In 2022, several locations across the United Kingdom exceeded temperatures of more than ** degrees Celsius for the time time on record. The village of Coningsby in eastern England reached **** degrees Celsius on July 19, 2022. That same day, temperatures at Heathrow and St James's Park in London, as well as Pitsford, Northamptonshire, also recorded a maximum temperature of over ** degrees Celsius. 2022 was the UK's hottest year on record.

During the heat wave in 2022, the highest temperature recorded in the United Kingdom was **** degrees Celsius on ******* at Coningsby, Lincolnshire. An unprecedented extreme heatwave was experienced in the United Kingdom from ** to ** *********, and extreme temperatures at over 40°C were recorded for the first time since recording of temperatures began.

The United Kingdom's hottest summer ever recorded was in 2018, with an average temperature of 15.76 degrees Celsius. Meanwhile, 2023 saw the eighth hottest summer in the UK, with an average temperature of 15.35 degrees. In the last couple of decades, five of the top 10 warmest summers in the UK were recorded. New temperature records in 2022 In summer 2022, record-breaking temperatures of more than 40 degrees Celsius were recorded at several locations across the UK. Accordingly, 2022 was also the UK's warmest year on record, with the average annual temperature rising above 10 degrees Celsius for the first time. Since temperature recording began in 1884, the hottest years documented in the country have all occurred after 2003. England: the warmest country in the UK Amongst the countries that comprise the United Kingdom, England has generally seen the highest annual mean temperatures. In 2022, England’s average temperature also reached a new record high, at nearly 11 degrees Celsius. And while it’s not a typical sight in the United Kingdom, England also registered the most hours of sunshine on average, with Scotland being the gloomiest country out of the four.

England's hottest summers ever recorded were in 2022 and 2018, both with an average temperature of **** degrees Celsius. During summer 2022, record-breaking temperatures exceeding ** degrees Celsius were reached at several locations in England, such as Heathrow and St James's Park in London.

This record is created as a data supplement for the manuscript "Estimated mortality attributable to the urban heat island during the record-breaking 2022 heatwave in London".

These data were produced using the Weather Research Forecasting model with BEP-BEM. The model setup is described in Brousse et al (2023) 10.1175/JAMC-D-22-0142.1. These data cover the period 2022-07-10 to 2022-07-25, during which temperatures exceding 40 °C were recorded in London for the first time.

The data comprise two NetCDF files. One is labelled "Urb" one "Nourb". In the "Nourb" file, the urban tile is removed from the model and the land surface replaced by the nearest natural tile. This can be used to estimate the influence of the urban tile on the local climate.

Variables included in the file are T2 (temperature at 2 m elevation in Kelvin), V10 and U10 (winds at 10 m elevation in metres per second), PSFC (surface level pressure in Pascal), RAINNC (rain in mm), TH2 (potential temperature at 2m elevation in Kelvin), and Q2 (specific humidity at 2 m elevation, which is dimensionless). All variables are provided at hourly timestep.

Queries about this dataset can be directed to o.brousse@ucl.ac.uk

1999-2017 - London SWT Weather data

1. Site: SWT
2. Country\City\Location: UK\London\ Southwark WoodsfordTower SWT
3. Latitude: 51.487760; Longitude: -0.091069
4. Anemometer height: 60 m
5. Weather station owner: Bill Legassick, Southwark Council. Contact: Tel: 020 7525 4253 | Fax: 020 7525 5705
6. Email: Bill.Legassick@southwark.gov.uk

1. Sensor:
2. Sensor type:---- Model -------------: Date Installed
3. Anemometer : CDL Windset (EC8) ......... : 1999
4. Rain gauge : Campbell Scientific ARG-100 : 1999
5. Temperature: T107_C .....................: 1999
6. Humidity : HMP45A .....................: 1999

1. Files: Are Zipped
2. Filenames: Weather_Data_2008.CSV
3. Filetype: comma delimited

4. Header Row:Date and Time,Battery Voltage,CR10 Temperature,Wind Direction 10 Minutes,Wind Speed 10 Minutes,Wind Gust 10 Minutes,Hourly AverageDirection,Hourly Average Speed,Hourly Maximum Gust,Hourly Gust Time,Hourly Gust Direction,Last Minute Average Temperature,Total Hourly Rain,Average RH over previous minute,Maximum Hourly Air Temperature,Minimum Hourly Air Temperature,MaximumHourly Rainfall Rate,Time of Rainfall

