The highest city in the world with a population of more than one million is La Paz. The Capital of Bolivia sits ***** meters above sea level, and is more than 1,000 meters higher than the second-ranked city, Quito. La Paz is also higher than Mt. Fuji in Japan, which has a height of 3,776 meters. Many of the world's largest cities are located in South America. The only city in North America that makes the top 20 list is Denver, Colorado, which has an altitude of ***** meters.

N’Djamena was the most polluted capital city in the world in 2024, with an average annual PM2.5 concentration of nearly ** micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m³). PM2.5 particulate matter concentrations in the Chad capital were over ** times higher than the World Health Organizations PM2.5 guideline of 5 μg/m³. New Delhi followed closely in second place, with PM2.5 levels of **** μg/m³. Sources of PM2.5 PM2. 5 refers to atmospheric particulate matter that have a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers. There are many sources of PM2.5 emissions, including road transport, industrial activities, crop burning, and energy industries. Domestic combustion, such as burning wood for fuel, is also a major source of PM2.5 emissions. As a result, PM2.5 concentrations are typically higher in developing countries. Health impacts of air pollution Exposure to high levels of PM2.5 increases the likelihood of heart and lung problems, and can lead to premature death. Air pollution is one of the leading causes of premature deaths worldwide, cutting millions of lives short every year. Although the highest number of annual air pollution-related deaths are observed in East Asia and Pacific, the health and lives of people in all regions of the world are at risk from harmful pollutants like PM2.5.

Source

The data file is from https://simplemaps.com/data/world-cities.

🌍 Global Capitals Real-time Weather Data (2025)

This dataset contains real-time and near real-time weather observations for 195 world capitals, collected throughout September and October 2025.

Each row corresponds to one weather observation in both UTC and local time. The dataset will be updated monthly with new data from subsequent months.

📊 Dataset Overview

🗺️ Coverage

• Geographic: 195 capital cities across all continents
• Temporal: September and October 2025
• Update frequency: Monthly (new data added every month)

💡 Applications

• Weather monitoring dashboards 🌦️
• Climate visualization and analytics 🌍
• Machine learning model training for forecasting 🤖
• Educational purposes in meteorology and data science 📘

⚙️ Technical Notes

• Units: Metric (°C, m/s, hPa)
• Missing values: Empty cells (not NaN strings)
• Encoding: UTF-8
• Format: CSV

📈 Update Schedule

The dataset is updated every month, adding new CSV data for the latest period.
For example: - v1 → September–October 2025
- v2 → Add November 2025 data
- v3 → Add December 2025 data

All updates will appear in the Versions tab.

⚖️ License

CC BY 4.0 — Attribution required
You are free to share and adapt this dataset, provided that proper credit is given.

✍️ Author

Created and maintained by Lê Duy Hải (@lduyhi)
Automatically collected and processed via PythonAnywhere scripts.

The average for 2023 based on 55 countries was 267.33 billion U.S. dollars. The highest value was in the USA: 5971.33 billion U.S. dollars and the lowest value was in the Seychelles: 0.45 billion U.S. dollars. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

🌍 Global Capitals Daily Weather (Open-Meteo)

License: CC BY 4.0

🧭 Overview

This dataset provides daily weather summaries for national capital cities worldwide, automatically updated each day from the free Open-Meteo API.

Each record contains temperature extremes, precipitation totals, wind data, and daylight information for one capital on one date.

⚙️ Update Process

• The data is collected by a Kaggle Notebook scheduled to run daily (~06:00 UTC).
• Each run fetches yesterday’s data from Open-Meteo, appends it to the cumulative history, and republishes a new dataset version.
• No raw or intermediate files are kept — only the three clean output files below.

📁 Files

🧾 Schema (for history.parquet and history_latest.csv)

📡 Data Sources

• Weather: Open-Meteo — free weather API (CC BY 4.0)
• Capital coordinates: Wikidata — open geographic data (CC0 1.0)

⚖️ License & Attribution

This dataset is released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).

