The states with the highest rates of HIV diagnoses in 2022 included Georgia, Louisiana, and Florida. However, the states with the highest number of people with HIV were Texas, California, and Florida. In Texas, there were around 4,896 people diagnosed with HIV. HIV/AIDS diagnoses In 2022, there were an estimated 38,043 new HIV diagnoses in the United States, a slight increase compared to the year before. Men account for the majority of these new diagnoses. There are currently around 1.2 million people living with HIV in the United States. Deaths from HIV The death rate from HIV has decreased significantly over the past few decades. In 2023, there were only 1.3 deaths from HIV per 100,000 population, the lowest rate since the epidemic began. However, the death rate varies greatly depending on race or ethnicity, with the death rate from HIV for African Americans reaching 19.2 per 100,000 population in 2022, compared to just three deaths per 100,000 among the white population.

In 2022, the states with the highest number of HIV diagnoses were Texas, California, and Florida. That year, there were a total of around 37,601 HIV diagnoses in the United States. Of these, 4,896 were diagnosed in Texas. HIV infections have been decreasing globally for many years. In the year 2000, there were 2.8 million new infections worldwide, but this number had decreased to around 1.3 million new infections by 2023. The number of people living with HIV remains fairly steady, but the number of those that have died due to AIDS has reached some of its lowest peaks in a decade. Currently, there is no functional cure for HIV or AIDS, but improvements in therapies and treatments have enabled those living with HIV to have a much improved quality of life.

United States US: Prevalence of HIV: Total: % of Population Aged 15-49 data was reported at 0.500 % in 2014. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.500 % for 2013. United States US: Prevalence of HIV: Total: % of Population Aged 15-49 data is updated yearly, averaging 0.500 % from Dec 2008 (Median) to 2014, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.500 % in 2014 and a record low of 0.500 % in 2014. United States US: Prevalence of HIV: Total: % of Population Aged 15-49 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.World Bank: Health Statistics. Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV.; ; UNAIDS estimates.; Weighted Average;

In 2022, the District of Columbia had the highest HIV disease death rate among all U.S. states where 6.2 out of 100,000 inhabitants died due to HIV in 2022. This statistic shows the U.S. states with the highest HIV disease death rates in 2022.

In 2024, the number of diagnosed HIV cases in Mexico amounted to approximately 19,000. That year, the State of Mexico, Veracruz, and Mexico City were the federative entities with the highest number of people diagnosed with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with more than 1,000 patients each. Moreover, most registered HIV cases in the Latin American country between 1984 and 2023 corresponded to men. People living with HIV in Latin America In the last few years, the number of people living with HIV in Latin America has been increasing. According to recent estimates, the number of individuals living with this condition rose from around 1.6 million in 2013 to almost 2.2 million by 2022. From a country perspective, Brazil and Mexico were the Latin American nations where most people were living with the disease, reaching approximately 990,000 and 370,000 patients, respectively. ART is more costly in Latin America HIV is commonly treated through antiretroviral therapy (ART), a drug-based treatment aimed at reducing the viral load in the blood to help control the development of the disease while improving the health of those infected. Although the share of deaths among people living with HIV due to causes unrelated to AIDS increased globally since 2010, there are still inequalities in the access to ART therapy. As of 2022, Latin America and the Caribbean recorded the highest average price per person for HIV antiretroviral therapy compared to other regions worldwide.

Among all countries worldwide those in sub-Saharan Africa have the highest rates of HIV. The countries with the highest rates of HIV include Eswatini, South Africa, and Lesotho. In 2024, Eswatini had the highest prevalence of HIV with a rate of around ** percent. Other countries, such as Zimbabwe, have significantly decreased their HIV prevalence. Community-based HIV services are considered crucial to the prevention and treatment of HIV. HIV Worldwide The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral infection that is transmitted via exposure to infected semen, blood, vaginal and anal fluids, and breast milk. HIV destroys the human immune system, rendering the host unable to fight off secondary infections. Globally, the number of people living with HIV has generally increased over the past two decades. However, the number of HIV-related deaths has decreased significantly in recent years. Despite being a serious illness that affects millions of people, medication exists that effectively manages the progression of the virus in the body. These medications are called antiretroviral drugs. HIV Treatment Generally, global access to antiretroviral treatment has increased. However, despite being available worldwide, not all adults have access to antiretroviral drugs. There are many different antiretroviral drugs available on the market. As of 2024, ********, an antiretroviral marketed by Gilead, was the leading HIV treatment based on revenue.

