Weather Data for Locations Across the UK

This dataset contains historical weather data from various locations across the UK, spanning from 2009 to 2024. Each entry records the weather conditions for a specific day, providing insights into temperature, rain, humidity, cloud cover, wind speed, and wind direction. The data is useful for analyzing weather patterns and trends over time.

Columns:

• location: The name of the location (e.g., Holywood, Ardkeen).
• date: The date of the weather record (format: YYYY-MM-DD).
• min_temp (°C): The minimum temperature recorded on that day (in degrees Celsius).
• max_temp (°C): The maximum temperature recorded on that day (in degrees Celsius).
• rain (mm): The amount of rainfall recorded (in millimeters).
• humidity (%): The percentage of humidity.
• cloud_cover (%): The percentage of cloud cover.
• wind_speed (km/h): The wind speed recorded (in kilometers per hour).
• wind_direction: The direction of the wind (e.g., N, SSE, WSW).
• wind_direction_numerical: The numerical representation of the wind direction (e.g., 90.0 for east).

Example Data:

Use Cases:

• Weather pattern analysis for specific regions: By analyzing temperature, humidity, and wind patterns across different locations, users can study how weather behaves seasonally and regionally, identifying patterns or anomalies.
• Long-term climate studies: This dataset spans over 15 years, making it useful for examining long-term climate trends such as temperature fluctuations, increased rainfall, or shifts in wind direction.
• Building predictive models for weather forecasting: The data can be used to build machine learning models that predict future weather conditions based on historical patterns. This is helpful for industries such as agriculture, transportation, and event planning.
• Climate change research: Researchers can use this dataset to study the effects of climate change on temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns over time.
• Energy sector applications: The wind speed and temperature data can be used to optimize energy production, especially for renewable energy sources like wind and solar power.
• Tourism and event planning: By analyzing weather trends, businesses in the tourism and event industries can better plan for weather conditions, helping with decisions on the best times to host outdoor events or market destinations.
• Agriculture and crop planning: Farmers and agronomists can use this data to analyze seasonal weather conditions, helping them plan for crop planting, growth, and harvesting by understanding local climate conditions.
• Urban planning and infrastructure design: City planners can use this data to assess how weather conditions impact infrastructure, from drainage and flood risk management to energy usage patterns.

Data Range:

• Start Date: 2009-01-01
• End Date: 2024-11-12

The UK daily temperature data contain maximum and minimum temperatures (air, grass and concrete slab) measured over a period of up to 24 hours. The measurements were recorded by observation stations operated by the Met Office across the UK and transmitted within NCM, DLY3208 or AWSDLY messages. The data span from 1853 to 2023. For details on measurement techniques, including calibration information and changes in measurements, see section 5.2 of the MIDAS User Guide linked to from this record. Soil temperature data may be found in the UK soil temperature datasets linked from this record.

This version supersedes the previous version of this dataset and a change log is available in the archive, and in the linked documentation for this record, detailing the differences between this version and the previous version. The change logs detail new, replaced and removed data. These include the addition of data for calendar year 2023.

This dataset is part of the Midas-open dataset collection made available by the Met Office under the UK Open Government Licence, containing only UK mainland land surface observations owned or operated by the Met Office. It is a subset of the fuller, restricted Met Office Integrated Data Archive System (MIDAS) Land and Marine Surface Stations dataset, also available through the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis - see the related dataset section on this record. Currently this represents approximately 95% of available daily temperature observations within the full MIDAS collection.

Copyright Notice & Acknowledgements

All information regarding MET Office copyright policy can be found at: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/legal#licences All data was sourced from: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/historic-station-data

Context

The MET Office has been responsible for monitoring UK Weather since it's inception in 1854. 36 stations in the UK (often located in RAF bases) gather information that is used to predict future weather patterns and issue public advice. More recently, these large datasets have become useful to investigate how the UK climate has changed over the past 150+ years.

Content

Columns: - year: Year in which the measurements were taken - month: Month in which the measurements were taken - tmax: Mean daily maximum temperature (°C) - tmin: Mean daily minimum temperature (°C) - af: Days of air frost recorded that month (days) - rain: Total rainfall (mm) - sun: Total sunshine duration (hours) - station: Station location where measurement was recorded

Data was collected from the MET Office website as separate station csv files and combined to one data frame with a station label assigned. All characters (*,#,---) that denoted things such as the equipment used were removed from the set. Some sections include significant amounts of NA values. Note that a 0 entry does not denote an NA value but a score of 0 in that measured field.

Inspiration

Has the UK climate changed since the Victorian era? How does any climate change impact the UK in terms of weather risks? Are some regions more affected than others?

