This dataset comprises 2 collections of maps. The facsmile collection contains all the marginalia information from the original map as well as the map itself, while the georectified collection contains just the map with an associated index for locating them. Each collection comprises approximately 101 000 monochrome images at 6-inch (1:10560) scale. Each image is supplied in .tiff format with appropriate ArcView and MapInfo world files, and shows the topography for all areas of England, Wales and Scotland as either quarter or, in some cases, full sheets. The images will cover the approximate epochs 1880's, 1900's, 1910's, 1920's and 1930's, but note that coverage is not countrywide for each epoch. The data was purchased by BGS from Sitescope, who obtained it from three sources - Royal Geographical Society, Trinity College Dublin and the Ordnance Survey. The data is for internal use by BGS staff on projects, and is available via a customised application created for the network GDI enabling users to search for and load the maps of their choice. The dataset will have many uses across all the geoscientific disciplines across which BGS operates, and should be viewed as a valuable addition to the BGS archive. There has been a considerable amount of work done during 2005, 2006 and 2007 to improve the accuracy of the OS Historic Map Collection. All maps should now be located to +- 50m or better. This is the best that can be achieved cost effectively. There are a number of reasons why the maps are inaccurate. Firstly, the original maps are paper and many are over 100 years old. They have not been stored in perfect condition. The paper has become distorted to varying degrees over time. The maps were therefore not accurate before scanning. Secondly, different generations of maps will have used different surveying methods and different spatial referencing systems. The same geographical object will not necessarily be in the same spatial location on subsequent editions. Thirdly, we are discussing maps, not plans. There will be cartographic generalisations which will affect the spatial representation and location of geographic objects. Finally, the georectification was not done in BGS but by the company from whom we purchased the maps. The company no longer exists. We do not know the methodology used for georectification.

This dataset comprises 2 collections of maps. The facsmile collection contains all the marginalia information from the original map as well as the map itself, while the georectified collection contains just the map with an associated index for locating them. Each collection comprises approximately 101 000 monochrome images at 6-inch (1:10560) scale. Each image is supplied in .tiff format with appropriate ArcView and MapInfo world files, and shows the topography for all areas of England, Wales and Scotland as either quarter or, in some cases, full sheets. The images will cover the approximate epochs 1880's, 1900's, 1910's, 1920's and 1930's, but note that coverage is not countrywide for each epoch. The data was purchased by BGS from Sitescope, who obtained it from three sources - Royal Geographical Society, Trinity College Dublin and the Ordnance Survey. The data is for internal use by BGS staff on projects, and is available via a customised application created for the network GDI enabling users to search for and load the maps of their choice. The dataset will have many uses across all the geoscientific disciplines across which BGS operates, and should be viewed as a valuable addition to the BGS archive. There has been a considerable amount of work done during 2005, 2006 and 2007 to improve the accuracy of the OS Historic Map Collection. All maps should now be located to +- 50m or better. This is the best that can be achieved cost effectively. There are a number of reasons why the maps are inaccurate. Firstly, the original maps are paper and many are over 100 years old. They have not been stored in perfect condition. The paper has become distorted to varying degrees over time. The maps were therefore not accurate before scanning. Secondly, different generations of maps will have used different surveying methods and different spatial referencing systems. The same geographical object will not necessarily be in the same spatial location on subsequent editions. Thirdly, we are discussing maps, not plans. There will be cartographic generalisations which will affect the spatial representation and location of geographic objects. Finally, the georectification was not done in BGS but by the company from whom we purchased the maps. The company no longer exists. We do not know the methodology used for georectification.

This project systematically processed high-resolution and manuscript historical maps to unlock a dormant body of information about the historical development of cities and regions during periods of structural economic transformation.

The work was organised across six interlinked work packages, combining empirical and theoretical analysis in the UK, France, and Canada. Outputs included peer-reviewed publications and robust algorithms for extracting spatial data from historical sources, contributing valuable tools and insights to the fields of urban economics and economic history.

This data package contains three segmentation codes designed to extract features and segment historical maps.

Little is known about the patterns of city development during the structural transformation of economies. This project will systematically process high-resolution and manuscript historical maps to make a dormant body of information about our cities' and regions' past accessible.

The proposed research will advance our understanding of long-run urban growth through the development of three innovative methodologies, which will overcome practical limitations of historical data sources: 1) A technique to extract land use patterns from historical colour maps applied to France (1750-1950); 2) A recognition algorithm to detect, tag and geo-locate points of interest in historical high-quality maps of the 70 largest urban centre in England and Wales; 3) An algorithm to geo-locate address information from Micro-censuses and trade registers.

We have identified four main research questions that will be developed in the following separate research projects. In Project 1, the main question is: what are the long-term empirical patterns of urban development, most notably the persistence of the spatial organisation of economic activity and the role of building infrastructure in shaping such persistence? In Project 2, the main question is: How do environmental disamenities and their unequal distribution within cities affect the spatial organisation of consumption amenities and production? In Project 3, the main question is: Do cities grow towards their bad parts, their neighbourhoods with the lowest environmental amenities? In Project 4, the main question is: How does vertical growth and advances in building technologies affect the spatial organisation of cities?