5. Data: hourly averages

The United Kingdom's average minimum temperature in July 2021 measured 12.1 degrees Celsius. This month, recorded the highest minimum temperature during the reported period. Since 2015, the lowest monthly minimum temperature in the UK was recorded in February 2018, at -0.7 degrees Celsius. This was the first time during this period that the average monthly minimum temperature dropped below zero degrees Celsius, while in January 2021 the second time took place, at -0.5 degrees Celsius. Further information about the weather in the United Kingdom can be found here.

The longest available instrumental record of temperature in the world is now available at the BADC. The daily data starts in 1772.

The mean, minimum and maximum datasets are updated monthly, with data for a month usually available by the 3rd of the next month. A provisional CET value for the current month is calculated on a daily basis. The mean daily data series begins in 1772. Mean maximum and minimum daily and monthly data are also available, beginning in 1878. Yearly files are provided from 1998 onwards.

These historical temperature series are representative of the Midlands region in England, UK (a roughly triangular area of the United Kingdom enclosed by Bristol, Lancashire and London).

The following stations are used by the Met Office to compile the CET data: Rothamsted, Malvern, Squires Gate and Ringway.

But in November 2004, the weather station Stonyhurst replaced Ringway and revised urban warming and bias adjustments have now been applied to the Stonyhurst data after a period of reduced reliability from the station in the summer months.

The data set is compiled by the Met Office Hadley Centre.

2011\ London\ SWT Weather data
Data Type: Weather station
Site information:
Latitude: 51.487760
Longitude: -0.091069
Anemometer height: 60 m
Owner: Bill Legassick, Southwark Council. Contact: Tel: 020 7525 4253 | Fax: 020 7525 5705
Email: Bill.Legassick@southwark.gov.uk
Sensor information
Sensor type Model Date installed
Anemometer CDL Windset (EC8) 1999
Rain gauge Campbell Scientific ARG-100 1999
Temperature probe T107_C 1999
Humidity probe HMP45A 1999
Files: Are Zipped
Filenames: Weather_Data_2008.CSV
Filetype: comma delimited
Header Row:Date and Time,Battery Voltage,CR10 Temperature,Wind Direction 10 Minutes,Wind Speed 10 Minutes,Wind Gust 10 Minutes,Hourly Average Direction,Hourly Average Speed,Hourly Maximum Gust,Hourly Gust Time,Hourly Gust Direction,Last Minute Average Temperature,Total Hourly Rain,Average RH over previous minute,Maximum Hourly Air Temperature,Minimum Hourly Air Temperature,Maximum Hourly Rainfall Rate,Time of Rainfall
Data: hourly averages2011\ London\ SWT Weather data

This data contains the temperature differences of London for the years 1990 to 1991. Every file contains the City name and it's geolocation, followed by the temperature measurements (max, min and difference between max and min). This measurements are retrieved from darksky.net

The United Kingdom recorded its hottest-ever year in 2022, with an average temperature of ***** degrees Celsius. Since the start of temperature recording in ****, the ** warmest years recorded in the UK have been from 2003 onwards. Weather conditions are predicted to become more extreme due to climate change.

Since January 2015, the highest maximum monthly temperature in England was measured in July 2018, at 24.8 degrees Celsius. July temperatures declined in the following years, and measured 20.6 degrees Celsius in 2024. Further information about the weather in the United Kingdom can be found here.

"Persistent cloud cover over mega-cities linked to surface heat release
by Theeuwes et al., 2019 NPJ Climate and atmospheric science

HRV_london_landuse.txt

• HRV processed time series of cloud fractions [-] over each land use type (pixels have to be 100% of one land use class)
  • "high" - forest/high vegetation
  • "low" - low vegetation
  • "urban" - urban areas
  • "water" - water bodies for London domain.

HRV_paris_landuse.txt -

• HRV processed time series of cloud fractions over each land use type (pixels have to be 100% of one land use class)
  • "high" - forest/high vegetation,
  • "low" - low vegetation,
  • "urban" - urban areas for Paris domain.