This shapefile provides HIV statistics by state that can be used in conjunction with the co-morbidities risk profile to provide more nuance on levels of risk by state. Note that values of 0 mean there is no data for that particular state.The source of data for HIV prevalence rates is the Nigeria Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), HIV Prevalence Geospatial Estimates 2000-2017.

As of 2024, South Africa was the country with the highest number of people living with HIV in Africa. At that time, around 7.8 million people in South Africa were HIV positive. In Mozambique, the country with the second-highest number of HIV-positive people in Africa, around 2.5 million people were living with HIV. Which country in Africa has the highest prevalence of HIV? Although South Africa has the highest total number of people living with HIV in Africa, it does not have the highest prevalence of HIV on the continent. Eswatini currently has the highest prevalence of HIV in Africa and worldwide, with almost 26 percent of the population living with HIV. South Africa has the third-highest prevalence, with around 18 percent of the population HIV positive. Eswatini also has the highest rate of new HIV infections per 1,000 population worldwide, followed by South Africa and Mozambique. However, South Africa had the highest total number of new HIV infections in 2024, with around 170,000 people newly infected with HIV that year. Deaths from HIV in Africa Thanks to advances in treatment and awareness, HIV/AIDS no longer contributes to a significant amount of death in many countries. However, the disease is still the eighth leading cause of death in Africa, accounting for around 4.6 percent of all deaths. In 2024, South Africa and Mozambique were the countries with the highest number of AIDS-related deaths worldwide, with 53,000 and 44,000 such deaths, respectively. Although not every country in the leading 25 for AIDS-related deaths is found in Africa, African countries account for the majority of countries on the list. Fortunately, HIV treatment has become more accessible in Africa over the years, and now up to 94 percent of people living with HIV in Eswatini are receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Access to ART does vary from country to country, however, with around 81 percent of people who are HIV positive in South Africa receiving ART and only 34 percent in the Congo.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global HIV Diagnostics market size is USD 4158.2 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.90% from 2024 to 2031. North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1663.28 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.1% from 2024 to 2031. Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1247.46 million. Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 956.39 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.9% from 2024 to 2031. Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 207.91 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.3% from 2024 to 2031. Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 83.16 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.6% from 2024 to 2031. Consumables held the highest HIV Diagnostics market revenue share in 2024. Market Dynamics of HIV Diagnostics Market Key Drivers for HIV Diagnostics Market Increasing Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Disease to Increase the Demand Globally Throughout the many decades of the HIV pandemic, the number of infected individuals is continually rising. The socioeconomic variables driving this continuous increase also suggest that preventative measures have not been successful. Even though many of these infections are preventable, there are an estimated 20 million new cases of STDs in the US each year, and the rate is still rising. Moreover, there are over 1.2 million HIV-positive individuals residing in the United States. Attempts to encourage testing and screening for sexually transmitted infections can ascertain an individual's likelihood of acquiring one and help those who already have one receive treatment, so enhancing their health and lowering the danger of HIV spreading to others. Approximately 38.4 million people worldwide were HIV positive in 2021. Among these, women and girls made up nearly 54%. Rising Initiatives by Global Agencies to Propel Market Growth HIV is among the world's most important public health concerns. As a result, there is a global commitment to stopping new HIV infections and giving everyone on the planet access to HIV therapy. WHO recommends testing for HIV to anyone who might be at risk. The World Bank was a leader in global financing for HIV/AIDS in the early phases of the pandemic and has contributed US$4.6 billion to programs related to the illness since 1989. Because of assistance from the Bank—more precisely, through the International Development Association—for 1,500 counseling and testing centers, about 7 million people have had HIV tests. Restraint Factor for the HIV Diagnostics Market Lack of Healthcare Infrastructure and Awareness to Limit the Sales A proper infrastructure for healthcare delivery is lacking in many areas, especially in poor nations, which makes it difficult to provide diagnostic services. This covers concerns with the supply chain, inadequate laboratory facilities, and skilled staff. It might be particularly difficult to access diagnostic services in rural and isolated places due to a lack of healthcare facilities and inadequate transportation infrastructure. Furthermore, HIV diagnosis rates are lower in the developing Asia-Pacific, Middle East, and African regions. These areas require a sufficient number of diagnostic facilities. Additionally, the diagnosis process needs to be explained to the majority of patients, which restricts market growth in these areas. Impact of Covid-19 on the HIV Diagnostics Market The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the HIV diagnostics market, both in terms of challenges and opportunities. There was a decrease in HIV testing and diagnostic services during the pandemic as a result of the extensive healthcare resources being redirected to handle COVID-19. Some facilities were converted to provide COVID-19 treatment, and clinics and labs had a staffing crisis. Reduced HIV testing rates were the outcome of routine and community-based HIV testing programs being frequently halted to stop the spread of COVID-19. The adoption of telemedicine and remote healthcare services was expedited by the epidem...