To address these research questions, we will organise our workflow in six inter-connected work packages (WP):

WP1--Classification of land use in France (1750-2015): The objective of WP1 will be to recover land use information at a fine scale from digitised maps using state-of-the-art machine learning techniques;

WP2--Digitisation of micro-features embedded in Ordnance Survey (OS) city maps of England and Wales (1870-1960);

WP3--Geo-localization of residents and production units in England and Wales (1851-1911);

WP4--Dynamic model of city growth with persistent building stock: WP4 builds a general equilibrium model of spatial economic activity that embeds the durability of housing and infrastructure and exploits the three hundred years of population settlement data produced in WP1;

WP5--Pollution and the long-run development of cities: WP5 builds on WP2,3 and proposes to study the joint dynamics of residential sorting and the location of production within cities to understand how a major environmental disamenity-industrial pollution-affects the spatial organisation of cities in the longer-run;

WP6--Horizontal and vertical urban growth in Montreal and Toronto: WP6 will bridge between the previous working packages WP1, WP2, WP4 and WP5, and study--empirically and theoretically--horizontal and vertical urban growth.

The project will be jointly led by three teams. The French team will be composed of Gobillon (PI), Combes (CoI) and Duranton (TM) who have contributed to the development of major theoretical approaches in urban economics. The Canadian team will be led by Heblich (PI), who is a lead researcher in urban economics/economic history, and Fortin (Co-I), a lead in GIS analysis. The UK team will be led by Zylberberg (PI), who is an economist specialist in data extraction form historical sources and remote sensing. Shaw-Taylor and Schürer, advisory board, will help design the analysis of the population micro-censuses between 1851 and 1911 (WP3). The collaboration partner, Redding (TM), involved in the design of WP3 and the implementation of WP6, is one of the World lead researchers in urban economics.

Outputs will include articles in top economic journals, and detailed algorithms to extract relevant spatial information from manuscript maps.

These maps are based on the Ordnance Survey 'Old Series' One-Inch maps of England and Wales. They were the first 1:63 360 geological map series produced by the Geological Survey in England and Wales. Sheets were initially published as full sheets, and later as quarter sheets (NW, NE, SW, SE). Earlier maps are hand-coloured, later maps are colour-printed. The maps show both solid and drift geology. The OS 'Old Series' maps extended as far north as a line drawn between Preston and the Humber. To the north of this, the maps use the same sheetlines as the 1:63 360 New Series, and carry two sheet numbers, which refer to the Old Series (91-110) and New Series (1-73) numbering. These maps are common to both series. A sheet that covers the Isle of Man is also included in the series. Geological maps represent a geologist's compiled interpretation of the geology of an area. A geologist will consider the data available at the time, including measurements and observations collected during field campaigns, as well as their knowledge of geological processes and the geological context to create a model of the geology of an area. This model is then fitted to a topographic basemap and drawn up at the appropriate scale, with generalization if necessary, to create a geological map, which is a representation of the geological model. Explanatory notes and vertical and horizontal cross sections may be published with the map. Geological maps may be created to show various aspects of the geology, or themes. These maps are hard-copy paper records stored in the National Geoscience Data Centre (NGDC) and are delivered as digital scans through the BGS website.

This is a spatial dataset that defines the non-designated geographic extent and location of Historic Parklands in England, as depicted in the OS Historic Maps (2nd Edition and Hills Edition). Regularly updated aerial imagery has been used to ensure high spatial accuracy. The mapping scale is 1:1,000. This dataset, alongside the designated landscapes within the Historic England Registered Parks and Gardens layers, and HER searches can provide a comprehensive understanding of the maximum historic extent of Parklands.Historic parklands are uniquely placed to deliver integrated multi-objective benefits for the historic and natural environments. They are a finite and non-renewable resource, and they remain working landscapes. Through active management, their countless interests can be secured to great public benefit.This dataset was developed using multiple reference layers, each contributing unique value. The layers are listed below in order of precedence for decision-making:Aerial Photography of Great Britain – High-resolution imagery used for precise boundary verification of historic parklands.OS 2nd Edition Historic Map (1888–1913) – Detailed topographic maps capturing landscape changes during the late Victorian and Edwardian periods, with a - particular focus on Parks and Ornamental Grounds.OS Hills Edition Historic Map (1885–1903) – One-inch-to-the-mile maps with shaded relief, providing insights into terrain and historical land use, with a specific emphasis on Parks and Ornamental Grounds.HE Registered Parks and Gardens (RPG) – Contains designated historic parkland names and boundaries.NE Wood Pasture and Parkland – Represents vegetation structure rather than historic features, used selectively when other sources are unavailable, although it has limited relevance for defining parkland boundaries.NE Ancient Woodland – Depicts ancient woodlands but has limited relevance for defining parkland boundaries.NE Historic Parkland – A pre-existing dataset with low spatial accuracy and no metadata, serving as a reference layer for areas requiring review (targeting only).Attribution Column Heading Full Name Format Description

Name Parkland Name Character (254) Name of Parkland

Part_N Part Number Character (5) Part number in case the parkland is formed by several polygon

Comment Comment Character (254) Open text field to record any unusual or specific cases

HER_Name HER Name Character (55) Name for each of the 83 Historic Environment Records geographic areas in England.