"london_CBH.csv" -

• Cloud base heights ("CBH_L") [m] from CL31 ceilometer at London site (Marylebone road) and logical array whether it is clear or clouds are observed in the 15-min period "clear_L, cloudy_L"

"chilbolton_CBH.csv" -

• Cloud base heights ("CBH_C") [m] from CL75K ceilometer at Chilbolton site and logical array whether it is clear or clouds are observed in the 15-min period "clear_C, cloudy_C"

raw data: doi:10.5285/1aa2df5a-798b-46c7-b74a-421f9ca0aa82

"london_met.csv" -

• Data from meteorological measurements at London (Kings College London site):
  • "DIP_L" - dew point depression (air temperature - dew point temperature) [K],
  • "RR_L" - precipitation [mm],
  • "T_L" - absolute air temperature [K],
  • "Td_L" - dew point temperature [K].

"chilbolton_met.csv" -

• Data from meteorological measurements at Chilbolton:
  • "DIP_C" - dew point depression (air temperature - dew point temperature) [K],
  • "T_C" - absolute air temperature [K],
  • "Td_C" - dew point temperature [K].

"london_fluxes.csv"

• - Kinematic sensible ("wth_L" [K m s-1]) and latent heat ("wq_L" [kg kg-1 m s-1]) fluxes at London (Kings College London site).

"chilbolton_fluxes.csv"

• - Kinematic sensible ("wth_C" [K m s-1]) and latent heat ("wq_C" [kg kg-1 m s-1]) fluxes at Chilbolton.

"2011_chil_lidarwstats.nc"

• - Hourly statistics of the LiDAR stare data for Chilbolton site. Vertical velocity variance corrected.

Note: all Chilbolton raw data: http://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/7cbc3fc19bfa037a48ba4cba4b93544d

This dataset contains estimates of mortality and number of hospital admissions that can be attributed to temperature, from observations and climate projections, and includes some of the underlying climate data. The data are divided into the subdirectories ‘epi_model’, ‘HadUKgrid’, ‘London’, ‘regimes’, and ‘UKCP18’ as follows:

epi_model: - Model fits of exposure-response relationships

HadUKgrid: - Temperature-attributable mortality/hospital admission time series for the observed record (1981/1991-2018) - List of the 10 highest mortality days from 1991 to 2018 based on UK-total temperature-related mortality

London: - Average daily temperature by London boroughs simulated with an urban model, October 2015 to 2019 - Attributable hospital admission by London boroughs based on the above temperature time series

regimes: - Weather regime and pattern classification for the observed record (1850/1979-2019)

UKCP18: - Attributable mortality time series for UKCP18 climate projections (1900-2099)

Further details including file contents and methods can be found in the README.txt files for each dataset. This dataset was produced for the UK Climate Resilience Programme - Addressing the resilience needs of the UK health sector: climate service pilots.

Context

Simple time series data for weather prediction time series projects.

Content

The data contains the following information from the UK Met Office location at London Heathrow Airport. The data runs from Jan 1948 to Oct 2020 and includes the following monthly data fields:

• yyyy = Year
• mm = Month
• tmax = Maximum temperature (Celsius)
• tmin = Minimum temperature (Celsius)
• af = Count of Air Frost days in the given month
• rain = Total rainfall (mm)
• sun = Sunshine duration (hrs)

Acknowledgements

Provided by the UK Met Office: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/historic-station-data Available under Open Government Licence: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

Example code

The following Python code will load into a Pandas DataFrame:

colspecs = [(3, 7), (9,11),(14,18),(22,26),(32,34),(37,42),(45,50)] data = pd.read_fwf('../input/heathrow-weather-data/heathrowdata.txt',colspecs=colspecs)

The following will remove the first few lines of text

data = data[3:].reset_index(drop=True) data.columns = data.iloc[1] data = data[3:].reset_index(drop=True)