Please credit:

Weather data © Open-Meteo (CC BY 4.0)
Capital metadata © Wikidata contributors (CC0 1.0)
Compiled and processed by [wafaaelhusseini]

🧩 Citation

[Your Name or Kaggle handle] (2025).
Global Capitals Daily Weather (Open-Meteo). Kaggle Datasets.

https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wafaaelhusseini/daily-global-capitals-weather-data/

🔖 Tags

weather climate time-series global capitals daily open-data

Sarajevo was the most polluted capital city in Europe in 2024, with an average PM2.5 concentration of **** micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m³). This level of air pollution was roughly six times higher than World Health Organization guidelines. The second most polluted capital city in Europe that year was Skopje, North Macedonia, with an average PM2.5 concentration of **** μg/m³.
How bad is air pollution in Europe? Poor air quality is a major issue in Europe, particularly in cities. In fact, more than ** percent of the EU urban population were exposed to PM2.5 concentrations above WHO guidelines in 2021. Average annual PM2.5 levels in populated European cities like Rome, Berlin, and Paris are often double recommended limits. Sources of particulate matter emissions There are several sources of PM2.5 emissions in the European Union, including transportation, energy supply, and agriculture, but the biggest contributor is the residential, commercial, and institutional sector. While PM2.5 emissions from other sectors have fallen notably since the turn of the century, residential, commercial, and institutional emissions have seen little change.

Motorcycle: Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data was reported at 6,871.000 Unit in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 8,133.000 Unit for 2013. Motorcycle: Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data is updated yearly, averaging 8,133.000 Unit from Dec 2012 (Median) to 2014, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9,027.000 Unit in 2012 and a record low of 6,871.000 Unit in 2014. Motorcycle: Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Association of Motorcycle, Moped, and Bicycle Manufacturers. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Automobile Sector – Table BR.RAM012: Motorcycle Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City. Two Wheels: Tricycle, quad biking, Motorcycle and Moped.

Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City: Southeast: Rio de Janeiro data was reported at 16,018.000 Unit in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 16,223.000 Unit for 2016. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City: Southeast: Rio de Janeiro data is updated yearly, averaging 24,026.500 Unit from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2017, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 31,618.000 Unit in 2014 and a record low of 16,018.000 Unit in 2017. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City: Southeast: Rio de Janeiro data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Association of Motorcycle, Moped, and Bicycle Manufacturers. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Automobile Sector – Table BR.RAM009: Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City. Two Wheels: Tricycle, quad biking, Motorcycle and Moped.

Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City: Northeast: Maceio data was reported at 3,610.000 Unit in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 3,110.000 Unit for 2013. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City: Northeast: Maceio data is updated yearly, averaging 3,110.000 Unit from Dec 2012 (Median) to 2014, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,610.000 Unit in 2014 and a record low of 2,650.000 Unit in 2012. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City: Northeast: Maceio data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Association of Motorcycle, Moped, and Bicycle Manufacturers. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Automobile Sector – Table BR.RAM013: Motorcycle Retail Sales: Flex Fuel: by Capital City. Two Wheels: Tricycle, quad biking, Motorcycle and Moped.

Abstract: The article analyzes the determinants of social capital in Brazil. To meet this objective, we initially calculated a social capital index based on the principal component technique. For the construction of this index, we considered twenty indicators taken from the World Values Survey (WVS), eleven of them related to the interviewed participation in organizations/associations, and nine referring to interpersonal trust. The analysis is based on the marginal effects of the logit model. Among the results obtained, we found that the variable that most tends to contribute to the formation of social capital is education. Having a college degree tends to increase the chances of an individual having, for example, a “very high” endowment of social capital by 14%. We also observed that those who live in the Midwest and South regions of Brazil are more likely to have a higher level of this capital. The dummies variables related to gender and race were not statistically significant. Thus, the discrimination factor, based on these variables, does not seem to interfere in the process of forming the social capital of Brazilians. As a policy proposition, we recommended to intensify public policies aimed primarily at the expansion and quality of education in Brazil, since this is the main contributing factor for the formation of a high level of social capital in the country.