HE_Region HE Region Character (25) Name for each of 6 Historic England Regions

Area_m2 Area m2 Double The size of the parkland features square meters or hectares.

Length_m Length m (perimeter) Double The perimeter length of the parkland feature.

Creator Creator Character (25) The contractor, team or person who created the dataset entry.

C_Date Creation Date Date The date when the dataset entry was created.

Editor Editor Character (25) The contractor, team or person who last edited the dataset entry.

E_Date Edition Date Date The date of the last edit.

Full metadata can be viewed on environment.data.gov.uk

Colourful and easy to use, Bartholomew’s maps became a trademark series. The maps were popular and influential, especially for recreation, and the series sold well, particularly with cyclists and tourists. To begin with, Bartholomew printed their half-inch maps in Scotland as stand-alone sheets known as 'District Sheets' and by 1886 the whole of Scotland was covered. They then revised the maps into an ordered set of 29 sheets covering Scotland in a regular format. This was first published under the title Bartholomew’s Reduced Ordnance Survey of Scotland. The half-inch maps of Scotland formed the principal content for Bartholomew's Survey Atlas of Scotland published in 1895. Bartholomew then moved south of the Border to the more lucrative but competitive market in England and Wales, whilst continuing to revise the Scottish sheets. The first complete coverage of Great Britain at the half-inch scale was achieved by 1903, and this is the layer shown here.The half-inch maps were distinctive for using different layers of colour to represent landscape relief. A subtle and innovative gradation of colour bands were employed for land at different heights. Lighter greens were used for low ground closest to sea-level, darker greens and browns for higher ground, with white used for mountain tops. Whilst layer colouring had been developed in Germany from the 1860s, Bartholomew's development of it was both innovative and influential. John Bartholomew junior (1831-1893) first used the firm's trademark layer colouring in Baddeley’s Thorough Guide to the English Lake District (1880). His son, John George Bartholomew (1860-1920), later went on to refine the style. You can see Bartholomew’s continued experimentation with layer colour palettes in the Cairngorms layer colour explorer ( http://geo.nls.uk/maps/bartholomew/layers/ )

Bartholomew based their half-inch maps on more detailed Ordnance Survey mapping at one-inch to the mile (1:63,360). The firm had published 'Reduced Ordnance Maps' of Scotland, England and Wales at this scale from the 1890s. These maps were progressively revised and updated with new information. Usually Bartholomew made revisions the sheets right up to the time of publication, so the date of publication is the best guide to the approximate date of the features shown on the map. You can view the dates of publication for the series at:

● Scotland: https://maps.nls.uk/series/bart_half_scotland.html

● England and Wales: https://maps.nls.uk/series/bart_half_england.html

Updated Boundaries of Ancient Woodland polygons covering England. This is the updated spatial dataset that describes the geographic extent and location of ancient woodland in England (excluding the Isles of Scilly). Ancient Woodland features will be approved county-by-county for publication throughout the first year of production until the data product coverage extends across England. Where available this dataset takes precedence over the Ancient Woodland – England dataset. The update revises the inventory to address problems and gaps in the previous iteration. Technological advances mean that small ancient woodlands (0.25-2ha) are being represented within the inventory for the first time as well as wood pasture and parkland being represented as its own category.

The inventory identifies ancient woodland sites in England. Ancient woodland is identified by studying the presence or absence of woods from historic maps, information about the wood's name, shape, internal boundaries, location relative to other features, ground survey, and aerial photography. The information recorded about each wood and stored on the Inventory Database includes its grid reference, its area in hectares and how much is semi-natural or replanted. Prior to the digitisation of the boundaries, only paper maps depicting each ancient wood at 1:50 000 scale were available. Attribution statement: © Natural England 2024. Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database rights 2024. OS AC0000851168. It includes Ancient Semi-Natural Woodland (ASNW), which retains a native tree and shrub cover; Plantation on Ancient Woodland Sites (PAWS), where the original tree cover has been felled and replaced by planting, often with conifers; Ancient Wood Pasture (AWPP), where the trees are managed in tandem with a long established tradition of grazing, characteristically with at least some veteran trees or shrubs or; Infilled Ancient Wood Pasture (IAWPP) which has become infilled with trees arising from planting or natural regeneration.

This layer of the map based index (GeoIndex) shows the availability of 1:63360 scale geological maps. The maps are available for most of England and Wales and show early geological mapping covering the OS Old Series one inch map sheet areas.

