US Weather History

Actual and Average Temperatures and Precipitation

By FiveThirtyEight [source]

About this dataset

This dataset contains a collection of weather data from twelve major cities across the United States, including Los Angeles (KCTQ), Charlotte (KCLT), Houston (KHOU), Indianapolis (KIND), Jacksonville (KJAX), Chicago (KMDW), New York City (KNYC), Philadelphia(KPHL ), Phoenix( KPHX) and Seattle( KSEA). These datasets offer an exciting insight into the changing temperatures and climate in these key locations over a period of 12 months. Whether you are an experienced researcher in climate science or just interested in understanding more about world weather trends, this dataset provides an invaluable source.

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How to use the dataset

This dataset contains 12 weather records from various cities across the US, from Los Angeles to New York City. Each record includes information about average and actual temperatures, as well as precipitation and related records.

Research Ideas

• Using the data to map out a timeline of high temperature records throughout the US and compare it to predictions of climate scientists on how climate change will affect regional temperatures in a given area.
• Tracking average and actual precipitation levels over the course of an entire year in various cities around the US in order to develop city-specific estimates for water resource availability in future years.
• Comparing record temperatures across cities in different regions, determining if there are any correlations between geographical location and temperature extremes, and then extrapolating these findings to better understand local weather patterns on both short-term or long-term scales

Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit the original authors. Data Source

License

License: CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) - Public Domain Dedication No Copyright - You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. See Other Information.

Columns

File: KPHL.csv | Column name | Description | |:--------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------| | date | The date of the weather record. (Date) | | actual_mean_temp | The actual mean temperature for the day. (Float) | | actual_min_temp | The actual minimum temperature for the day. (Float) | | actual_max_temp | The actual maximum temperature for the day. (Float) | | average_min_temp | The average minimum temperature for the day. (Float) | | average_max_temp | The average maximum temperature for the day. (Float) | | record_min_temp | The record minimum temperature for the day. (Float) | | record_max_temp | The record maximum temperature for the day. (Float) | | record_min_temp_year | The year in which the record minimum temperature was set. (Integer) | | record_max_temp_year | The year in which the record maximum temperature was set. (Integer) | | actual_precipitation | The actual precipitation for the day. (Float) | | average_precipitation | The average precipitation for the day. (Float) | | record_precipitation | The record precipitation for the day. (Float) |

File: KPHX.csv | Column name | Description | |:--------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------| | date | The date of the weather record. (Date) | | actual_mean_temp | The actual mean temperature for the day. (Float) | | actual_min_temp | The actual minimum temperature for the day. (Float) | | actual_max_temp | The actual maximum temperature for the day. (Float) | | average_min_temp | The average minimum temperature for the day. (Float) | | average_max_temp | The average maximum temperature for the day. (Float) | | **record_min_...

The average temperature in the contiguous United States reached 55.5 degrees Fahrenheit (13 degrees Celsius) in 2024, approximately 3.5 degrees Fahrenheit higher than the 20th-century average. These levels represented a record since measurements started in ****. Monthly average temperatures in the U.S. were also indicative of this trend. Temperatures and emissions are on the rise The rise in temperatures since 1975 is similar to the increase in carbon dioxide emissions in the U.S. Although CO₂ emissions in recent years were lower than when they peaked in 2007, they were still generally higher than levels recorded before 1990. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and is the main driver of climate change. Extreme weather Scientists worldwide have found links between the rise in temperatures and changing weather patterns. Extreme weather in the U.S. has resulted in natural disasters such as hurricanes and extreme heat waves becoming more likely. Economic damage caused by extreme temperatures in the U.S. has amounted to hundreds of billions of U.S. dollars over the past few decades.

The monthly average temperature in the United States between 2020 and 2025 shows distinct seasonal variation, following similar patterns. For instance, in August 2025, the average temperature across the North American country stood at 22.98 degrees Celsius. Rising temperatures Globally, 2016, 2019, 2021 and 2024 were some of the warmest years ever recorded since 1880. Overall, there has been a dramatic increase in the annual temperature since 1895. Within the U.S. annual temperatures show a great deal of variation depending on region. For instance, Florida tends to record the highest maximum temperatures across the North American country, while Wyoming recorded the lowest minimum average temperature in recent years. Carbon dioxide emissions Carbon dioxide is a known driver of climate change, which impacts average temperatures. Global historical carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels have been on the rise since the industrial revolution. In recent years, carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes reached over 37 billion metric tons. Among all countries globally, China was the largest emitter of carbon dioxide in 2023.

