The highest city in the world with a population of more than one million is La Paz. The Capital of Bolivia sits ***** meters above sea level, and is more than 1,000 meters higher than the second-ranked city, Quito. La Paz is also higher than Mt. Fuji in Japan, which has a height of 3,776 meters. Many of the world's largest cities are located in South America. The only city in North America that makes the top 20 list is Denver, Colorado, which has an altitude of ***** meters.

N’Djamena was the most polluted capital city in the world in 2024, with an average annual PM2.5 concentration of nearly ** micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m³). PM2.5 particulate matter concentrations in the Chad capital were over ** times higher than the World Health Organizations PM2.5 guideline of 5 μg/m³. New Delhi followed closely in second place, with PM2.5 levels of **** μg/m³. Sources of PM2.5 PM2. 5 refers to atmospheric particulate matter that have a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers. There are many sources of PM2.5 emissions, including road transport, industrial activities, crop burning, and energy industries. Domestic combustion, such as burning wood for fuel, is also a major source of PM2.5 emissions. As a result, PM2.5 concentrations are typically higher in developing countries. Health impacts of air pollution Exposure to high levels of PM2.5 increases the likelihood of heart and lung problems, and can lead to premature death. Air pollution is one of the leading causes of premature deaths worldwide, cutting millions of lives short every year. Although the highest number of annual air pollution-related deaths are observed in East Asia and Pacific, the health and lives of people in all regions of the world are at risk from harmful pollutants like PM2.5.

Source

The data file is from https://simplemaps.com/data/world-cities.

The "Major Cities" layer is derived from the "World Cities" dataset provided by ArcGIS Data and Maps group as part of the global data layers made available for public use. "Major cities" layer specifically contains National and Provincial capitals that have the highest population within their respective country. Cities were filtered based on the STATUS (“National capital”, “National and provincial capital”, “Provincial capital”, “National capital and provincial capital enclave”, and “Other”). Majority of these cities within larger countries have been filtered at the highest levels of POP_CLASS (“5,000,000 and greater” and “1,000,000 to 4,999,999”). However, China for example, was filtered with cities over 11 million people due to many highly populated cities. Population approximations are sourced from US Census and UN Data. Credits: ESRI, CIA World Factbook, GMI, NIMA, UN Data, UN Habitat, US Census Bureau Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material at this site do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Sarajevo was the most polluted capital city in Europe in 2024, with an average PM2.5 concentration of **** micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m³). This level of air pollution was roughly six times higher than World Health Organization guidelines. The second most polluted capital city in Europe that year was Skopje, North Macedonia, with an average PM2.5 concentration of **** μg/m³.
How bad is air pollution in Europe? Poor air quality is a major issue in Europe, particularly in cities. In fact, more than ** percent of the EU urban population were exposed to PM2.5 concentrations above WHO guidelines in 2021. Average annual PM2.5 levels in populated European cities like Rome, Berlin, and Paris are often double recommended limits. Sources of particulate matter emissions There are several sources of PM2.5 emissions in the European Union, including transportation, energy supply, and agriculture, but the biggest contributor is the residential, commercial, and institutional sector. While PM2.5 emissions from other sectors have fallen notably since the turn of the century, residential, commercial, and institutional emissions have seen little change.

Average Annualised Wage Increases: Federal Agreement: Current: Australia Capital Cities data was reported at 3.600 % in Jun 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 3.600 % for Mar 2025. Average Annualised Wage Increases: Federal Agreement: Current: Australia Capital Cities data is updated quarterly, averaging 3.300 % from Mar 2005 (Median) to Jun 2025, with 82 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.100 % in Dec 2005 and a record low of 2.300 % in Mar 2019. Average Annualised Wage Increases: Federal Agreement: Current: Australia Capital Cities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Department of Employment and Workplace Relations. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.G: Average Annualized Wage Increases: Federal Agreement: by State.

