In 2018, South Korea recorded its hottest summer since 1973, with 31 heat-wave days. Heatwaves with maximum temperatures above 33 degrees Celsius usually occur after the rainy season in summer. In recent years, not only has the frequency of heatwaves increased, but also their intensity. Summer in South Korea Summer in South Korea (from June to August) is usually hot and humid with a lot of rainfall during the rainy season of the East Asian monsoon (Changma). About 60 percent of precipitation falls during this season. The average temperature in summer was around 24.7 degrees Celsius in 2023. The amount of precipitation in summer that year stood at over 1,000 millimeters, more than four times higher than in winter. Climate change South Korea is known for its four distinct seasons, yet weather patterns have increasingly changed in recent decades, resulting in longer summers and shorter winters. This shows that South Korea is not excluded from the effects of climate change. Changing climate patterns in recent decades have also led to an intensification of precipitation and more heat waves in South Korea. Meanwhile, climate change is taken very seriously by South Koreans: about 48 percent of respondents to a 2019 survey said that global warming or climate change is the most important environmental issue for South Korea.

In 2023, the average summer temperature in South Korea was around **** degrees Celsius, up from **** degrees Celsius in the previous year. The highest temperature since 2000 was **** degrees Celsius in 2018, while the lowest temperature was **** degrees Celsius in 2003.

In June 2025, the average temperature in South Korea was **** degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the hottest month in the past five years, with a mean of around **** degrees Celsius. In the same period, December 2022 was the coldest month, with an average temperature of minus *** degrees Celsius.

In 2024, the average maximum temperature in South Korea reached **** degrees Celsius, slightly higher than the previous year. The annual average maximum temperature in South Korea has risen steadily over the measured period. Temperature trends by season South Korea has four seasons, each characterized by its own distinctive temperature trends. The average summer temperature recorded in South Korea has ranged from ** to ** degrees Celsius. Although average temperatures generally indicate moderate warmth, 31 heat-wave days were recorded in 2018 alone, far above the average value. Conversely, winter in South Korea is the coldest and driest season, with an average temperature of about *** degrees Celsius in 2023. Climate change and response Climate change has impacted South Korea. Despite the minor ups and downs in temperature, the annual average temperature has moved gradually upward, showing a difference of more than *** degree Celsius from 2023 to 1973. Additionally, the number of heatwave days has increased substantially compared to previous decades. This has not gone unnoticed, as most legislative members of the National Assembly have identified addressing the enactment and revision of policies as a priority in responding to the climate crisis.

In 2024, the average maximum temperature in Seoul, South Korea was **** degrees Celsius. This was the highest recorded maximum temperature since 1954.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Incheon, South Korea was 16.5 degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the city's hottest month in the past six years, while December 2022 was the coldest, with an average temperature of minus 2.6 degrees Celsius.

Distribution of weather and death descriptions in the past and in recent times of summer.

Impacts of high air temperature of summer in Korea.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Jeju, South Korea, was 17.5 degrees Celsius. The island's hottest month was August 2024, while February 2022 was the coldest, with an average temperature of 5.2 degrees Celsius.

Algific talus slopes are characterized by locally detected unique micrometeorological phenomena such as cold air blowing or water getting frozen during summer and warm wind blowing during winter in a hole or crack on the rock. It is thus known that rare plants and plants that are uncommon in the environments at close proximity to humans are widely distributed on the algific talus slopes. Notably, as the habitats of polar and alpine plants that naturally grow in low temperature regions are being continuously reduced due to global warming or climate change, the micrometeorological phenomena on algific talus slopes, where low temperature is maintained even in summer, are critical for providing a refuge for plants sensitive to high temperatures and for the conservation of rare and endangered species. This study was conducted to rediscover the phytogeographic values of algific talus slopes by investigating the distribution of five plant types across 25 algific talus slopes as the specific areas of forest biodiversity. Vascular plants were investigated in each season during April 2016 to November 2021. We share the data of the sample collected here.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Busan, South Korea was 17.4 degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the city's hottest month in the past five years, while February 2025 was the coldest, with an average temperature of 2.9 degrees Celsius.

Algific talus slopes are characterized by locally detected unique micrometeorological phenomena such as cold air blowing or water getting frozen during summer and warm wind blowing during winter in a hole or crack on the rock. It is thus known that rare plants and plants that are uncommon in the environments at close proximity to humans are widely distributed on the algific talus slopes. Notably, as the habitats of polar and alpine plants that naturally grow in low temperature regions are being continuously reduced due to global warming or climate change, the micrometeorological phenomena on algific talus slopes, where low temperature is maintained even in summer, are critical for providing a refuge for plants sensitive to high temperatures and for the conservation of rare and endangered species. This study was conducted to rediscover the phytogeographic values of algific talus slopes by investigating the distribution of five plant types across 25 algific talus slopes as the specific areas of forest biodiversity. Vascular plants were investigated in each season during April 2016 to November 2021. We share the data of the sample collected here.