In the middle of 2001 Roger Kain and Richard Oliver, from the University of Exeter, published a substantial work entitled Historic Parishes of England and Wales: Electronic Map - Gazetteer- Metadata. This was the final product of a project aimed at locating and mapping the boundaries of parish and sub-parish units of the mid-nineteenth century. The authors published the results in a series of electronic maps supplied on CD-ROM. Each one of these 115 maps contain a scanned 1”:1 mile OS New Popular Series map, overlain by the boundaries. A reference number can be found in each of the polygons that can then be used to look up information about that parish in gazetteer in an accompanying book.

A major limitation of this work is that although the boundaries are in digital form, they are divided into 115 tiles, none of which have any spatial co-ordinate information inherent in them. This means that although the maps are invaluable as a reference tool, they can not be used together within a GIS to select, analyse and present historic information.

We have therefore created a single digital map of the boundaries to provide a single, continuous coverage of polygons, each of which contain the information provided by Kain and Oliver in their accompanying book. This information includes the parish name, Ancient County, and a reference number that coincides with entries for that parish in the 1851 census report.

It is recommended that users also order disc 1 of study 4348; Historic Parishes of England and Wales : an Electronic Map of Boundaries before 1850 with a Gazetteer and Metadata

Please note: this study does not include information on named individuals and would therefore not be useful for personal family history research.

The parish (from Latin 'Paroecia') is probably one of the most recognisable 'old' administrative boundary that many people are familiar with. The parish has always been associated with the administration of church and other ecclesiastical matters. The implementation of parishes as we would understand them today where imported into Wales by the Normans after the 1081. However many agree that there was likely a pre-existing system of church administration prior to the arrival of the Normans which may have been reused or provided a solid foundation for the Anglo-French system. It is from 12th century onwards that a comprehensive picture emerges. Ecclesiastical taxation records in 1254 and 1291 preserve parish names and many of these have continued up to the present day, albeit with some boundary changes.Ecclesiastical parishes were the main unit for tithe and Poor law payments, but by the late nineteenth century the Poor Law Amendment Act 1866 facilitated the need for the creation of 'Civic Parishes' which became the main administrative unit. In many instances these were based on the same boundaries as the ecclesiastical parishes, but changes were made to reflect the needs of growing urbanisation and populations rather than ecclesiastical requirements. The civil parishes where replaced in 1974 following the implementation of the Local Government Act 1972. This would see the civil parishes replaced by 'Communities' which are still in use today, although boundaries and names frequently continue to change. This dataset was created in Esri ArcPro 3.2.1 and reflects the historical hundred boundaries as recorded on the 2nd Edition Ordnance Survey 6" to the Mile County Series Mapping surveyed for Wales between 1888 and 1913.

The 1:63 360 / 1:50 000 scale map series are the most useful scale for most purposes. They provide almost complete coverage of onshore Great Britain. The BGS collection of 1:63 360 and 1:50 000 scale maps comprises two map series: - Geological Survey of England and Wales 1:63 360 / 1:50 000 Geological Map Series [New Series]. These maps are based on the Ordnance Survey One-inch New Series topographic basemaps and provide almost complete coverage of England and Wales, with the exception of sheet 180 (Knighton). The quarter-sheets of 1:63 360 Old Series sheets 91 to 110 coincide with sheets 1 to 73 of the New Series maps. These earlier maps often carry two sheet numbers which refer to the Old Series and the New Series. - Geological Survey of Scotland 1:63 360 / 1:50 000 Geological Map Series. These maps are based on the Ordnance Survey First, Second, Third and Fourth editions of the One-inch map of Scotland. The maps used the most recent topographic basemap available at the time. In the Western Isles, one-inch mapping was abandoned and replaced by maps at 1:100 000 scale, which are associated with this series. Sheets were traditionally issued at 1:63 360 scale, with the first 1:50 000 maps appearing in 1972. Sheets at 1:50 000 scale may be either facsimile enlargements of an existing 1:63 360 sheets, or may contain new geology and cartography. The latter bear the additional series designation '1:50 000 series'. Within the Scottish series, new mapping at 1:50 000 scale was split into east and west sheets. For example, the original one-inch sheet 32 became 1:50 000 sheets 32E and 32W. A number of irregular sheets were also introduced with the new 1:50 000 scale mapping. There are a number of irregular special sheets within both series. Geological maps represent a geologist's compiled interpretation of the geology of an area. A geologist will consider the data available at the time, including measurements and observations collected during field campaigns, as well as their knowledge of geological processes and the geological context to create a model of the geology of an area. This model is then fitted to a topographic basemap and drawn up at the appropriate scale, with generalization if necessary, to create a geological map, which is a representation of the geological model. Explanatory notes and vertical and horizontal cross sections may be published with the map. Geological maps may be created to show various aspects of the geology, or themes. The most common map themes held by BGS are solid (later referred to as bedrock) and drift (later referred to as superficial). These maps are, for the most part, hard-copy paper records stored in the National Geoscience Data Centre (NGDC) and are delivered as digital scans through the BGS website.