The average for 2023 based on 38 countries was 27.11 percent. The highest value was in Bhutan: 45.18 percent and the lowest value was in Lebanon: 1.9 percent. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Derived projected datasets for the eight Australian capital cities in 2016-2045 and 2036-2065, centred around 2030 and 2050, respectively. Projects used eight general circulation models (GCMs) under Representative Concentration Pathway [RCP]2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5. The scenarios were under Coupled Model Intercomparison Project [CMIP]5. The eight GCM models are ACCESS1-0, CESM1-CAM5, CNRM-CM5, CanESM2, GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-CC, MIROC5 and NorESM1-M, and are described online: https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/obtain-data/application-ready-data/eight-climate-models-data/. Only data from five GCMs are available for RCP2.6 and four for RCP6.0.

For each city, seven*seven 5 km grids were extracted at grid centroids correlating to the centre of its central business district. These coordinates are in the file "City coordinate." The corresponding datasets for each city, RCP, GCM, time period, and meteorological variable are located in their respective city folder in the folder "future." The meteorological variables are relative humidity ("hurs"), solar radiation ("rsds"), average air temperature ("tas"), maximum air temperature "(tasmax") and minimum air temperature ("tasmin"). These were used to create derived .csv files also stored in the "future" folder, which in turn were used to create derived R datasets ("ccia_future.rda" and "ccia_future2.rda") combining all the datasets into one and creating additional meteorological indices using the available data. The R code used to create these datasets is included "CCiA data manipulation.R". It uses functions stored in the R code file "Climate functions.R". The additional meteorological indices include alternate humidity variables, apparent temperature variables and the Excess Heat Factor (EHF). The heatwave thresholds values used to calculate EHF (the 95th percentile of daily mean temperature from a reference period) per city are included in "barra_ehfr.R" and were calculated from a separate dataset (not included) derived from the Bureau of Meteorology Atmospheric high-resolution Regional Reanalysis (BARRA).

The original projected climate datasets were sourced from Climate Change in Australia (CCiA), published by the Commonwealth Science Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). The original datasets are available online: https://data-cbr.csiro.au/thredds/catalog/catch_all/oa-aus5km/Climate_Change_in_Australia_User_Data/Application_Ready_Data_Gridded_Daily/catalog.html. The license under which the data were used is available online: https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/overview/about-site/licences-and-acknowledgements/.

I acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and thank the climate modelling groups (listed at https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/obtain-data/application-ready-data/eight-climate-models-data/) for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provides coordinating support and led development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals.

Further information regarding these datasets and meteorological variables is listed in the author's PhD thesis, available online: https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/137773. For any queries, please do not hesitate to contact the author: matthew.borg@adelaide.edu.au.

🌍 Global Major Cities Daily Weather (1995 – 2024) [CURRENTLY UNDER CONSTRUCTION]

This dataset provides daily historical weather data for major cities worldwide, combining reliable climate reanalysis from the Open-Meteo Historical API with geographic and population data from Wikidata.

It includes all national capitals and the largest population centers in every country, giving a detailed global view of urban climate from 1995 to 2024.

📦 Files

🌆 City Coverage

“Major cities” are defined using a reproducible Wikidata query that returns all entities of type city (Q515) with coordinates.
Cities are included if they meet at least one of the following:

• Are a national capital, or
• Have a population ≥ 300 000, or
• Rank among the 10 most populous cities in their country.

If a live query to Wikidata fails, the generator automatically falls back to a previously saved cities_clean.parquet file from a prior run or from the dataset input, ensuring continuity between updates.

☀️ Weather Variables

Daily statistics from Open-Meteo’s ERA5-based reanalysis include:

All values are daily aggregates in UTC.

