PNP sector are grouped with Government sector R&D personnel.
In 1994 and 1996 there were major expansions of the scope of the Business Enterprise sector survey; R&D expenditure and personnel data in the latter sector and in the whole economy are thus not comparable with those for the previous years.
In 1990 and 1999, new methods for calculating GUF are introduced for GBARD series.
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This table contains figures regarding expenditure on and financing of Research and Development (R&D) activities that are conducted with own or external personnel. Additionally figures are available regarding expenditure on R&D activities that are outsourced abroad.
The figures are provided for the following sectors: - businesses - institutions - institutes of higher education.
Data available from: 2013
Status of the figures: The data regarding 2013-2021 are definitive and the data regarding 2022-2023 are revised provisional.
Changes as of 15 August 2025: The revised provisional figures about 2023 have been published.
As of statistical year 2022, a new sample design and weighting method are used for this statistic. This makes the published data more accurate, but this change does mean that for the moment the figures on the number of R&D firms cannot be published yet.
When will new figures be published? In the fourth quarter of 2025 the provisional figures about 2024 will be published.
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Netherlands - At Risk of Poverty-rate: Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (levels 3 and 4) was 10.90% in December of 2024, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Netherlands - At Risk of Poverty-rate: Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (levels 3 and 4) - last updated from the EUROSTAT on October of 2025. Historically, Netherlands - At Risk of Poverty-rate: Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (levels 3 and 4) reached a record high of 14.80% in December of 2022 and a record low of 9.60% in December of 2012.
The government expenditure on education in the Netherlands was modeled to stand at 53.54 billion euros in 2023. Between 1900 and 2023, the expenditure rose by 53.53 billion euros, though the increase followed an uneven trajectory rather than a consistent upward trend.
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Netherlands NL: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 5.997 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 5.308 % for 2021. Netherlands NL: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 1.376 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 37 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.868 % in 2020 and a record low of -7.957 % in 2011. Netherlands NL: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In the Netherlands, beginning with the 2013 data, the following methodological improvements led to breaks in series in the business sector (increase), the government sector (decrease), and at the total economy level (increase): better collection and treatment methods for measuring and reporting R&D expenditures related to external R&D personnel (alignment with the 2015 Frascati Manual); reclassification from the government to the business sector of public corporations engaged in market production; and a better follow-up of non-respondents. In 2012, the method for sampling enterprises included in ISIC industries 84 to 99 (community, social, and personal services) as well as the breakdown of personnel data by occupation were modified leading to breaks in series in the business and government sectors. In 2011, the method for producing business enterprise data changed: all observed enterprises are included whereas before 2011, only enterprises with substantial R&D activities (i.e. with a minimum number of R&D personnel) were incorporated. Subsequent changes affected the higher education sector: before 1999, a large number of PhD candidates were formally employed by research institutes (in the government sector) financing their research. From 1999, universities became the formal employer of PhD candidates and their research activities moved from the Government sector to the Higher Education sector. Besides this, the R&D activities of the Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO) were taken into account for the first time. Finally the R&D activities of the Academic hospitals were increasingly underestimated due to the merging of the Academic hospitals and (parts) of the Faculties of Medicine of the universities into so-called University Medical Centers (UMC's). This started in 1998 and meant for instance that staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the university became employees of the UMC. As a result, data on R&D in the field of medical sciences were also revised. As of 2000, newly-recruited researchers on the payroll of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW), previously included in the Government sector, were included with personnel in the higher education sector. In 1982 and 1990, the methodology of the survey on R&D expenditure changed.
In 2003, Statistics Netherlands revised the panel of the R&D survey for the Government and PNP sectors, resulting in breaks in series for both. Also beginning in 2003, R&D personnel in the PNP sector are grouped with Government sector R&D personnel.
In 1994 and 1996 there were major expansions of the scope of the Business Enterprise sector survey; R&D expenditure and personnel data in the latter sector and in the whole economy are thus not comparable with those for the previous years.
In 1990 and 1999, new methods for calculating GUF are introduced for GBARD series.
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This table contains figures regarding the personnel and the expenditure related to in-house Research and Development (R&D) activities that are conducted with own or external personnel.
The figures are provided for the following sectors: - businesses - institutions - institutes of higher education
The R&D activities are conducted in-house by own or external personnel in the Netherlands. Outsourced R&D is not included in this table.
Data available from: 2013
Status of the figures: The data regarding 2013-2021 are definitive and the data regarding 2022-2023 are revised provisional.
The status of the figures in this table is related to the status of the figures on the gross domestic product (GDP). Until the GDP is definitive, the R&D intensity can be adjusted.
Changes as of 15 August 2025: The figures about 2023 have been adjusted and are revised provisional.
As of statistical year 2022, a new sample design and weighting method are used for this statistic. This makes the published data more accurate, but this change does mean that for the moment the figures on the number of R&D firms cannot be published yet.
When will new figures be published? In the fourth quarter of 2025 the provisional figures about 2024 will be published.