A good starting point: The monthly mean temperature is calculated from the average of the mean daily maximum and mean daily minimum temperature i.e. (tmax+tmin)/2.

The UK daily weather observation data contain meteorological values measured on a 24 hour time scale. The measurements of sunshine duration, concrete state, snow depth, fresh snow depth, and days of snow, hail, thunder and gail were attained by observation stations operated by the Met Office across the UK operated and transmitted within DLY3208, NCM, AWSDLY and SYNOP messages. The data span from 1887 to 2023. For details of observations see the relevant sections of the MIDAS User Guide linked from this record for the various message types.

This version supersedes the previous version of this dataset and a change log is available in the archive, and in the linked documentation for this record, detailing the differences between this version and the previous version. The change logs detail new, replaced and removed data. These include the addition of data for calendar year 2023.

This dataset is part of the Midas-open dataset collection made available by the Met Office under the UK Open Government Licence, containing only UK mainland land surface observations owned or operated by the Met Office. It is a subset of the fuller, restricted Met Office Integrated Data Archive System (MIDAS) Land and Marine Surface Stations dataset, also available through the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis - see the related dataset section on this record. Currently this represents approximately 95% of available daily weather observations within the full MIDAS collection.

The highest average temperature recorded in 2024 until November was in August, at 16.8 degrees Celsius. Since 2015, the highest average daily temperature in the UK was registered in July 2018, at 18.7 degrees Celsius. The summer of 2018 was the joint hottest since institutions began recording temperatures in 1910. One noticeable anomaly during this period was in December 2015, when the average daily temperature reached 9.5 degrees Celsius. This month also experienced the highest monthly rainfall in the UK since before 2014, with England, Wales, and Scotland suffering widespread flooding. Daily hours of sunshine Unsurprisingly, the heat wave that spread across the British Isles in 2018 was the result of particularly sunny weather. July 2018 saw an average of 8.7 daily sun hours in the United Kingdom. This was more hours of sun than was recorded in July 2024, which only saw 5.8 hours of sun. Temperatures are on the rise Since the 1960s, there has been an increase in regional temperatures across the UK. Between 1961 and 1990, temperatures in England averaged nine degrees Celsius, and from 2013 to 2022, average temperatures in the country had increased to 10.3 degrees Celsius. Due to its relatively southern location, England continues to rank as the warmest country in the UK.

This data has been sourced from the Met Office's historical station data available here: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/historic-station-data

I have included the python script used to generate the dataset.

The data is held at a monthly level and contains: - max_temp: Mean daily maximum temperature - min_temp: Mean daily minimum temperature - air_frost_days: Days of air frost - rain_mm: Total rainfall - sun: Total sunshine duration (hours) - station: the station of the observation - lat: latitude of the station - long: longitude of the station - month_year: month date of the observation

The UK daily weather observation data contain meteorological values measured on a 24 hour time scale. The measurements of sunshine duration, concrete state, snow depth, fresh snow depth, and days of snow, hail, thunder and gail were attained by observation stations operated by the Met Office across the UK operated and transmitted within DLY3208, NCM, AWSDLY and SYNOP messages. The data span from 1889 to 2019. For details of observations see the relevant sections of the MIDAS User Guide linked from this record for the various message types. This version supersedes the previous version of this dataset and a change log is available in the archive, and in the linked documentation for this record, detailing the differences between this version and the previous version. The change logs detail new, replaced and removed data. Of particular note, however, is that as well as including data for 2019, historical data recovery has added temperature and weather data for Bude (1937-1958), Teignmouth (1912-1930), and Eskdalemuir (1915-1948). This dataset is part of the Midas-open dataset collection made available by the Met Office under the UK Open Government Licence, containing only UK mainland land surface observations owned or operated by the Met Office. It is a subset of the fuller, restricted Met Office Integrated Data Archive System (MIDAS) Land and Marine Surface Stations dataset, also available through the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis - see the related dataset section on this record. Currently this represents approximately 95% of available daily weather observations within the full MIDAS collection.