⚙️ Data Collection & Processing

• Coordinates and population metadata are fetched via Wikidata’s public SPARQL endpoint.
• Historical weather is pulled year-by-year from the Open-Meteo archive.
• The script checks for existing yearly records per city to avoid redundant API calls.
• Robust retry logic handles rate limits and network errors.
• After each batch of merges, a new version of history.parquet is saved for incremental backup.
• If five consecutive 429 (“Too Many Requests”) responses occur, the run pauses gracefully and resumes automatically in the next scheduled execution.

⚖️ License & Attribution

Data is released under CC BY 4.0. Please credit:

In 2025, approximately 23 million people lived in the São Paulo metropolitan area, making it the biggest in Latin America and the Caribbean and the sixth most populated in the world. The homonymous state of São Paulo was also the most populous federal entity in the country. The second place for the region was Mexico City with 22.75 million inhabitants. Brazil's cities Brazil is home to two large metropolises, only counting the population within the city limits, São Paulo had approximately 11.45 million inhabitants, and Rio de Janeiro around 6.21 million inhabitants. It also contains a number of smaller, but well known cities such as Brasília, Salvador, Belo Horizonte and many others, which report between 2 and 3 million inhabitants each. As a result, the country's population is primarily urban, with nearly 88 percent of inhabitants living in cities. Mexico City Mexico City's metropolitan area ranks sevenths in the ranking of most populated cities in the world. Founded over the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan in 1521 after the Spanish conquest as the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the city still stands as one of the most important in Latin America. Nevertheless, the preeminent economic, political, and cultural position of Mexico City has not prevented the metropolis from suffering the problems affecting the rest of the country, namely, inequality and violence. Only in 2023, the city registered a crime incidence of 52,723 reported cases for every 100,000 inhabitants and around 24 percent of the population lived under the poverty line.

The average for 2023 based on 21 countries was 3.98 billion U.S. dollars. The highest value was in Democratic Republic of the Congo: 21.44 billion U.S. dollars and the lowest value was in Burundi: 0.34 billion U.S. dollars. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data was reported at 100.000 Unit in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 100.000 Unit for 2016. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data is updated yearly, averaging 100.000 Unit from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2017, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 Unit in 2017 and a record low of 100.000 Unit in 2017. Brazil Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City: Central West: Brasilia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Association of Motorcycle, Moped, and Bicycle Manufacturers. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Automobile Sector – Table BR.RAM009: Motorcycle Retail Sales: by Capital City. Two Wheels: Tricycle, quad biking, Motorcycle and Moped.

Colombia Approved Construction: Others: Area: Meta data was reported at 0.000 sq m in Apr 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 sq m for Mar 2019. Colombia Approved Construction: Others: Area: Meta data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 sq m from Jan 2005 (Median) to Apr 2019, with 172 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,393.000 sq m in Sep 2017 and a record low of 0.000 sq m in Apr 2019. Colombia Approved Construction: Others: Area: Meta data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Statistics Administrative Department. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.EA003: Approved Construction Area: by Purpose and Capital City.

Brazil Motorcycle: Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City: Central West: Campo Grande data was reported at 3,637.000 Unit in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4,449.000 Unit for 2013. Brazil Motorcycle: Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City: Central West: Campo Grande data is updated yearly, averaging 4,449.000 Unit from Dec 2012 (Median) to 2014, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5,116.000 Unit in 2012 and a record low of 3,637.000 Unit in 2014. Brazil Motorcycle: Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City: Central West: Campo Grande data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Association of Motorcycle, Moped, and Bicycle Manufacturers. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Automobile Sector – Table BR.RAM012: Motorcycle Retail Sales: Gasoline: by Capital City. Two Wheels: Tricycle, quad biking, Motorcycle and Moped.

Colombia Approved Construction: Others: Area: Bolívar data was reported at 0.000 sq m in Apr 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 sq m for Mar 2019. Colombia Approved Construction: Others: Area: Bolívar data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 sq m from Jan 2005 (Median) to Apr 2019, with 172 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 855.000 sq m in Oct 2008 and a record low of 0.000 sq m in Apr 2019. Colombia Approved Construction: Others: Area: Bolívar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Statistics Administrative Department. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.EA003: Approved Construction Area: by Purpose and Capital City.