Cities were selected based on lengths of existing climate records, which start at least earlier than 1900. However, cities may miss substantial amounts of data during their periods of record. Each file provides available historical daily maximum and minimum temperature and daily precipitation data for one U.S. city. File was named by the city's current active weather station ID (Global Historical Climatology Network, GHCN ID). Each city may include records from one or multiple stations. Listed latitude and longitude for each city are from the city's current active weather station. Daily maximum and minimum temperature and daily precipitation were acquired from Applied Climate Information System (ACIS), developed by the NOAA Northeast Regional Climate Center (NRCC). The historical observations from ACIS belong to Global Historical Climatological Network - daily (GHCN-D) datasets. The included stations were based on NRCC’s “ThreadEx” project, which combined daily temperature and precipitation extremes at 255 NOAA Local Climatological Locations, representing all large and medium size cities in U.S. (see Owen et al. (2006). Accessing NOAA Daily Temperature and Precipitation Extremes Based on Combined/Threaded Station Records). Resources:

See included README file for more information.

Additional technical details and analyses can be found in: Lai, Y., & Dzombak, D. A. (2019). Use of historical data to assess regional climate change. Journal of climate, 32(14), 4299-4320. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0630.1

Other datasets from the same project can be accessed at: https://kilthub.cmu.edu/projects/Use_of_historical_data_to_assess_regional_climate_change/61538

ACIS database for historical observations: http://scacis.rcc-acis.org/

GHCN-D datasets can also be accessed at: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/global-historical-climatology-network-daily/

• 2024 August updated -

  Temperature and precipitation records for 2022 and 2023 were added (using the records from GHCN-D at: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/global-historical-climatology-network-daily/).

  Note that future updates may be infrequent.

• 2022 January updated -

  Temperature and precipitation records for 2021 were added (using the records from GHCN-D at: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/global-historical-climatology-network-daily/).

• 2021 January updated -

  Temperature and precipitation records for 2020 were added (using the records from GHCN-D at: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/).

• 2020 January updated -

  Temperature and precipitation records for 2019 were added (using the records from GHCN-D at: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/).

  CITY_ID.csv files were already filled the missing values (represented with NA) to make to continuous time series from start of record to the end of 2019. CITY_ID_fill.csv files from the older version were deleted.

• 2019 June updated -

  Baltimore (USW00093721) data for 2018 was updated (previously 2018 data appeared to be NA). Original files for Baltimore were removed.

  The GHCN ID for Baltimore was updated to be the ID for Baltimore-Washington International AP. city_info file was updated accordingly.

Historical changes of annual temperature and precipitation indices at selected 210 U.S. cities

This dataset provide:

Annual average temperature, total precipitation, and temperature and precipitation extremes calculations for 210 U.S. cities.

Historical rates of changes in annual temperature, precipitation, and the selected temperature and precipitation extreme indices in the 210 U.S. cities.

Estimated thresholds (reference levels) for the calculations of annual extreme indices including warm and cold days, warm and cold nights, and precipitation amount from very wet days in the 210 cities.

Annual average of daily mean temperature, Tmax, and Tmin are included for annual average temperature calculations. Calculations were based on the compiled daily temperature and precipitation records at individual cities.

Temperature and precipitation extreme indices include: warmest daily Tmax and Tmin, coldest daily Tmax and Tmin , warm days and nights, cold days and nights, maximum 1-day precipitation, maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation, precipitation amounts from very wet days.

Number of missing daily Tmax, Tmin, and precipitation values are included for each city.

Rates of change were calculated using linear regression, with some climate indices applied with the Box-Cox transformation prior to the linear regression.

The historical observations from ACIS belong to Global Historical Climatological Network - daily (GHCN-D) datasets. The included stations were based on NRCC’s “ThreadEx” project, which combined daily temperature and precipitation extremes at 255 NOAA Local Climatological Locations, representing all large and medium size cities in U.S. (See Owen et al. (2006) Accessing NOAA Daily Temperature and Precipitation Extremes Based on Combined/Threaded Station Records).

Resources:

See included README file for more information.

Additional technical details and analyses can be found in: Lai, Y., & Dzombak, D. A. (2019). Use of historical data to assess regional climate change. Journal of climate, 32(14), 4299-4320. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0630.1

Other datasets from the same project can be accessed at: https://kilthub.cmu.edu/projects/Use_of_historical_data_to_assess_regional_climate_change/61538

ACIS database for historical observations: http://scacis.rcc-acis.org/

GHCN-D datasets can also be accessed at: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/global-historical-climatology-network-daily/

Station information for each city can be accessed at: http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/

• 2024 August updated -

  Annual calculations for 2022 and 2023 were added.