PLEASE NOTE: This data product is not available in Shapefile format or KML at https://naturalengland-defra.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/Defra::living-england-habitat-map-phase-4/about, as the data exceeds the limits of these formats. Please select an alternative download format.This data product is also available for download in multiple formats via the Defra Data Services Platform at https://environment.data.gov.uk/explore/4aa716ce-f6af-454c-8ba2-833ebc1bde96?download=true.The Living England project, led by Natural England, is a multi-year programme delivering a satellite-derived national habitat layer in support of the Environmental Land Management (ELM) System and the Natural Capital and Ecosystem Assessment (NCEA) Pilot. The project uses a machine learning approach to image classification, developed under the Defra Living Maps project (SD1705 – Kilcoyne et al., 2017). The method first clusters homogeneous areas of habitat into segments, then assigns each segment to a defined list of habitat classes using Random Forest (a machine learning algorithm). The habitat probability map displays modelled likely broad habitat classifications, trained on field surveys and earth observation data from 2021 as well as historic data layers. This map is an output from Phase IV of the Living England project, with future work in Phase V (2022-23) intending to standardise the methodology and Phase VI (2023-24) to implement the agreed standardised methods.The Living England habitat probability map will provide high-accuracy, spatially consistent data for a range of Defra policy delivery needs (e.g. 25YEP indicators and Environment Bill target reporting Natural capital accounting, Nature Strategy, ELM) as well as external users. As a probability map, it allows the extrapolation of data to areas that we do not have data. These data will also support better local and national decision making, policy development and evaluation, especially in areas where other forms of evidence are unavailable. Process Description: A number of data layers are used to inform the model to provide a habitat probability map of England. The main sources layers are Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 satellite data from the ESA Copericus programme. Additional datasets were incorporated into the model (as detailed below) to aid the segmentation and classification of specific habitat classes. Datasets used:Agri-Environment Higher Level Stewardship (HLS) Monitoring, British Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping 1:50k, Coastal Dune Geomatics Mapping Ground Truthing, Crop Map of England (RPA), Dark Peak Bog State Survey, Desktop Validation and Manual Points, EA Integrated Height Model 10m, EA Saltmarsh Zonation and Extent, Field Unit NEFU, Living England Collector App NEFU/EES, Long Term Monitoring Network (LTMN), Lowland Heathland Survey, National Forest Inventory (NFI), National Grassland Survey, National Plant Monitoring Scheme, NEFU Surveys, Northumberland Border Mires, OS Vector Map District , Priority Habitats Inventory (PHI) B Button, European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 , Space2 Eye Lens: Ainsdale NNR, Space2 Eye Lens: State of the Bog Bowland Survey, Space2 Eye Lens: State of the Bog Dark Peak Condition Survey, Space2 Eye Lens: State of the Bog (MMU) Mountain Hare Habitat Survey Dark Peak, Uplands Inventory, West Pennines Designation NVC Survey, Wetland Inventories, WorldClim - Global Climate DataFull metadata can be viewed on data.gov.uk.

The Historic Environment Opportunity Map for New Woodland dataset identifies areas in England that may be suitable for new woodland, based solely on available Historic Environment data. The dataset categorises land by different opportunity ratings to reflect the potential suitability of land for woodland creation while acknowledging areas of uncertainty due to data availability.

The purpose of this dataset is to guide landowners, planners, and decision-makers in considering woodland creation from a historic environment perspective. It should be noted that this dataset only considers the Historic Environment and therefore the opportunity ratings do not guarantee or preclude approval for woodland creation proposals.

As any forestry proposal could have the potential to affect the Historic Environment you should contact your local historic environment service. The local historic environment service can provide further data to support woodland creation proposals.

NHLE is the official, up to date register of all nationally protected historic buildings and sites in England.

SHINE is a single, nationally consistent dataset of non-designated historic and archaeological features from across England that could benefit from land management schemes.

The opportunity ratings are as defined:

· Favourable - Areas deemed suitable for new woodland on consideration of available Historic Environment data.

· Neutral - Areas deemed neither favourable nor unfavourable for new woodland on consideration of available Historic Environment data. Proposals in these areas will require additional consideration of the Historic Environment on a case-by-case basis.

· Unclassified - Areas, where SHINE data has been supplied, with no assigned opportunity rating. This illustrates a current absence of recorded data from a Historic Environment perspective. However, as SHINE data is included in the dataset for this area, a degree of confidence may be inferred when considering the absence of historic environment features.

· Unclassified (No SHINE supplied) - Areas, where SHINE data has not been supplied, with no assigned opportunity rating. This illustrates a current absence of recorded data from a Historic Environment perspective.

· Unsuitable - Areas deemed unsuitable for new woodland on consideration of available Historic Environment data.

Unclassified areas may be suitable or unsuitable for new woodland. To better understand these areas, contact the local historic environment service in accordance with the UKFS and Historic Environment Guidance for Forestry in England - GOV.UK

The datasets included in each opportunity rating are as follows:

Favourable

· Lost Historic Woodlands (ArchAI/Forestry Commission) – An A.I. dataset that identifies areas of woodland depicted on early 20th Century Ordnance Survey mapping which have since been lost.