United States US: Incidence of HIV: per 1,000 Uninfected Population data was reported at 0.110 Ratio in 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.110 Ratio for 2018. United States US: Incidence of HIV: per 1,000 Uninfected Population data is updated yearly, averaging 0.120 Ratio from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2019, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.130 Ratio in 2012 and a record low of 0.110 Ratio in 2019. United States US: Incidence of HIV: per 1,000 Uninfected Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.World Bank.WDI: Social: Health Statistics. Number of new HIV infections among uninfected populations expressed per 1,000 uninfected population in the year before the period.;UNAIDS estimates.;Weighted average;This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.3.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

BackgroundIn the generalised epidemics of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence shows patterns of clustered micro-epidemics. We mapped and characterised these high-prevalence areas for young adults (15–29 years of age), as a proxy for areas with high levels of transmission, for 7 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa: Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.Methods and findingsWe used geolocated survey data from the most recent United States Agency for International Development (USAID) demographic and health surveys (DHSs) and AIDS indicator surveys (AISs) (collected between 2008–2009 and 2015–2016), which included about 113,000 adults—of which there were about 53,000 young adults (27,000 women, 28,000 men)—from over 3,500 sample locations. First, ordinary kriging was applied to predict HIV prevalence at unmeasured locations. Second, we explored to what extent behavioural, socioeconomic, and environmental factors explain HIV prevalence at the individual- and sample-location level, by developing a series of multilevel multivariable logistic regression models and geospatially visualising unexplained model heterogeneity. National-level HIV prevalence for young adults ranged from 2.2% in Tanzania to 7.7% in Mozambique. However, at the subnational level, we found areas with prevalence among young adults as high as 11% or 15% alternating with areas with prevalence between 0% and 2%, suggesting the existence of areas with high levels of transmission Overall, 15.6% of heterogeneity could be explained by an interplay of known behavioural, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. Maps of the interpolated random effect estimates show that environmental variables, representing indicators of economic activity, were most powerful in explaining high-prevalence areas. Main study limitations were the inability to infer causality due to the cross-sectional nature of the surveys and the likely under-sampling of key populations in the surveys.ConclusionsWe found that, among young adults, micro-epidemics of relatively high HIV prevalence alternate with areas of very low prevalence, clearly illustrating the existence of areas with high levels of transmission. These areas are partially characterised by high economic activity, relatively high socioeconomic status, and risky sexual behaviour. Localised HIV prevention interventions specifically tailored to the populations at risk will be essential to curb transmission. More fine-scale geospatial mapping of key populations,—such as sex workers and migrant populations—could help us further understand the drivers of these areas with high levels of transmission and help us determine how they fuel the generalised epidemics in SSA.