  Linear regression results and thresholds for extremes were updated because of the addition of 2022 and 2023 data.

  Note that future updates may be infrequent.

• 2022 January updated -

  Annual calculations for 2021 were added.

  Linear regression results and thresholds for extremes were updated because of the addition of 2021 data.

• 2021 January updated -

  Annual calculations for 2020 were added.

  Linear regression results and thresholds for extremes were updated because of the addition of 2020 data.

• 2020 January updated -

  Annual calculations for 2019 were added.

  Linear regression results and thresholds for extremes were updated because of the addition of 2019 data.

  Thresholds for all 210 cities were combined into one single file – Thresholds.csv.

• 2019 June updated -

  Baltimore was updated with the 2018 data (previously version shows NA for 2018) and new ID to reflect the GCHN ID of Baltimore-Washington International AP. city_info file was updated accordingly.

  README file was updated to reflect the use of "wet days" index in this study. The 95% thresholds for calculation of wet days utilized all daily precipitation data from the reference period and can be different from the same index from some other studies, where only days with at least 1 mm of precipitation were utilized to calculate the thresholds. Thus the thresholds in this study can be lower than the ones that would've be calculated from the 95% percentiles from wet days (i.e., with at least 1 mm of precipitation).

The highest average temperature recorded in 2024 until November was in August, at 16.8 degrees Celsius. Since 2015, the highest average daily temperature in the UK was registered in July 2018, at 18.7 degrees Celsius. The summer of 2018 was the joint hottest since institutions began recording temperatures in 1910. One noticeable anomaly during this period was in December 2015, when the average daily temperature reached 9.5 degrees Celsius. This month also experienced the highest monthly rainfall in the UK since before 2014, with England, Wales, and Scotland suffering widespread flooding. Daily hours of sunshine Unsurprisingly, the heat wave that spread across the British Isles in 2018 was the result of particularly sunny weather. July 2018 saw an average of 8.7 daily sun hours in the United Kingdom. This was more hours of sun than was recorded in July 2024, which only saw 5.8 hours of sun. Temperatures are on the rise Since the 1960s, there has been an increase in regional temperatures across the UK. Between 1961 and 1990, temperatures in England averaged nine degrees Celsius, and from 2013 to 2022, average temperatures in the country had increased to 10.3 degrees Celsius. Due to its relatively southern location, England continues to rank as the warmest country in the UK.

This dataset provides weekly average temperature data for all U.S. counties from 2013 to 2023. Each row in the dataset represents a specific county, and the columns correspond to the weekly average temperatures over the ten-year period. The dataset is structured to facilitate time series analysis, climate trend studies, and machine learning applications related to environmental and climate change research.

Key Features: - County-Level Data: Temperature data is provided for each county in the United States, allowing for detailed, localized climate analysis. - Weekly Time Intervals: The data is aggregated on a weekly basis, offering a finer temporal resolution that captures seasonal and short-term temperature fluctuations.

• 10-Year Span: Covers a significant period from 2013 to 2023, enabling long-term trend analysis and comparison across different periods.

• Temperature Units: All temperature values are presented in Kelvin (K).

Potential Uses:

• Climate Research: Investigate climate change impacts at the county level, identify trends, and assess regional climate variability. Geospatial Analysis: Integrate with other spatial datasets for comprehensive environmental and geographical studies.

• Machine Learning: Suitable for training models on temporal climate data, predictive analytics, and anomaly detection.

• Public Policy and Planning: Useful for policymakers to study historical climate trends and support decision-making in areas such as agriculture, disaster management, and urban planning.

This dataset is ideal for researchers, data scientists, and analysts interested in exploring U.S. climate data at a granular level.

Temperature in the United States increased to 10.73 celsius in 2024 from 10.25 celsius in 2023. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for the United States Average Temperature.

Context

Who among us doesn't talk a little about the weather now and then? Will it rain tomorrow and get so cold to shake your chin or will it make that cracking sun? Does global warming exist?

With this dataset, you can apply machine learning tools to predict the average temperature of Detroit city based on historical data collected over 5 years.

Content

The given data set was produced from the Historical Hourly Weather Data [https://www.kaggle.com/selfishgene/historical-hourly-weather-data], which consists of about 5 years of hourly measurements of various weather attributes (eg. temperature, humidity, air pressure) from 30 US and Canadian cities.