The UK daily temperature data contain maximum and minimum temperatures (air, grass and concrete slab) measured over a period of up to 24 hours. The measurements were recorded by observation stations operated by the Met Office across the UK and transmitted within NCM, DLY3208 or AWSDLY messages. The data span from 1853 to 2020. For details on measurement techniques, including calibration information and changes in measurements, see section 5.2 of the MIDAS User Guide linked to from this record. Soil temperature data may be found in the UK soil temperature datasets linked from this record. This version supersedes the previous version of this dataset and a change log is available in the archive, and in the linked documentation for this record, detailing the differences between this version and the previous version. The change logs detail new, replaced and removed data. Of particular note, however, is that as well as including data for 2020, historical data recovery has added further data for Eskdalemuir (1915-1948) and Eastbourne (1887-1910). This dataset is part of the Midas-open dataset collection made available by the Met Office under the UK Open Government Licence, containing only UK mainland land surface observations owned or operated by the Met Office. It is a subset of the fuller, restricted Met Office Integrated Data Archive System (MIDAS) Land and Marine Surface Stations dataset, also available through the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis - see the related dataset section on this record. Currently this represents approximately 95% of available daily temperature observations within the full MIDAS collection.

Context

The dataset featured below was created by reconciling measurements from requests of individual weather attributes provided by the European Climate Assessment (ECA). The measurements of this particular dataset were recorded by a weather station near Heathrow airport in London, UK.

-> This weather dataset is a great addition to this London Energy Dataset. You can join both datasets on the 'date' attribute, after some preprocessing, and perform some interesting data analytics regarding how energy consumption was impacted by the weather in London.

Content

The size for the file featured within this Kaggle dataset is shown below — along with a list of attributes and their description summaries: - london_weather.csv - 15341 observations x 10 attributes

1. date - recorded date of measurement - (int)
2. cloud_cover - cloud cover measurement in oktas - (float)
3. sunshine - sunshine measurement in hours (hrs) - (float)
4. global_radiation - irradiance measurement in Watt per square meter (W/m2) - (float)
5. max_temp - maximum temperature recorded in degrees Celsius (°C) - (float)
6. mean_temp - mean temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) - (float)
7. min_temp - minimum temperature recorded in degrees Celsius (°C) - (float)
8. precipitation - precipitation measurement in millimeters (mm) - (float)
9. pressure - pressure measurement in Pascals (Pa) - (float)
10. snow_depth - snow depth measurement in centimeters (cm) - (float)

Source

Weather Data - https://www.ecad.eu/dailydata/index.php

Dataset

This dataset was created by Dylan

Released under GPL 2

Contents

Provided here are daily historical weather pattern classifications covering the period from 1950 to 2020, where the observed weather patterns are valid at 1200 UTC daily. The observed weather pattern on each day is given as a number from 1 to 30, which matches up to the weather pattern numbers described in Neal et al. (2016). The method used to generate this updated classification is the same as used in Neal et al. (2016), with the exception of using ERA5 for both the daily pressure fields and daily climatology. The daily climatology is used to calculate the pressure anomalies before they are matched up to weather pattern definitions and uses ERA5 between 1951 and 2019. This daily climatology has also been filtered by applying a 3-, 15- and 31-day rolling mean. Column 1 of this dataset gives the date [YYYY-MM-DD] and column 2 of this dataset gives the observed weather pattern classification [#].

The annual mean temperature in the United Kingdom has fluctuated greatly since 1990. Temperatures during this period were at their highest in 2022, surpassing ** degrees Celsius. In 2010, the mean annual temperature stood at **** degrees, the lowest recorded during this time. Daily temperatures Average daily temperatures have remained stable since the turn of the century, rarely dropping below ** degrees Celsius. In 2010, they dropped to a low of **** degrees Celsius. The peak average daily temperature was recorded in 2022 when it reached **** degrees. This was an increase of *** degree Celsius compared to the long-term mean, and the most positive deviation during the period of consideration. Highs and lows The maximum average temperature recorded across the UK since 2015 was in July 2018. This month saw a maximum temperature of **** degrees Celsius. In comparison, the lowest monthly minimum temperature was in February of the same year, at just minus *** degrees. This was an especially cold February, as the previous year the minimum temperature for this month was *** degrees.

England's highest monthly mean air temperatures are typically recorded in July and August of each year. Since 2015, the warmest mean temperature was measured in July 2018 at 18.8 degrees Celsius. On the other hand, February of that same year registered the coolest temperature, at 2.6 degrees Celsius. In September 2025, the mean air temperature was 13.8 degrees Celsius, matching the figure recorded the same month the previous year. The English weather England is the warmest region in the United Kingdom and the driest. In 2024, the average annual temperature in England amounted to 10.73 degrees Celsius – around 1.1 degrees above the national mean. That same year, precipitation in England stood at about 1,020 millimeters. By contrast, Scotland – the wettest region in the UK – recorded over 1,500 millimeters of rainfall in 2024. Temperatures on the rise Throughout the last decades, the average temperature in the United Kingdom has seen an upward trend, reaching a record high in 2022. Global temperatures have experienced a similar pattern over the same period. This gradual increase in the Earth's average temperature is primarily due to various human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which lead to the emission of greenhouse gases. This phenomenon has severe consequences, including more frequent and intense weather events, rising sea levels, and adverse effects on human health and the environment.