Actual value and historical data chart for United States Prevalence Of Hiv Total Percent Of Population Ages 15 49

In 2023, Black or African Americans had the highest rates of HIV diagnoses among males in the United States. In that year, among all men, 19 per 100,000 were diagnosed with HIV. This statistic displays the rate of HIV diagnoses among males in the U.S. in 2023, by race and ethnicity (per 100,000 population).

BackgroundThe risks of HIV transmission associated with the opioid epidemic make cost-effective programs for people who inject drugs (PWID) a public health priority. Some of these programs have benefits beyond prevention of HIV—a critical consideration given that injection drug use is increasing across most United States demographic groups. To identify high-value HIV prevention program portfolios for US PWID, we consider combinations of four interventions with demonstrated efficacy: opioid agonist therapy (OAT), needle and syringe programs (NSPs), HIV testing and treatment (Test & Treat), and oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).Methods and findingsWe adapted an empirically calibrated dynamic compartmental model and used it to assess the discounted costs (in 2015 US dollars), health outcomes (HIV infections averted, change in HIV prevalence, and discounted quality-adjusted life years [QALYs]), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of the four prevention programs, considered singly and in combination over a 20-y time horizon. We obtained epidemiologic, economic, and health utility parameter estimates from the literature, previously published models, and expert opinion. We estimate that expansions of OAT, NSPs, and Test & Treat implemented singly up to 50% coverage levels can be cost-effective relative to the next highest coverage level (low, medium, and high at 40%, 45%, and 50%, respectively) and that OAT, which we assume to have immediate and direct health benefits for the individual, has the potential to be the highest value investment, even under scenarios where it prevents fewer infections than other programs. Although a model-based analysis can provide only estimates of health outcomes, we project that, over 20 y, 50% coverage with OAT could avert up to 22,000 (95% CI: 5,200, 46,000) infections and cost US$18,000 (95% CI: US$14,000, US$24,000) per QALY gained, 50% NSP coverage could avert up to 35,000 (95% CI: 8,900, 43,000) infections and cost US$25,000 (95% CI: US$7,000, US$76,000) per QALY gained, 50% Test & Treat coverage could avert up to 6,700 (95% CI: 1,200, 16,000) infections and cost US$27,000 (95% CI: US$15,000, US$48,000) per QALY gained, and 50% PrEP coverage could avert up to 37,000 (22,000, 58,000) infections and cost US$300,000 (95% CI: US$162,000, US$667,000) per QALY gained. When coverage expansions are allowed to include combined investment with other programs and are compared to the next best intervention, the model projects that scaling OAT coverage up to 50%, then scaling NSP coverage to 50%, then scaling Test & Treat coverage to 50% can be cost-effective, with each coverage expansion having the potential to cost less than US$50,000 per QALY gained relative to the next best portfolio. In probabilistic sensitivity analyses, 59% of portfolios prioritized the addition of OAT and 41% prioritized the addition of NSPs, while PrEP was not likely to be a priority nor a cost-effective addition. Our findings are intended to be illustrative, as data on achievable coverage are limited and, in practice, the expansion scenarios considered may exceed feasible levels. We assumed independence of interventions and constant returns to scale. Extensive sensitivity analyses allowed us to assess parameter sensitivity, but the use of a dynamic compartmental model limited the exploration of structural sensitivities.ConclusionsWe estimate that OAT, NSPs, and Test & Treat, implemented singly or in combination, have the potential to effectively and cost-effectively prevent HIV in US PWID. PrEP is not likely to be cost-effective in this population, based on the scenarios we evaluated. While local budgets or policy may constrain feasible coverage levels for the various interventions, our findings suggest that investments in combined prevention programs can substantially reduce HIV transmission and improve health outcomes among PWID.