From this rich database, a cutout was made by selecting only the city of Detroit (USA), highlighting only the temperature, converting it to Celsius degrees and keeping only one value for each date (corresponding to the average daytime temperature - from 9am to 5pm).

In addition, temperature values ​​were artificially and gradually increased by a few Celsius degrees over the available period. This will simulate a small global warming (or is it local?)...

In summary, the available dataset contains the average daily temperatures (collected during the day), artificially increased by a certain value, for the city of Detroit from October 2012 to November 2017.

The purpose of this dataset is to apply forecasting models in order to predict the value of the artificially warmed average daily temperature of Detroit.

See graph in the following image: black dots refer to the actual data and the blue line represents the predictive model (including a confidence area).

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F3089313%2Faf9614514242dfb6164a08c013bf6e35%2Fplot-ts2.png?generation=1567827710930876&alt=media" alt="">

Acknowledgements

This dataset wouldn't be possible without the previous work in Historical Hourly Weather Data.

Inspiration

What are the best forecasting models to address this particular problem? TBATS, ARIMA, Prophet? You tell me!

The average temperature in December 2024 was 38.25 degrees Fahrenheit in the United States, the fourth-largest country in the world. The country has extremely diverse climates across its expansive landmass. Temperatures in the United States On the continental U.S., the southern regions face warm to extremely hot temperatures all year round, the Pacific Northwest tends to deal with rainy weather, the Mid-Atlantic sees all four seasons, and New England experiences the coldest winters in the country. The North American country has experienced an increase in the daily minimum temperatures since 1970. Consequently, the average annual temperature in the United States has seen a spike in recent years. Climate Change The entire world has seen changes in its average temperature as a result of climate change. Climate change occurs due to increased levels of greenhouse gases which act to trap heat in the atmosphere, preventing it from leaving the Earth. Greenhouse gases are emitted from various sectors but most prominently from burning fossil fuels. Climate change has significantly affected the average temperature across countries worldwide. In the United States, an increasing number of people have stated that they have personally experienced the effects of climate change. Not only are there environmental consequences due to climate change, but also economic ones. In 2022, for instance, extreme temperatures in the United States caused over 5.5 million U.S. dollars in economic damage. These economic ramifications occur for several reasons, which include higher temperatures, changes in regional precipitation, and rising sea levels.

The annual mean temperature in the United Kingdom has fluctuated greatly since 1990. Temperatures during this period were at their highest in 2025, surpassing ** degrees Celsius. In 2010, the mean annual temperature stood at **** degrees, the lowest recorded during this time. Daily temperatures Average daily temperatures have remained stable since the turn of the century, rarely dropping below ** degrees Celsius. In 2010, they dropped to a low of **** degrees Celsius. The peak average daily temperature was recorded in 2022 when it reached **** degrees. This was an increase of *** degree Celsius compared to the long-term mean, and the most positive deviation during the period of consideration. Highs and lows The maximum average temperature recorded across the UK since 2015 was in July 2018. This month saw a maximum temperature of **** degrees Celsius. In comparison, the lowest monthly minimum temperature was in February of the same year, at just minus *** degrees. This was an especially cold February, as the previous year the minimum temperature for this month was *** degrees.

Rasters of air temperature, including both Alaskan and lower 48 datasets, with historical and projected data, and projected change.

Measurements of surface air and ocean temperature are compiled from around the world each month by NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information and are analyzed and compared to the 1971-2000 average temperature for each location. The resulting temperature anomaly (or difference from the average) is shown in this feature service, which includes an archive going back to 1880. The mean of the 12 months each year is displayed here. Each annual update is available around the 15th of the following January (e.g., 2020 is available Jan 15th, 2021). The NOAAGlobalTemp dataset is the official U.S. long-term record of global temperature data and is often used to show trends in temperature change around the world. It combines thousands of land-based station measurements from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) along with surface ocean temperature from the Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) analysis. These two datasets are merged into a 5-degree resolution product. A report summary report by NOAA NCEI is available here. GHCN monthly mean station averages for temperature and precipitation for the 1981-2010 period are also available in Living Atlas here.What can you do with this layer? Visualization: This layer can be used to plot areas where temperature was higher or lower than the historical average for each year since 1880. Be sure to configure the time settings in your web map to view the timeseries correctly. Analysis: This layer can be used as an input to a variety of geoprocessing tools, such as Space Time Cubes and other trend analyses. For a more detailed temporal analysis, a monthly mean is available here.