Neutral

· Historic Parklands (Zulu Ecosystems) – an A.I. dataset that identifies areas of parkland depicted on early 20th Century Ordnance Survey mapping.

· World Heritage Site Core data (Historic England) – Core areas of World Heritage Sites, as designated by UNESCO.

· World Heritage Site Buffer (Historic England) – Buffer zones surrounding World Heritage Sites, as designated by UNESCO.

· Ridge and Furrow (Low) (ArchAI) – an A.I. dataset that identifies areas of less well-preserved historic ridge and furrow derived from LiDAR data.

Unclassified

· HER Boundaries (SHINE supplied) – Geographic areas covered by local historic environment services, where SHINE data has been supplied to the Forestry Commission.

· HER Boundaries (No SHINE supplied) - Geographic areas covered by local historic environment services where SHINE data has not been supplied to the Forestry Commission.

Unsuitable

· Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) (local historic environment services) – regional datasets that provide information on the historic character of the landscape.

· Scheduled Monuments (Historic England) – Protected archaeological sites of national importance.

· Scheduled Monuments Buffer – A 20 metre buffer surrounding Scheduled Monuments in-line with UKFS.

· Selected Heritage Inventory for Natural England (SHINE)(local historic environment services) – National dataset of non-designated heritage assets.

· Registered Parks and Gardens (Historic England) – Parks and Gardens designated as being of national significance.

· Registered Battlefields (Historic England) – Battlefields designated as being of national significance.

· Ridge and Furrow (High) (ArchAI) – an A.I. dataset that identifies areas of well-preserved historic ridge and furrow derived from LiDAR data.

The Living England project, led by Natural England, is a multi-year programme delivering a satellite-derived national habitat layer in support of the Environmental Land Management (ELM) System and the Natural Capital and Ecosystem Assessment (NCEA) Pilot. The project uses a machine learning approach to image classification, developed under the Defra Living Maps project (SD1705 – Kilcoyne et al., 2017). The method first clusters homogeneous areas of habitat into segments, then assigns each segment to a defined list of habitat classes using Random Forest (a machine learning algorithm). The habitat probability map displays modelled likely broad habitat classifications, trained on field surveys and earth observation data from 2021 as well as historic data layers. This map is an output from Phase IV of the Living England project, with future work in Phase V (2022-23) intending to standardise the methodology and Phase VI (2023-24) to implement the agreed standardised methods.

The Living England habitat probability map will provide high-accuracy, spatially consistent data for a range of Defra policy delivery needs (e.g. 25YEP indicators and Environment Bill target reporting Natural capital accounting, Nature Strategy, ELM) as well as external users. As a probability map, it allows the extrapolation of data to areas that we do not have data. These data will also support better local and national decision making, policy development and evaluation, especially in areas where other forms of evidence are unavailable.

Process Description: A number of data layers are used to inform the model to provide a habitat probability map of England. The main sources layers are Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 satellite data from the ESA Copericus programme. Additional datasets were incorporated into the model (as detailed below) to aid the segmentation and classification of specific habitat classes.

Datasets used: Agri-Environment Higher Level Stewardship (HLS) Monitoring, British Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping 1:50k, Coastal Dune Geomatics Mapping Ground Truthing, Crop Map of England (RPA), Dark Peak Bog State Survey, Desktop Validation and Manual Points, EA Integrated Height Model 10m, EA Saltmarsh Zonation and Extent, Field Unit NEFU, Living England Collector App NEFU/EES, Long Term Monitoring Network (LTMN), Lowland Heathland Survey, National Forest Inventory (NFI), National Grassland Survey, National Plant Monitoring Scheme, NEFU Surveys, Northumberland Border Mires, OS Vector Map District , Priority Habitats Inventory (PHI) B Button, European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 , Space2 Eye Lens: Ainsdale NNR, Space2 Eye Lens: State of the Bog Bowland Survey, Space2 Eye Lens: State of the Bog Dark Peak Condition Survey, Space2 Eye Lens: State of the Bog (MMU) Mountain Hare Habitat Survey Dark Peak, Uplands Inventory, West Pennines Designation NVC Survey, Wetland Inventories, WorldClim - Global Climate Data