BackgroundIndian guidelines recommend routine referral for HIV testing of all tuberculosis (TB) patients in the nine states with the highest HIV prevalence, and selective referral for testing elsewhere. We assessed the clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of alternative HIV testing referral strategies among TB patients in India.Methods and FindingsWe utilized a computer model of HIV and TB disease to project outcomes for patients with active TB in India. We compared life expectancy, cost, and cost-effectiveness for three HIV testing referral strategies: 1) selective referral for HIV testing of those with increased HIV risk, 2) routine referral of patients in the nine highest HIV prevalence states with selective referral elsewhere (current standard), and 3) routine referral of all patients for HIV testing. TB-related data were from the World Health Organization. HIV prevalence among TB patients was 9.0% in the highest prevalence states, 2.9% in the other states, and 4.9% overall. The selective referral strategy, beginning from age 33.50 years, had a projected discounted life expectancy of 16.88 years and a mean lifetime HIV/TB treatment cost of US$100. The current standard increased mean life expectancy to 16.90 years with additional per-person cost of US$10; the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was US$650/year of life saved (YLS) compared to selective referral. Routine referral of all patients for HIV testing increased life expectancy to 16.91 years, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of US$730/YLS compared to the current standard. For HIV-infected patients cured of TB, receiving antiretroviral therapy increased survival from 4.71 to 13.87 years. Results were most sensitive to the HIV prevalence and the cost of second-line antiretroviral therapy.ConclusionsReferral of all patients with active TB in India for HIV testing will be both effective and cost-effective. While effective implementation of this strategy would require investment, routine, voluntary HIV testing of TB patients in India should be recommended.

All figures are given as % (95% CI) unless noted. There were 61 counties in the top decile and 551 in the remaining deciles.

Geographic coverage

The survey was conducted in two local communities in the Free State province, one urban (Welkom) and one rural (Qwaqwa), in which the HIV/AIDS epidemic is particularly rife. Welkom and Qwaqwa are situated in the Lejweleputswa and Thabo Mofutsanyane districts of the Free State province.

Analysis unit

Households

Universe

All memebers of the Household

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The household impact of HIV/AIDS was assessed by means of a cohort study of households affected by the disease. The survey was conducted in two local communities in the Free State province, one urban (Welkom) and one rural (Qwaqwa), in which the HIV/AIDS epidemic is particularly rife. Welkom and Qwaqwa are situated in the Lejweleputswa and Thabo Mofutsanyane districts of the Free State province.

Affected households were sampled purposively via NGOs and other organizations involved in AIDS counselling and care and at baseline included at least one person known to be HIV-positive or known to have died from AIDS in the past six months. Informed consent was obtained from the infected individual(s) or their caregivers (in the case of minors). In order to explore the socio-economic impact on affected households of repeated occurrences of HIV/AIDS-related morbidity or mortality, a distinction is made between affected households in general and affected households that have experienced morbidity or mortality more frequently. Non-affected households represent households living in close proximity to affected households. These households at baseline did not include persons suffering from tuberculosis or pneumonia. The incidence of morbidity and mortality is considerably higher in affected households.

Affected households were sampled purposively via NGOs and other organizations involved in AIDS counselling and care and at baseline included at least one person known to be HIV-positive or known to have died from AIDS in the past six months. Informed consent was obtained from the infected individual(s) or their caregivers (in the case of minors). In order to explore the socio-economic impact on affected households of repeated occurrences of HIV/AIDS-related morbidity or mortality, a distinction is made between affected households in general and affected households that have experienced morbidity or mortality more frequently. Non-affected households represent households living in close proximity to affected households. These households at baseline did not include persons suffering from tuberculosis or pneumonia. The incidence of morbidity and mortality is considerably higher in affected households.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Household Questionnaire

Response rate

During the first wave of interviews a total of 404 interviews were conducted. During the second wave of data collection, interviews were conducted with 385 households, which translates into an attrition rate of 4.7% (19 households). During wave III, a total of 354 households were interviewed, with 31 households not being reinterviewed (7.7% of the original sample). In wave IV, 55 new households wererecruited into the study, with particular emphasis on an effort to recruit child-headed households into the survey insofar as the sample to date did not include any such households. During waves IV, V and VI a total of 3, 13 and 9 households respectively could not be re-interviewed.