The highest average temperatures in the United Kingdom are typically recorded in the third quarter of the year. Since 2010, the highest quarterly temperature was recorded in the third quarter of 2022, at 17 degrees Celsius.

Datamarket closure

As Microsoft have announced that they are shutting down their DataMarket service, the API access currently at https://datamarket.azure.com/dataset/datagovuk/metofficeweatheropendata will no longer be available after March 31st 2017.

The interface gives access to three datasets, hourly observations for approximately 150 UK observing stations, daily site specific and 3 hourly site specific forecasts for approximately 5000 UK locations.

Both the 3 hourly and daily forecast datasets provide forecasts out to 5 days with updates issued hourly.

Daily forecasts provide data for day and night using the following data time intervals.

· Weather symbols: Day – Sunrise to sunset, Night Sunset to Sunrise

· Temperature: Max – Maximum during 0600-18:00, Minimum during 18:00-06:00

· All other parameters are calculated for midday or midnight.

Hourly observation reports as recorded in real time by the Met Office UK Monitoring System. It should be noted that sites will only report parameters based on the instrumentation installed at each site and we only make available those parameters published on the Met Office website. Observations are subject to final quality control by the Met Office after publication by data.gov.uk, any changes made will not be retrospectively applied to this dataset.

The Chancellor's Autumn Statement 2011 announced that this release is open (OGL) and unrestricted (bulk download API): https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/61959/Further_detail_on_Open_Data_measures_in_the_Autumn_Statement_2011.pdf which is different to the access provided by the Met Office directly.

About London London is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, located in the southeast part of the country. It is a global city and a major center for finance, commerce, culture, and tourism. With a population of over 8 million people, it is the most populous city in the UK and one of the largest cities in Europe. London is famous for its iconic landmarks such as Big Ben, the Tower Bridge, Buckingham Palace, and the London Eye, as well as its world-renowned museums, art galleries, theaters, and restaurants. The city is also known for its diverse population and multicultural atmosphere, with over 300 languages spoken within its borders.

About Dataset This dataset contains daily weather observations for London, UK from January 1, 2000 to January 1, 2023. The data is collected from Meteostat. The dataset contains 10 columns with 8402 rows.

The UK daily weather observation data contain meteorological values measured on a 24 hour time scale. The measurements of sunshine duration, concrete state, snow depth, fresh snow depth, and days of snow, hail, thunder and gail were attained by observation stations across the UK and transmitted within DLY3208, NCM, AWSDLY and SYNOP messages. The data span from 1880 to present.

Met Office Historical Station Data

A dataset wrangled from the UK Met Office and available at https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/historic-station-data. This dataset is updated on a monthly basis (usually the first or second working day of the calendar month).

The wrangling consists of: - Cleaning some data errors. - Adding data about relative sunshine duration based upon the location of the station. - Combining the separate text files for each station into a single CSV file.

As of **************, the highest temperature ever recorded in the United Kingdom occurred on *************** at Coningsby, Lincolnshire. On this day, temperatures reached **** degrees Celsius.

The UK hourly weather observation data contain meteorological values measured on an hourly time scale. The measurements of the concrete state, wind speed and direction, cloud type and amount, visibility, and temperature were recorded by observation stations operated by the Met Office across the UK and transmitted within SYNOP, DLY3208, AWSHRLY and NCM messages. The sunshine duration measurements were transmitted in the HSUN3445 message. The data spans from 1875 to 2019. This version supersedes the previous version of this dataset and a change log is available in the archive, and in the linked documentation for this record, detailing the differences between this version and the previous version. The change logs detail new, replaced and removed data. Of particular note, however, is that as well as including data for 2019, historical data recovery has added temperature and weather data for Bude (1937-1958), Teignmouth (1912-1930), and Eskdalemuir (1915-1948). For details on observing practice see the message type information in the MIDAS User Guide linked from this record and relevant sections for parameter types. This dataset is part of the Midas-open dataset collection made available by the Met Office under the UK Open Government Licence, containing only UK mainland land surface observations owned or operated by Met Office. It is a subset of the fuller, restricted Met Office Integrated Data Archive System (MIDAS) Land and Marine Surface Stations dataset, also available through the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis - see the related dataset section on this record. Note, METAR message types are not included in the Open version of this dataset. Those data may be accessed via the full MIDAS hourly weather data.