In 2025, approximately 23 million people lived in the São Paulo metropolitan area, making it the biggest in Latin America and the Caribbean and the sixth most populated in the world. The homonymous state of São Paulo was also the most populous federal entity in the country. The second place for the region was Mexico City with 22.75 million inhabitants. Brazil's cities Brazil is home to two large metropolises, only counting the population within the city limits, São Paulo had approximately 11.45 million inhabitants, and Rio de Janeiro around 6.21 million inhabitants. It also contains a number of smaller, but well known cities such as Brasília, Salvador, Belo Horizonte and many others, which report between 2 and 3 million inhabitants each. As a result, the country's population is primarily urban, with nearly 88 percent of inhabitants living in cities. Mexico City Mexico City's metropolitan area ranks sevenths in the ranking of most populated cities in the world. Founded over the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan in 1521 after the Spanish conquest as the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the city still stands as one of the most important in Latin America. Nevertheless, the preeminent economic, political, and cultural position of Mexico City has not prevented the metropolis from suffering the problems affecting the rest of the country, namely, inequality and violence. Only in 2023, the city registered a crime incidence of 52,723 reported cases for every 100,000 inhabitants and around 24 percent of the population lived under the poverty line.

Average Annualised Wage Increases: Federal Agreement: Processed in the Quarter: Australia Capital Cities data was reported at 4.400 % in Jun 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.900 % for Mar 2025. Average Annualised Wage Increases: Federal Agreement: Processed in the Quarter: Australia Capital Cities data is updated quarterly, averaging 3.100 % from Mar 2005 (Median) to Jun 2025, with 82 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.800 % in Jun 2005 and a record low of 1.900 % in Jun 2018. Average Annualised Wage Increases: Federal Agreement: Processed in the Quarter: Australia Capital Cities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Department of Employment and Workplace Relations. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.G: Average Annualized Wage Increases: Federal Agreement: by State.

Derived projected datasets for the eight Australian capital cities in 2016-2045 and 2036-2065, centred around 2030 and 2050, respectively. Projects used eight general circulation models (GCMs) under Representative Concentration Pathway [RCP]2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5. The scenarios were under Coupled Model Intercomparison Project [CMIP]5. The eight GCM models are ACCESS1-0, CESM1-CAM5, CNRM-CM5, CanESM2, GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-CC, MIROC5 and NorESM1-M, and are described online: https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/obtain-data/application-ready-data/eight-climate-models-data/. Only data from five GCMs are available for RCP2.6 and four for RCP6.0.

For each city, seven*seven 5 km grids were extracted at grid centroids correlating to the centre of its central business district. These coordinates are in the file "City coordinate." The corresponding datasets for each city, RCP, GCM, time period, and meteorological variable are located in their respective city folder in the folder "future." The meteorological variables are relative humidity ("hurs"), solar radiation ("rsds"), average air temperature ("tas"), maximum air temperature "(tasmax") and minimum air temperature ("tasmin"). These were used to create derived .csv files also stored in the "future" folder, which in turn were used to create derived R datasets ("ccia_future.rda" and "ccia_future2.rda") combining all the datasets into one and creating additional meteorological indices using the available data. The R code used to create these datasets is included "CCiA data manipulation.R". It uses functions stored in the R code file "Climate functions.R". The additional meteorological indices include alternate humidity variables, apparent temperature variables and the Excess Heat Factor (EHF). The heatwave thresholds values used to calculate EHF (the 95th percentile of daily mean temperature from a reference period) per city are included in "barra_ehfr.R" and were calculated from a separate dataset (not included) derived from the Bureau of Meteorology Atmospheric high-resolution Regional Reanalysis (BARRA).

The original projected climate datasets were sourced from Climate Change in Australia (CCiA), published by the Commonwealth Science Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). The original datasets are available online: https://data-cbr.csiro.au/thredds/catalog/catch_all/oa-aus5km/Climate_Change_in_Australia_User_Data/Application_Ready_Data_Gridded_Daily/catalog.html. The license under which the data were used is available online: https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/overview/about-site/licences-and-acknowledgements/.

I acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and thank the climate modelling groups (listed at https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/obtain-data/application-ready-data/eight-climate-models-data/) for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provides coordinating support and led development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals.

Further information regarding these datasets and meteorological variables is listed in the author's PhD thesis, available online: https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/137773. For any queries, please do not hesitate to contact the author: matthew.borg@adelaide.edu.au.

Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City: Southeast: Rio de Janeiro data was reported at 16,018.000 Unit in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 16,223.000 Unit for 2016. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City: Southeast: Rio de Janeiro data is updated yearly, averaging 24,026.500 Unit from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2017, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 31,618.000 Unit in 2014 and a record low of 16,018.000 Unit in 2017. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City: Southeast: Rio de Janeiro data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Association of Motorcycle, Moped, and Bicycle Manufacturers. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Automobile Sector – Table BR.RAM009: Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City. Two Wheels: Tricycle, quad biking, Motorcycle and Moped.

Motorcycle: Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data was reported at 6,871.000 Unit in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 8,133.000 Unit for 2013. Motorcycle: Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data is updated yearly, averaging 8,133.000 Unit from Dec 2012 (Median) to 2014, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9,027.000 Unit in 2012 and a record low of 6,871.000 Unit in 2014. Motorcycle: Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Association of Motorcycle, Moped, and Bicycle Manufacturers. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Automobile Sector – Table BR.RAM012: Motorcycle Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City. Two Wheels: Tricycle, quad biking, Motorcycle and Moped.

In 2025, Moscow was the largest city in Europe with an estimated urban agglomeration of 12.74 million people. The French capital, Paris, was the second largest city in 2025 at 11.35 million, followed by the capitals of the United Kingdom and Spain, with London at 9.84 million and Madrid at 6.81 million people. Istanbul, which would otherwise be the largest city in Europe in 2025, is excluded as it is only partially in Europe, with a sizeable part of its population living in Asia. Europe’s population is almost 750 million Since 1950, the population of Europe has increased by approximately 200 million people, increasing from 550 million to 750 million in these seventy years. Before the turn of the millennium, Europe was the second-most populated continent, before it was overtaken by Africa, which saw its population increase from 228 million in 1950 to 817 million by 2000. Asia has consistently had the largest population of the world’s continents and was estimated to have a population of 4.6 billion. Europe’s largest countries Including its territory in Asia, Russia is by far the largest country in the world, with a territory of around 17 million square kilometers, almost double that of the next largest country, Canada. Within Europe, Russia also has the continent's largest population at 145 million, followed by Germany at 83 million and the United Kingdom at almost 68 million. By contrast, Europe is also home to various micro-states such as San Marino, which has a population of just 30 thousand.

Brazil Motorcycle: Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City: Central West: Campo Grande data was reported at 3,637.000 Unit in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4,449.000 Unit for 2013. Brazil Motorcycle: Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City: Central West: Campo Grande data is updated yearly, averaging 4,449.000 Unit from Dec 2012 (Median) to 2014, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5,116.000 Unit in 2012 and a record low of 3,637.000 Unit in 2014. Brazil Motorcycle: Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City: Central West: Campo Grande data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Association of Motorcycle, Moped, and Bicycle Manufacturers. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Automobile Sector – Table BR.RAM012: Motorcycle Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City. Two Wheels: Tricycle, quad biking, Motorcycle and Moped.

Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City: Northeast: Maceio data was reported at 3,610.000 Unit in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 3,110.000 Unit for 2013. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City: Northeast: Maceio data is updated yearly, averaging 3,110.000 Unit from Dec 2012 (Median) to 2014, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,610.000 Unit in 2014 and a record low of 2,650.000 Unit in 2012. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City: Northeast: Maceio data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Association of Motorcycle, Moped, and Bicycle Manufacturers. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Automobile Sector – Table BR.RAM013: Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City. Two Wheels: Tricycle, quad biking, Motorcycle and Moped.

Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City: Northeast: Recife data was reported at 8,941.000 Unit in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 8,195.000 Unit for 2013. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City: Northeast: Recife data is updated yearly, averaging 8,195.000 Unit from Dec 2012 (Median) to 2014, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8,941.000 Unit in 2014 and a record low of 6,126.000 Unit in 2012. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City: Northeast: Recife data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Association of Motorcycle, Moped, and Bicycle Manufacturers. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Automobile Sector – Table BR.RAM013: Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City. Two Wheels: Tricycle, quad biking, Motorcycle and Moped.

In 2025, Pietermaritzburg in South Africa ranked as the world's most dangerous city with a crime rate of 82 per 100,000 inhabitants. Five of the 10 cities with the highest crime rates worldwide are found in South Africa. The list does not include countries where war and conflict exist. South Africa dominates crime statistics When looking at crime rates, among the 10 most dangerous cities in the world, half of them are found in South Africa. The country is struggling with extremely high levels of inequality, and is struggling with high levels of crime and power outages, harming the country's economy and driving more people into unemployment and poverty. Crime in Latin America On the other hand, when looking at murder rates, Latin America dominates the list of the world's most dangerous countries. Violence in Latin America is caused in great part by drug trafficking, weapons trafficking, and gang wars.

Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data was reported at 7,643.000 Unit in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 6,327.000 Unit for 2013. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data is updated yearly, averaging 6,327.000 Unit from Dec 2012 (Median) to 2014, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7,643.000 Unit in 2014 and a record low of 4,517.000 Unit in 2012. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Association of Motorcycle, Moped, and Bicycle Manufacturers. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Automobile Sector – Table BR.RAM013: Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City. Two Wheels: Tricycle, quad biking, Motorcycle and Moped.

Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data was reported at 100.000 Unit in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 100.000 Unit for 2016. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data is updated yearly, averaging 100.000 Unit from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2017, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 Unit in 2017 and a record low of 100.000 Unit in 2017. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Association of Motorcycle, Moped, and Bicycle Manufacturers. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Automobile Sector – Table BR.RAM009: Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City. Two Wheels: Tricycle, quad biking, Motorcycle and Moped.

Ajaplan was the most polluted city in Mexico in 2024, based on fine air particulate matter concentration (PM2.5). Throughout the year, the city had an average particulate matter concentration of 24.3 micrograms per cubic meter. The average particulate matter pollution in the national capital Mexico City stood at 19.5 micrograms per cubic meter that year. How bad is fine air pollution in Mexico? Fine air particulate pollution (PM2.5) refers to particles with a diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometers. Due to their small size, once inhaled they can penetrate body tissue, and trigger respiratory issues such as asthma and allergies, in addition to being associated with an increase in mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The World Health Organization's air quality standards recommend a maximum annual average concentration of 10 µg/m³. Nevertheless, Mexico's PM2.5 levels in 2024 averaged over 17 µg/m³. This positioned Mexico in 55th place amongst the countries with the highest PM2.5 concentration that year, far below Chad, which ranked first in the list with pollution levels reaching over 90 µg/m³. Mexico also had some of the cities with the highest air pollution across Latin America, together with Chile and Peru. Where are the world’s most polluted cities? Despite pollution levels above those recommended by the World Health Organization, Mexico City didn’t even make it to the top 25 most polluted capital cities in 2024. That year, the ranking was topped by Indian capital New Delhi, with an average PM2.5 concentration of nearly 108.3 µg/m³. In fact, the majority of the most air polluted cities worldwide in 2024 were located in India, with the average PM2.5 concentration reaching as high as 128.2 µg/m³. Pakistan also had some of the world’s most polluted cities.

Mogadishu in Somalia led the ranking of cities with the highest population density in 2025, with ****** residents per square kilometer. When it comes to countries, Monaco is the most densely populated state worldwide.