The highest average temperature recorded in 2024 until November was in August, at 16.8 degrees Celsius. Since 2015, the highest average daily temperature in the UK was registered in July 2018, at 18.7 degrees Celsius. The summer of 2018 was the joint hottest since institutions began recording temperatures in 1910. One noticeable anomaly during this period was in December 2015, when the average daily temperature reached 9.5 degrees Celsius. This month also experienced the highest monthly rainfall in the UK since before 2014, with England, Wales, and Scotland suffering widespread flooding. Daily hours of sunshine Unsurprisingly, the heat wave that spread across the British Isles in 2018 was the result of particularly sunny weather. July 2018 saw an average of 8.7 daily sun hours in the United Kingdom. This was more hours of sun than was recorded in July 2024, which only saw 5.8 hours of sun. Temperatures are on the rise Since the 1960s, there has been an increase in regional temperatures across the UK. Between 1961 and 1990, temperatures in England averaged nine degrees Celsius, and from 2013 to 2022, average temperatures in the country had increased to 10.3 degrees Celsius. Due to its relatively southern location, England continues to rank as the warmest country in the UK.

These data are used in Chapter 3, “Urban multi-season sensible heat fluxes from multiple large aperture scintillometry paths: variability and operational numerical weather prediction skill” in the University of Reading thesis "Urban surface-atmosphere exchanges: scintillometry observations and NWP evaluation" submitted by Beth Saunders, 2024.

The NWP (Met Office UKV model) dataset consists of 109 days across 2016-2018. Some of the experimental setup is also described in Saunders et. al 2024: “Methodology to evaluate numerical weather predictions using large aperture scintillometry sensible heat fluxes: demonstration in London”, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4837" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4837" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4837. File names and subdirectories are named in the format year + day of year (DOY).

The UKV data for the IOP days are from the operational runs, initialised at 21:00 UTC, with model output analysed from 00:00 UTC the following day for the period when observations are available. The operational UKV’s diagnostics output is on the hour.

Filenames are presented in the following example format:

MOUKV_FC2016050121Z_m01s00i002_LON_BCT.nc

This example would be from the UKV model (‘MOUKV’), from a run initialising at 2100 UTC on the 1^st May 2016 (FC2016050121Z) for the variable ‘U component of wind’ (identified by the stash code ‘m01s00i002’), with 3 by 3 grid boxes overlaying the ‘BCT’ site as described by Saunders et al. 2024 (‘LON_BCT’).

The following stash codes, used by Saunders et al. 2024, are available:

m01s00i002: U component of wind

m01s00i003: V component of wind

m01s00i010: Specific humidity

m01s00i024: Surface temperature

m01s00i025: Boundary layer depth

m01s00i090: Total aerosol

m01s00i150: W component of wind

m01s00i266: Bulk clod fraction

m01s00i408: Pressure at theta levels

m01s00i409: Surface pressure

m01s01i235: Total downward surface shortwave flux

m01s02i201: Outgoing shortwave radiative flux (top of atmosphere)

m01s02i207: Incoming shortwave radiative flux (top of atmosphere)

m01s03i026: Roughness length

m01s03i202: Heat flux from surface to deep soil level 1

m01s03i216: Boundary layer heat fluxes

m01s03i217: Surface sensible heat flux

m01s03i219: X component of surface and boundary layer wind stress

m01s03i220: Y component of surface and boundary layer wind stress

m01s03i222: Boundary layer total moisture fluxes

m01s03i225: 10-meter wind U component

m01s03i226: 10-meter wind V component

m01s03i234: Surface latent heat flux

m01s03i236: Temperature at 1.5 m

m01s03i245: Relative humidity at 1.5 m

m01s03i281: Visibility t 1.5 m (including precipitation)