Understanding climatic effect on wildlife is essential to prediction and management of climate change’s impact on the ecosystem. The climatic effect can interact with other environmental factors. This study aimed to determine effects of climate and altitude on Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) activity in temperate forests of South Korea. We conducted camera trapping to investigate roe deer’s activity level from spring to fall. Logistic regressions were used to determine effects of diel period, temperature, rain, and altitude on the activity level. A negative relationship was noted between temperature and the activity level due to thermoregulatory costs. Roe deer activity exhibited nocturnal and crepuscular patterns during summer and the other seasons, respectively, possibly due to heat stress in summer. In addition, the effect of temperature differed between high- and low-altitude areas. In low-altitude areas, temperature affected negatively the activity level throughout the study..., The camera trapping method was used to observe temporal variations in roe deer capture (sampling days: September to October 2021 and April to August 2022). In the study area, a 5 × 6 grid design (interval = 600 m) was established, and one trail camera (Spec Ops Elite HP4; Browning Co., USA) was deployed corresponding to each cell of the grid. The study period was divided into five seasons, and further analyses were performed for each season: spring (15 April to 15 May, 960 trap-days), early summer (16 May to 30 June, 1380 trap-days), summer (1 July to 31 August, 1860 trap-days), early fall (September, 900 trap-days) and fall (October, 810 trap-days). The camera-plot altitudes were categorised into four classes: 600 (600–800 m asl, n = 3), 800 (800–1,000 m asl, n = 10), 1,000 (1,000–1,200 m asl, n = 11) and 1,200 (1,200–1,400 m asl, n = 6). We created a roedeer variable as presence/absence of observation per 2-h in each altitude class. In order to account for sampling effort depending on..., , This README file was generated on 2023-09-22 by Tae-Kyung Eom.

GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Title of Dataset: Adaptive response of Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) to climate and altitude in the temperate forests of South Korea

2. Author Information A. Principal Investigator Contact Information Name: Tae-Kyung Eom Institution: Chung-Ang University Address: Ansung, South Korea Email: xorud147@naver.com

   B. Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Jae-Kang Lee Institution: Chung-Ang University Address: Ansung, South Korea

   Name: Dong-Ho Lee Institution: Chung-Ang University Address: Ansung, South Korea

   Name: Hyeongyu Ko Institution: Chung-Ang University Address: Ansung, South Korea

   Name: Shin-Jae Rhim Institution: Chung-Ang University Address: Ansung, South Korea

3. Date of data collection (single date, range, approximate date): 2021-2022

4. Geographic location of data collection: Mt. Gariwang, Pyeo...

Oysters are a major commercial and ecological fishery resource. Recently, the oyster industry has experienced mass mortality in summer due to environmental factors. Generally, the survival of oysters in aquatic environments is mainly impacted by environmental stressors such as elevated sea temperatures and reduced salinity; however, the stressors impacting tidal flat oysters that are repeatedly exposed to air remain poorly understood. Hence, we studied the relationship between environmental factors and the survival of tidal flat pacific oysters in Incheon, South Korea, where mass mortality is common. Principal component analysis and Bayesian networks revealed that air temperature (in spring and summer) and sea temperature (in summer) are related to oyster production. In habitats of the tidal flat oysters during the summer, high temperatures of 34.7–35.4°C (maximum 47.6°C) were observed for average durations of 0.8–1.9 hours (maximum 3.6 hours). Furthermore, heat waves occurred for up to 12 consecutive days. Results from the multiple stress test showed that when exposed to 45°C (air temperature) for 4 hours per day, the survival rate of oysters was 42.5% after only 2 days and 0% after 6 days. The findings stemming from the field observations and stress tests suggest that high temperatures during emersion may contribute to mass mortality of oysters in summer, indicating a potential threat to oysters due to climate change. To understand the effects of future thermal stress on oysters more accurately, simultaneous long-term trend analyses and field-based observations are required.

In 2024, precipitation in Jeju in South Korea was the highest nationwide, with about 1928.9 millimeters. Gyeongnam followed with around 1713.6 millimeters.

In this research, climate classification maps over the Korean Peninsula at 1 km resolution were generated using the satellite-based climatic variables of monthly temperature and precipitation based on machine learning approaches. Random forest (RF), artificial neural networks (ANN), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), logistic regression (LR), and support vector machines (SVM) were used to develop models. Training and validation of these models were conducted using in-situ observations from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) from 2001 to 2016. The rule of the traditional Köppen-Geiger (K-G) climate classification was used to classify climate regions. The input variables were land surface temperature (LST) of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), monthly precipitation data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B43 product, and the Digital Elevation Map (DEM) from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). The overall accuracy (OA) based on validation data from 2001 to 2016 for all models was high over 95%. DEM and minimum winter temperature were two distinct variables over the study area with particularly high relative importance. ANN produced more realistic spatial distribution of the classified climates despite having a slightly lower OA than the others. The accuracy of the models using high altitudinal in-situ data of the Mountain Meteorology Observation System (MMOS) was also assessed. Although the data length of the MMOS data was relatively short (2013 to 2017), it proved that the snowy, dry and cold winter and cool summer class (Dwc) is widely located in the eastern coastal region of South Korea. Temporal shifting of climate was examined through a comparison of climate maps produced by period: from 1950 to 2000, from 1983 to 2000, and from 2001 to 2013. A shrinking trend of snow classes (D) over the Korean Peninsula was clearly observed from the ANN-based climate classification results. Shifting trends of climate with the decrease/increase of snow (D)/temperate (C) classes were clearly shown in the maps produced using the proposed approaches, consistent with the results from the reanalysis data of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC).