This statistic shows the number of international students in the Netherlands in the year 2022/23, by institute. In this period, University of Amsterdam had the highest number of international students in the Netherlands. Roughly ****** international students in the Netherlands were studying at University of Amsterdam in 2022/23, whereas there were ****** international students at Maastricht University in the same period.
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Historical Dataset of Dutch Fork High School is provided by PublicSchoolReview and contain statistics on metrics:Total Students Trends Over Years (1993-2023),Total Classroom Teachers Trends Over Years (1993-2023),Distribution of Students By Grade Trends,Student-Teacher Ratio Comparison Over Years (1993-2023),Asian Student Percentage Comparison Over Years (1996-2023),Hispanic Student Percentage Comparison Over Years (1996-2023),Black Student Percentage Comparison Over Years (1996-2023),White Student Percentage Comparison Over Years (1996-2023),Two or More Races Student Percentage Comparison Over Years (2013-2023),Diversity Score Comparison Over Years (1996-2023),Free Lunch Eligibility Comparison Over Years (1993-2023),Reduced-Price Lunch Eligibility Comparison Over Years (1999-2023),Reading and Language Arts Proficiency Comparison Over Years (2011-2022),Math Proficiency Comparison Over Years (2012-2023),Science Proficiency Comparison Over Years (2021-2022),Overall School Rank Trends Over Years (2012-2023),Graduation Rate Comparison Over Years (2013-2023)
In 2022, mobile and smartphone internet access in the Netherlands appeared to increase among users with higher education. Approximately around ** percent of individuals reporting to have a high education accessed the internet using smartphone and mobiles. In comparison, **** percent of respondents with a lower education reported accessing the internet in the same way. Around ** percent of people with a secondary education reported using the internet via mobile.
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Netherlands NL: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 45.801 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 45.467 % for 2021. Netherlands NL: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 36.870 % from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2022, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 45.801 % in 2022 and a record low of 19.937 % in 2001. Netherlands NL: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.
In the Netherlands, in 2022, new stratification and sampling methods were implemented, resulting in a series break across all sectors except higher education. Beginning with the 2013 data, the following methodological improvements led to breaks in series in the business sector (increase), the government sector (decrease), and at the total economy level (increase): better collection and treatment methods for measuring and reporting R&D expenditures related to external R&D personnel (alignment with the 2015 Frascati Manual); reclassification from the government to the business sector of public corporations engaged in market production; and a better follow-up of non-respondents. In 2012, the method for sampling enterprises included in ISIC industries 84 to 99 (community, social, and personal services) as well as the breakdown of personnel data by occupation were modified leading to breaks in series in the business and government sectors. In 2011, the method for producing business enterprise data changed: all observed enterprises are included whereas before 2011, only enterprises with substantial R&D activities (i.e. with a minimum number of R&D personnel) were incorporated. Subsequent changes affected the higher education sector: before 1999, a large number of PhD candidates were formally employed by research institutes (in the government sector) financing their research. From 1999, universities became the formal employer of PhD candidates and their research activities moved from the Government sector to the Higher Education sector. Besides this, the R&D activities of the Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO) were taken into account for the first time. Finally the R&D activities of the Academic hospitals were increasingly underestimated due to the merging of the Academic hospitals and (parts) of the Faculties of Medicine of the universities into so-called University Medical Centers (UMC's). This started in 1998 and meant for instance that staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the university became employees of the UMC. As a result, data on R&D in the field of medical sciences were also revised. As of 2000, newly-recruited researchers on the payroll of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW), previously included in the Government sector, were included with personnel in the higher education sector. In 1982 and 1990, the methodology of the survey on R&D expenditure changed.
In 2003, Statistics Netherlands revised the panel of the R&D survey for the Government and PNP sectors, resulting in breaks in series for both. Also beginning in 2003, R&D personnel in the PNP sector are grouped with Government sector R&D personnel.
In 1994 and 1996 there were major expansions of the scope of the Business Enterprise sector survey; R&D expenditure and personnel data in the latter sector and in the whole economy are thus not comparable with those for the previous years.
In 1990 and 1999, new methods for calculating GUF are introduced for GBARD series.
The number of university students in the Netherlands grew annually, with enrollment especially increasing between 2019 and 2021. In 2022, ******* students were registered at universities around the country. The largest share of these students was studying degrees related to behavior and social sciences, at around ******. By comparison, roughly ***** students were enrolled in a teaching program. Internationalization of higher education The growth in the number of university students is mostly the result of an increased number of international students finding their way to the Netherlands. In the last decade, the number of enrolled international students more than doubled. Whereas in 2008 less than ****** international students were studying in the Netherlands, by 2018 this had grown to just under ******. Netherlands especially popular among German students In the academic year 2018/2019, over ****** German students were enrolled at universities in the Netherlands. Germans formed by far the largest international student community in the country. In 2018/2019, the number of German students in the Netherlands was nearly twice as large as the second, third and fourth-largest communities (Italian, Chinese and Belgian students) combined.