The payment of a minimal participation fee (R150 per household per survey visit) to those households interviewed in each wave, following the interview and distributed in the form of food parcels, contributed to ensuring sustainability of the sample over the three-year period. The dataset includes data for 331 households interviewed in each of the six rounds of interviews. In almost 90 percent of cases the reasons for attrition are related to migration, given that this study did not intend to follow those households that move outside of the two immediate study areas, i.e. Welkom and Qwaqwa. In the majority of cases, attrition can be ascribed to the failure to establish the current whereabouts of the particular household during follow-up, while in a third of cases it could be established that the household had moved to another country, another province, or another town in the Free State province. Less than ten percent of households had refused to participate in subsequent waves. The reasons for attrition in the original sample illustrate the manner in which migration and the disintegration of households, which are important effects of the epidemic, can act to erode the sample population.

Models of County-level Correlates of Higher HIV Rates, Southern Counties with Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), American Community Survey, United States, 2014 (n = 69 counties).

Abstract

The 2005 Vietnam Population and AIDS Indicator Survey (VPAIS) was designed with the objective of obtaining national and sub-national information about program indicators of knowledge, attitudes and sexual behavior related to HIV/AIDS. Data collection took place from 17 September 2005 until mid-December 2005.

The VPAIS was implemented by the General Statistical Office (GSO) in collaboration with the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE). ORC Macro provided financial and technical assistance for the survey through the USAID-funded MEASURE DHS program. Financial support was provided by the Government of Vietnam, the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Global AIDS Program (CDC/GAP).

The survey obtained information on sexual behavior, and knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS. In addition, in Hai Phong province, the survey also collected blood samples from survey respondents in order to estimate the prevalence of HIV. The overall goal of the survey was to provide program managers and policymakers involved in HIV/AIDS programs with strategic information needed to effectively plan, implement and evaluate future interventions.

The information is also intended to assist policymakers and program implementers to monitor and evaluate existing programs and to design new strategies for combating the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Vietnam. The survey data will also be used to calculate indicators developed by the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS), UNAIDS, WHO, USAID, the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, and the HIV/AIDS National Response.

The specific objectives of the 2005 VPAIS were: • to obtain information on sexual behavior. • to obtain accurate information on behavioral indicators related to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. • to obtain accurate information on HIV/AIDS program indicators. • to obtain accurate estimates of the magnitude and variation in HIV prevalence in Hai Phong Province.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame for the 2005 Vietnam Population and AIDS Indicator Survey (VPAIS) was the master sample used by the General Statistical Office (GSO) for its annual Population Change Survey (PCS 2005). The master sample itself was constructed in 2004 from the 1999 Population and Housing Census. As was true for the VNDHS 1997 and the VNDHS 2002 the VPAIS 2005 is a nationally representative sample of the entire population of Vietnam.

The survey utilized a two-stage sample design. In the first stage, 251 clusters were selected from the master sample. In the second stage, a fixed number of households were systematically selected within each cluster, 22 households in urban areas and 28 in rural areas.

The total sample of 251 clusters is comprised of 97 urban and 154 rural clusters. HIV/AIDS programs have focused efforts in the four provinces of Hai Phong, Ha Noi, Quang Ninh and Ho Chi Minh City; therefore, it was determined that the sample should be selected to allow for representative estimates of these four provinces in addition to the national estimates. The selected clusters were allocated as follows: 35 clusters in Hai Phong province where blood samples were collected to estimate HIV prevalence; 22 clusters in each of the other three targeted provinces of Ha Noi, Quang Ninh and Ho Chi Minh City; and the remaining 150 clusters from the other 60 provinces throughout the country.