We present a novel quasi-Bayesian method to weight multiple dynamical models by their skill at capturing both potentially non-linear trends and first-order autocorrelated variability of the underlying process, and to make weighted probabilistic projections. We validate the method using a suite of one-at-a-time cross-validation experiments involving Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), its temperature-based index, as well as Korean summer mean maximum temperature. In these experiments the method tends to exhibit superior skill over a trend-only Bayesian model averaging weighting method in terms of weight assignment and probabilistic forecasts. Specifically, mean credible interval width, and mean absolute error of the projections tend to improve. We apply the method to a problem of projecting summer mean maximum temperature change over Korea by the end of the 21st century using a multi-model ensemble. Compared to the trend-only method, the new method appreciably sharpens the probability distribution function (pdf) and increases future most likely, median, and mean warming in Korea. The method is flexible, with a potential to improve forecasts in geosciences and other fields.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Seoul, South Korea was **** degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the hottest month in the city in the past six years, while December 2022 was the coldest, with an average temperature of minus *** degrees Celsius.

EV Specific Tires Market Outlook

The global EV Specific Tires market size was valued at USD 2.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 12.2 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19.5% from 2024 to 2032. This remarkable growth is driven by several factors, including the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) worldwide, advancements in tire technology, and the need for specialized tires to optimize EV performance and efficiency.

One of the primary growth factors contributing to the expansion of the EV specific tires market is the rapid increase in electric vehicle adoption. Governments and environmental bodies are pushing for a switch from conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to EVs to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change. This transition necessitates the development of tires specifically tailored for EVs, which often have different performance requirements such as lower rolling resistance, higher load-bearing capacity, and enhanced durability. Consequently, the demand for EV specific tires is surging, fueling market growth.

Furthermore, advancements in tire technology are playing a pivotal role in propelling the market forward. Innovations such as advanced tread patterns, improved rubber compounds, and smart tire technologies are being developed to meet the unique demands of EVs. These advancements help in improving the overall efficiency, safety, and longevity of tires. For instance, low rolling resistance tires are becoming increasingly popular as they contribute to extending the driving range of EVs by reducing energy consumption. Such technological innovations are expected to continue driving the market over the forecast period.

Another significant growth driver is the rising consumer awareness about the benefits of using specialized tires for electric vehicles. As more consumers become informed about how EV specific tires can enhance vehicle performance and safety, there is a growing willingness to invest in these premium products. Additionally, the increasing disposable income of consumers in emerging markets is contributing to higher sales of EVs and, consequently, EV specific tires. This trend is particularly noticeable in regions like Asia Pacific and North America, where the EV market is experiencing robust growth.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific is poised to be the fastest-growing market for EV specific tires. Countries such as China, Japan, and South Korea are leading the charge in EV adoption, supported by favorable government policies and substantial investments in EV infrastructure. These factors are driving the demand for EV specific tires in the region. North America and Europe are also significant markets, with substantial investments in EV technology and infrastructure. The presence of major automobile manufacturers and tire companies in these regions further bolsters market growth.

Tire Type Analysis

The EV specific tires market can be segmented by tire type into Summer Tires, Winter Tires, All-Season Tires, and Performance Tires. Summer tires are designed for optimal performance in warm weather conditions. They offer excellent grip and handling on both dry and wet roads, making them ideal for regions with hot climates. The demand for summer tires is high in markets like the southern United States, parts of Europe, and Asia Pacific, where warm weather prevails for most of the year. These tires are crafted with unique tread patterns and rubber compounds to provide high performance, making them popular among EV owners who seek enhanced driving experiences.

Winter tires, on the other hand, are specifically designed to perform in cold weather conditions, including snow and ice. These tires are made with special rubber compounds that remain flexible at low temperatures, providing better traction and safety. The demand for winter tires is particularly high in countries with harsh winter climates, such as Canada, the northern United States, and Northern Europe. As EV adoption grows in these regions, the market for winter tires is expected to expand significantly, driven by the need for safety and performance during winter months.

All-Season Tires are gaining traction among EV owners due to their versatility and convenience. These tires are designed to provide satisfactory performance in a wide range of weather conditions, including rain, light snow, and dry roads. They eliminate the need for seasonal tire changes, making them a cost-effective and convenient option for many consumers. The demand for all-season tires is particul

In May 2025, the average temperature in Gwangju, South Korea was 18.2 degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the city's hottest month in the past six years, while December 2022 and February 2025 were the coldest, with an average temperature of 1.1 degrees Celsius.