The primary objective from this project was to acquire historical shoreline information for all of the Northern Ireland coastline. Having this detailed understanding of the coast’s shoreline position and geometry over annual to decadal time periods is essential in any management of the coast.The historical shoreline analysis was based on all available Ordnance Survey maps and aerial imagery information. Analysis looked at position and geometry over annual to decadal time periods, providing a dynamic picture of how the coastline has changed since the start of the early 1800s.Once all datasets were collated, data was interrogated using the ArcGIS package – Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). DSAS is a software package which enables a user to calculate rate-of-change statistics from multiple historical shoreline positions. Rate-of-change was collected at 25m intervals and displayed both statistically and spatially allowing for areas of retreat/accretion to be identified at any given stretch of coastline.The DSAS software will produce the following rate-of-change statistics:Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) – the distance between the oldest and the youngest shorelines.Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE) – a measure of the total change in shoreline movement considering all available shoreline positions and reporting their distances, without reference to their specific dates.End Point Rate (EPR) – derived by dividing the distance of shoreline movement by the time elapsed between the oldest and the youngest shoreline positions.Linear Regression Rate (LRR) – determines a rate of change statistic by fitting a least square regression to all shorelines at specific transects.Weighted Linear Regression Rate (WLR) - calculates a weighted linear regression of shoreline change on each transect. It considers the shoreline uncertainty giving more emphasis on shorelines with a smaller error.The end product provided by Ulster University is an invaluable tool and digital asset that has helped to visualise shoreline change and assess approximate rates of historical change at any given coastal stretch on the Northern Ireland coast.

Historic parks and gardens – National – Registered Historic Parks and Gardens are of national importance. Historic parks and gardens – National data from the Local Plan 2023, replacing the UDP data. For further information about the Local Plan see the Local Plan Website To view the Local Plan online map, please click here This data has been derived from Ordnance Survey base mapping. (C) Crown copyright and database rights OS (licence 0100023069).

The primary objective from this project was to acquire historical shoreline information for all of the Northern Ireland coastline. Having this detailed understanding of the coast’s shoreline position and geometry over annual to decadal time periods is essential in any management of the coast.The historical shoreline analysis was based on all available Ordnance Survey maps and aerial imagery information. Analysis looked at position and geometry over annual to decadal time periods, providing a dynamic picture of how the coastline has changed since the start of the early 1800s.Once all datasets were collated, data was interrogated using the ArcGIS package – Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). DSAS is a software package which enables a user to calculate rate-of-change statistics from multiple historical shoreline positions. Rate-of-change was collected at 25m intervals and displayed both statistically and spatially allowing for areas of retreat/accretion to be identified at any given stretch of coastline.The DSAS software will produce the following rate-of-change statistics:Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) – the distance between the oldest and the youngest shorelines.Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE) – a measure of the total change in shoreline movement considering all available shoreline positions and reporting their distances, without reference to their specific dates.End Point Rate (EPR) – derived by dividing the distance of shoreline movement by the time elapsed between the oldest and the youngest shoreline positions.Linear Regression Rate (LRR) – determines a rate of change statistic by fitting a least square regression to all shorelines at specific transects.Weighted Linear Regression Rate (WLR) - calculates a weighted linear regression of shoreline change on each transect. It considers the shoreline uncertainty giving more emphasis on shorelines with a smaller error.The end product provided by Ulster University is an invaluable tool and digital asset that has helped to visualise shoreline change and assess approximate rates of historical change at any given coastal stretch on the Northern Ireland coast.

Shapefile depicting all Roman roads within 100km of the line of the Hadrian’s Wall Frontier. Original material adapted from Blackwood (2017) and includes information derived from Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 base map and evidence from recent archaeological investigation (Collins 2018, Collins 2019, Collins and Symonds 2019). Attribute table includes information about class (major or mind road), certainty of existence, object length, road name (if applicable), the sites that the road leads from and to and Margary reference number (Margary 1967). GIS Vector data (polyline) created using ArcGIS ArcMap 10.5 in OSG36 (EPSG:27700) co-ordinate system. This dataset was created as part of the Hadrian’s Wall Community Archaeology Project, funded by the National Lottery Heritage Fund.ReferencesBlackwood, C. 2017. GB Roman Roads, [Dataset]. EDINA. https://doi.org/10.7488/ds/1777.

Collins, R. 2018. ENGLAND 3. HADRIAN'S WALL. Britannia, 49, 342-347. doi:10.1017/S0068113X18000326

Collins, R. 2019. ENGLAND 3. HADRIAN'S WALL. Britannia, 50, 416-419. doi:10.1017/S0068113X19000370

Collins, R. and Symonds, M. (eds.) 2019. Hadrian’s Wall 2009-2019: A Summary of Excavation and Research prepared for The Fourteenth Pilgrimage of Hadrian’s Wall, 20-28 July 2019. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society and the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, Kendal, 19-26.

Margary, I. 1967. Roman Roads in Britain. 2nd edition. London: John Baker.

1:25 000 Scale Colour Raster [TIFF geospatial data], Scale 1:25000, Ordnance Survey (GB), Using: EDINA Digimap Ordnance Survey Service, , Downloaded: 2017-10-24 15:07:52.57