Q: What was the average temperature for the month? A: Colors show the average monthly temperature across the contiguous United States. White and very light areas had average temperatures near 50°F. Blue areas on the map were cooler than 50°F; the darker the blue, the cooler the average temperature. Orange to red areas were warmer than 50°F; the darker the shade, the warmer the monthly average temperature. Q: Where do these measurements come from? A: Daily temperature readings come from weather stations in the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN-D). Volunteer observers or automated instruments collect the highest and lowest temperature of the day at each station over the entire month, and submit them to the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). After scientists check the quality of the data to omit any systematic errors, they calculate each station’s monthly average of daily mean temperatures, then plot it on a 5x5 km gridded map. To fill in the grid at locations without stations, a computer program interpolates (or estimates) values, accounting for the distribution of stations and various physical relationships, such as the way temperature changes with elevation. The resulting product is the NOAA Monthly U.S. Climate Gridded Dataset (NClimGrid). Q: What do the colors mean? A: Shades of blue show areas that had monthly average temperatures below 50°F. The darker the shade of blue, the lower the average temperature. Areas shown in shades of orange and red had average temperatures above 50°F. The darker the shade of orange or red, the higher the average temperature. White or very light colors show areas where the average temperature was near 50°F. Q: Why do these data matter? A: The 5x5km NClimGrid data allow scientists to report on recent temperature conditions and track long-term trends at a variety of spatial scales. The gridded cells are used to create statewide, regional and national snapshots of climate conditions. Energy companies use this information to estimate demand for heating and air conditioning. Agricultural businesses also use these data to optimize timing of planting, harvesting, and putting livestock to pasture. Q: How did you produce these snapshots? A: Data Snapshots are derivatives of existing data products; to meet the needs of a broad audience, we present the source data in a simplified visual style. This set of snapshots is based on NClimGrid climate data produced by and available from the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). To produce our images, we invoke a set of scripts that access the source data and represent them according to our selected color ramps on our base maps. Additional information The data used in these snapshots can be downloaded from different places and in different formats. We used these specific data sources: NClimGrid Average Temperature References NOAA Monthly U.S. Climate Gridded Dataset (NClimGrid) NOAA Monthly U.S. Climate Divisional Database (NClimDiv) Improved Historical Temperature and Precipitation Time Series for U.S. Climate Divisions) NCEI Monthly National Analysis) Climate at a Glance - Data Information) NCEI Climate Monitoring - All Products Source: https://www.climate.gov/maps-data/data-snapshots/data-source/temperature-us-monthly-averageThis upload includes two additional files:* Temperature - US Monthly Average _NOAA Climate.gov.pdf is a screenshot of the main Climate.gov site for these snapshots.* Cimate_gov_ Data Snapshots.pdf is a screenshot of the data download page for the full-resolution files.

Temperature in China increased to 8.52 celsius in 2024 from 8.41 celsius in 2023. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for China Average Temperature.

England's highest monthly mean air temperatures are typically recorded in July and August of each year. Since 2015, the warmest mean temperature was measured in July 2018 at 18.8 degrees Celsius. On the other hand, February of that same year registered the coolest temperature, at 2.6 degrees Celsius. In September 2025, the mean air temperature was 13.8 degrees Celsius, matching the figure recorded the same month the previous year. The English weather England is the warmest region in the United Kingdom and the driest. In 2024, the average annual temperature in England amounted to 10.73 degrees Celsius – around 1.1 degrees above the national mean. That same year, precipitation in England stood at about 1,020 millimeters. By contrast, Scotland – the wettest region in the UK – recorded over 1,500 millimeters of rainfall in 2024. Temperatures on the rise Throughout the last decades, the average temperature in the United Kingdom has seen an upward trend, reaching a record high in 2022. Global temperatures have experienced a similar pattern over the same period. This gradual increase in the Earth's average temperature is primarily due to various human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which lead to the emission of greenhouse gases. This phenomenon has severe consequences, including more frequent and intense weather events, rising sea levels, and adverse effects on human health and the environment.

This dataset contains the average annual temperature (°F) for each year from 1900 to 2023. The data is based on observations from a network of thousands of weather stations across the United States.

Source: National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Temperature in Norway increased to 3.11 celsius in 2024 from 2.28 celsius in 2023. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Norway Average Temperature.

This dataset provides daily summaries of weather conditions at Norfolk International Airport, sourced from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA publishes this data as part of their Global Historical Climatology Network – Daily dataset. It includes essential metrics such as maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, precipitation, snowfall, and average wind speed. The dataset is updated daily.