Prior to the VPAIS fieldwork, GSO conducted a listing operation in each of the selected clusters. All households residing in the sample points were systematically listed by teams of enumerators, using listing forms specially designed for this activity, and also drew sketch maps of each cluster. A total of 6,446 households were selected. The VPAIS collected data representative of: • the entire country, at the national level • for urban and rural areas • for three regions (North, Central and South), see Appendix for classification of regions. • for four target provinces: Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Quang Ninh and Ho Chi Minh City.

All women and men aged 15-49 years who were either permanent residents of the sampled households or visitors present in the household during the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed in the survey. All women and men in the sample points of Hai Phong who were interviewed were asked to voluntarily give a blood sample for HIV testing. For youths aged 15-17, blood samples were drawn only after first obtaining consent from their parents or guardians.

(Refer Appendix A of the final survey report for details of sample implementation)

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Two questionnaires were used in the survey, the Household Questionnaire and the Individual Questionnaire for women and men aged 15-49. The content of these questionnaires was based on the model AIDS Indicator Survey (AIS) questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS program implemented by ORC Macro.

In consultation with government agencies and local and international organizations, the GSO and NIHE modified the model questionnaires to reflect issues in HIV/AIDS relevant to Vietnam. These questionnaires were then translated from English into Vietnamese. The questionnaires were further refined after the pretest.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, relationship to the head of the household, education, basic material needs, survivorship and residence of biological parents of children under the age of 18 years and birth registration of children under the age of 5 years. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of drinking water, type of toilet facilities, type of material used in the flooring of the house, and ownership of various durable goods, in order to allow for the calculation of a wealth index. The Household Questionnaire also collected information regarding ownership and use of mosquito nets.

The Individual Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women and men aged 15-49 years.

All questionnaires were administered in a face-to-face interview. Because cultural norms in Vietnam restrict open discussion of sexual behavior, there is concern that this technique may contribute to potential under-reporting of sexual activity, especially outside of marriage.

All aspects of VPAIS data collection were pre-tested in July 2005. In total, 24 interviewers (12 men and 12 women) were involved in this task. They were trained for thirteen days (including three days of fieldwork practice) and then proceeded to conduct the survey in the various urban and rural districts of Ha Noi. In total, 240 individual interviews were completed during the pretest. The lessons learnt from the pretest were used to finalize the survey instruments and logistical arrangements for the survey and blood collection.

Cleaning operations

The data processing of the VPAIS questionnaire began shortly after the fieldwork commenced. The first stage of data editing was done by the field editors, who checked the questionnaires for completeness and consistency. Supervisors also reviewed the questionnaires in the field. The completed questionnaires were then sent periodically to the GSO in Ha Noi by mail for data processing.

The office editing staff first checked that questionnaires of all households and eligible respondents had been received from the field. The data were then entered and edited using CSPro, a software package developed collaboratively between the U.S. Census Bureau, ORC Macro, and SerPRO to process complex surveys. All data were entered twice (100 percent verification). The concurrent processing of the data was a distinct advantage for data quality, as VPAIS staff was able to advise field teams of errors detected during data entry. The data entry and editing phases of the survey were completed by the end of December 2005.

Response rate

A total of 6,446 households were selected in the sample, of which 6,346 (98 percent) were found to be occupied at the time of the fieldwork. Occupied households include dwellings in which the household was present but no competent respondent was home, the household was present but refused the interview, and dwellings that were not found. Of occupied households, 6,337 were interviewed, yielding a household response rate close to 100 percent.

All women and men aged 15-49 years who were either permanent residents of the sampled households or visitors present in the household during the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed in the survey. Within interviewed households, a total of 7,369 women aged 15-49 were identified as eligible for interview, of whom 7,289 were interviewed, yielding a response rate to the Individual interview of 99 percent among women. The high response rate was also achieved in male interviews. Among the 6,788 men aged 15-49 identified as eligible for interview, 6,707 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99 percent.

Sampling error