The primary objective from this project was to acquire historical shoreline information for all of the Northern Ireland coastline. Having this detailed understanding of the coast’s shoreline position and geometry over annual to decadal time periods is essential in any management of the coast.The historical shoreline analysis was based on all available Ordnance Survey maps and aerial imagery information. Analysis looked at position and geometry over annual to decadal time periods, providing a dynamic picture of how the coastline has changed since the start of the early 1800s.Once all datasets were collated, data was interrogated using the ArcGIS package – Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). DSAS is a software package which enables a user to calculate rate-of-change statistics from multiple historical shoreline positions. Rate-of-change was collected at 25m intervals and displayed both statistically and spatially allowing for areas of retreat/accretion to be identified at any given stretch of coastline.The DSAS software will produce the following rate-of-change statistics:Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) – the distance between the oldest and the youngest shorelines.Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE) – a measure of the total change in shoreline movement considering all available shoreline positions and reporting their distances, without reference to their specific dates.End Point Rate (EPR) – derived by dividing the distance of shoreline movement by the time elapsed between the oldest and the youngest shoreline positions.Linear Regression Rate (LRR) – determines a rate of change statistic by fitting a least square regression to all shorelines at specific transects.Weighted Linear Regression Rate (WLR) - calculates a weighted linear regression of shoreline change on each transect. It considers the shoreline uncertainty giving more emphasis on shorelines with a smaller error.The end product provided by Ulster University is an invaluable tool and digital asset that has helped to visualise shoreline change and assess approximate rates of historical change at any given coastal stretch on the Northern Ireland coast.

IntroductionThis is a spatial dataset that describes the location and extent of Wood Pasture and Parkland habitat across England. Wood Pasture and Parkland is a Priority Habitat as listed in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UKBAP) 2008.Wood pastures and parkland are the products of historic land management systems and designed landscapes and represent a vegetation structure rather than a particular plant community. Typically, this structure consists of large, open-grown or high forest trees (often pollards) at various densities, in a matrix of grazed grassland, heathland and/or woodland floras.Why is it important that Natural England publishes this dataWood Pasture and Parkland (England) is a priority habitat as identified in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UKBAP) and listed as being of principal importance for the purposes of conserving or enhancing biodiversity under Section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) act. Wood-pasture and parkland are mosaic habitats valued for their trees, especially veteran and ancient trees and the plants and animals that they support. Specialised and varied habitats within woodpasture and parkland provide a home for a wide range of species, many of which occur only in these habitats, particularly insects, lichens and fungi which depend on dead and decaying wood.LineageThe Wood Pasture and Parkland Inventory (WPPI) was initially created in 2011 under contract by Exegesis as a provisional inventory. The inventory was established by collating exsisting datasets, drawing on specialist knowledge, refering old maps and aerial photography. This inventory included data from: OS county series maps (Epoch 1 1843 - 1893, Epoch 2 1891 - 1912, Epoch 3 1904 - 1939, Epoch 4 1919 - 1943) and first and second edition UK perspective Aerial Photographs dated 1999 to 2009. Modern OS maps were used to created polygon boundaries and these boundaries were mapped to the OS Master Map framework.This first inventory did not cover all England, subsequent inventories added missing counties e.g. Greater London by using the same techniques.Data was added to the inventory in subsequent years based on expert feedback and survey work.The inventory was updated in 2020 by collating data from the existing dataset, local record centers, local councils and other sources all verified by OS county series Epoch 1 - 4 maps and aerial photography. Parkland was defined as areas with a minimum of 3 trees, excluding boundary trees, which had less than 250 m between trees. Park extent was mapped to boundary features where park trees were less than 100 m from the boundary or the boundary included a large tree which was less than 250 m from a park tree.Some areas of woodland were included where possible park trees were present. Some open areas and wooded areas were not removed as the precise extent of parkland habitat was difficult to determine from aerial photography.Cemeteries and churchyards were excluded unless they were entirely within the park boundary.The minimum mappable unit for the inventory was 0.25ha. Metalled roads and rivers were excluded according to Natural England mapping rules, therefore some areas <0.25ha may be present if separated by a road.In 2025 the inventory was updated further by remapped all polygons to a new version of OSMM and by aligning the attributes to the Priority Habitats Inventory (PHI), which had also been updated since 2020. A series of datasets remapping Cumbria was added to the inventory to replace and update all the polygons Cumbria. Further data was added via submission to the PHI mailbox (habitatinventories@naturalengland.org.uk) on consultation with NE habitat specialists.AttributionColumn HeadingFull NameFormatDescriptionObjectIDObjectIDgeometryGeodatabase identifierShapeShapegeometrySpatial format identifierMainHabsMain HabitatsTextName of Habitat presentHabCodesHabitat CodesTextCode representing main habitats present in the polygonFeatDescFeature DescriptionTextAdditional information about the nature of the habitat or features presentFeatCodesFeature CodesTextCode corresponding to the habitat feature descriptionsOtherClassOther habitat classificationsTextAdditional Habitat classification information relating to main habitatsAddHabsAdditional habitats presentTextList of codes for additional habitats present within the polygonPrimSourcePrimary data sourcesTextList of primary sources for main habitat present in polygon. With corresponding HabCode in bracketsAreaHaArea in hectaresNumericPolygon area in hectaresVersionPublication versionTextDate of publication for current updateUIDUnique IDTextUnique ID for the polygon based on XY location coordinatesShape_LengthShape_LengthNumericPolygon perimeterShape_AreaShape_AreaNumericPolygon area Full metadata can be viewed on data.gov.uk.