m01s03i290: Surface sensible heat flux on tiles

m01s03i316: Surface temperature on tiles

m01s03i321: Canopy water on tiles

m01s03i476: Combined boundary layer type

m01s04i203: Large scale rainfall rate

m01s08i225: Deep soil temperature after hydrology

m01s09i203: Low cloud amount

m01s09i204: Medium cloud amount

m01s09i205: High cloud amount

m01s09i217: Total cloud amount

m01s16i004: Temperature on theta levels

m01s16i222: Pressure at mean sea level

Body size has been shown to decrease with increasing temperature in many species, prompting the suggestion that it is a universal ecological response. However, species with complex life cycles, such as holometabolous insects, may have correspondingly complicated temperature-size responses. Recent research suggests that life history and ecological traits may be important for determining the direction and strength of temperature-size responses. Yet, these factors are rarely included in analyses. Here, we aim to determine if the size of the bivoltine butterfly, Polyommatus bellargus, and the univoltine butterflies, Plebejus argus and Polyommatus coridon, change in response to temperature and whether these responses differ between the sexes, and for P. bellargus, between generations. Forewing length was measured using digital specimens from the Natural History Museum, London (NHM), from one locality in the UK per species. The data were initially compared to annual and seasonal temperature values, without consideration of life history factors. Sex and generation of the individuals and mean monthly temperatures, which cover the growing period for each species, were then included in analyses. When compared to annual or seasonal temperatures only, size was not related to temperature for P. bellargus and P. argus, but there was a negative relationship between size and temperature for P. coridon. When sex, generation and monthly temperatures were included, male adult size decreased as temperature increased in the early larval stages, and increased as temperature increased during the late larval stages. Results were similar but less consistent for females, while second generation P. bellargus showed no temperature-size response. In P. coridon, size decreased as temperature increased during the pupal stage. These results highlight the importance of including life history factors, sex and monthly temperature data when studying temperature-size responses for species with complex life cycles. Polyommatus bellargusForewing lengths measured for NHM iCollections specimens of the Adonis Blue (Polyommatus bellargus) from Folkestone. The data file also includes the ID number (given by the museum), the sex of each specimen, which generation the specimen is from and the associated temperature values for the years in which they were collected (SST=average spring-summer temperature, AMT=annual mean temperature). Images were measured using ImageJ software, and high resolution images were provided to us by the Natural History Museum (London). Temperature data was obtained from the UK Meteorological Office (http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/datasets).Polyommatus_bellargus.xlsxPlebejus argusForewing lengths measured for NHM iCollections specimens of the Silver-studded Blue (Plebejus argus) from the New Forest. The data file also includes the ID number (given by the museum), the sex of each specimen and the associated temperature values for the years in which they were collected (SST=average spring-summer temperature, AMT=annual mean temperature). Images were measured using ImageJ software, and high resolution images were provided to us by the Natural History Museum (London). Temperature data was obtained from the UK Meteorological Office (http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/datasets).Plebejus_argus.xlsxPolyommatus coridonForewing lengths measured for NHM iCollections specimens of the Chalk Hill Blue (Polyommatus coridon) from Therfield Heath. The data file also includes the ID number (given by the museum), the sex of each specimen and the associated temperature values for the years in which they were collected (SST=average spring-summer temperature, AMT=annual mean temperature). Images were measured using ImageJ software, and high resolution images were provided to us by the Natural History Museum (London). Temperature data was obtained from the UK Meteorological Office (http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/datasets).Polyommatus_coridon.xlsx

The superconductor theory based on the electron pair is reviewed and several viewpoints are proposed. A demonstrated case reveals the speed of each electron in the electron pair at Fermi level about 1.82x10^6 m/s in Pb. However, the fastest longitudinal and transverse speeds of crystal waves in Pb at 0 K are 2.18x10^3 m/s and 1.29x10^3 m/s in [100] direction, respectively. It seems to be very hard even impossible that the mediated phonon can real-time transfer momentum and energy between two so high-speed and antiparallel-momentum electrons in the superconducting state. In this research, we focus on single electron based on the experiments of Transmission Electron Microscopy. The new fitting temperature-dependent model for the London penetration depth is proposed. This model is much better than the one- and two-gap models and matches three experimental data much well. Then it further gives the temperature-dependent effective electron mass for the Nb superconductor film. Finally, the expression for the resistivity is deduced which can explain why the resistance is almost zero in the superconductor. All these new results are obtained by using the concept of single electron.

2013 - London LUMA TLI Thames River Water temperature

1. Site: TLI
2. Country\City\Location: UK\London\ river Thames Lifeboat south of KCL Strand CampusTLI
3. Height: in river - moving up and down with the tide so staying approximately the same depth under the water

1. Sensor: Tinytag Water temperature logger
2. raw data 1 min

1. Files: rawTwater_120910_1202924.csv
2. _YYMMDD to _YYMMDD
3. Format: CSV ascii comma delimited
4. Files randomly downloaded by hand
5. Raw Tiny Tag format also present
6. Header in file
7. ,Time,1
8. S/N,,571884
9. Type,,TG-4100
10. Description,,Aquatic
11. Property,,Maximum Temperature
12. 1,2012-09-10 10:54:41,18.991 °C