In 2022, about 7.5 thousand newly diagnosed HIV cases in the Philippines were among people aged 25 to 34. In addition, there were 46 newly-reported HIV cases among people aged less than 15 years. Sexual contact remains the primary mode of transmission of HIV.

The Philippines reported about ****** HIV cases, an increase from the previous year. The number of reported HIV cases has gradually increased since 2012, aside from a significant dip in 2020. The state of HIV As the monthly average number of people newly diagnosed with HIV increases, the risk it poses threatens the lives of Filipinos. HIV is a sexually transmitted infection that attacks the body’s immune system, with more males being diagnosed than females. In 2022, the majority of people newly diagnosed with HIV were those between the age of 25 and 34 years, followed by those aged 15 and 24. There is still no cure for HIV and without treatment, it could lead to other severe illnesses such as tuberculosis and cancers such as lymphoma and Kaposi’s sarcoma. However, HIV is now a manageable chronic illness that can be treated with proper medication. What are the leading causes of death in the Philippines? Between January and September 2024, preliminary figures have shown that ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of death in the Philippines. The prevalence of heart diseases in the nation has been closely attributed to the Filipino diet, which was described as having a high fat, high cholesterol, and high sodium content. In addition, acute respiratory infections and hypertension also registered the highest morbidity rate among leading diseases in the country in 2021.

Philippines PH: Prevalence of HIV: Male: % Aged 15-24 data was reported at 0.300 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.200 % for 2016. Philippines PH: Prevalence of HIV: Male: % Aged 15-24 data is updated yearly, averaging 0.100 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2017, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.300 % in 2017 and a record low of 0.100 % in 2013. Philippines PH: Prevalence of HIV: Male: % Aged 15-24 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Philippines – Table PH.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Prevalence of HIV, male is the percentage of males who are infected with HIV. Youth rates are as a percentage of the relevant age group.; ; UNAIDS estimates.; Weighted average; In many developing countries most new infections occur in young adults, with young women being especially vulnerable.

Abstract

The 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (2008 NDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 13,594 women age 15-49 from 12,469 households successfully interviewed, covering 794 enumeration areas (clusters) throughout the Philippines. This survey is the ninth in a series of demographic and health surveys conducted to assess the demographic and health situation in the country. The survey obtained detailed information on fertility levels, marriage, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and young children, childhood mortality, maternal and child health, and knowledge and attitudes regarding HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. Also, for the first time, the Philippines NDHS gathered information on violence against women.

The 2008 NDHS was conducted by the Philippine National Statistics Office (NSO). Technical assistance was provided by ICF Macro through the MEASURE DHS program. Funding for the survey was mainly provided by the Government of the Philippines. Financial support for some preparatory and processing phases of the survey was provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

Like previous Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in the Philippines, the 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) was primarily designed to provide information on population, family planning, and health to be used in evaluating and designing policies, programs, and strategies for improving health and family planning services in the country. The 2008 NDHS also included questions on domestic violence. Specifically, the 2008 NDHS had the following objectives:

• Collect data at the national level that will allow the estimation of demographic rates, particularly, fertility rates by urban-rural residence and region, and under-five mortality rates at the national level.
• Analyze the direct and indirect factors which determine the levels and patterns of fertility.
• Measure the level of contraceptive knowledge and practice by method, urban-rural residence, and region.
• Collect data on family health: immunizations, prenatal and postnatal checkups, assistance at delivery, breastfeeding, and prevalence and treatment of diarrhea, fever, and acute respiratory infections among children under five years.
• Collect data on environmental health, utilization of health facilities, prevalence of common noncommunicable and infectious diseases, and membership in health insurance plans.
• Collect data on awareness of tuberculosis.
• Determine women's knowledge about HIV/AIDS and access to HIV testing.
• Determine the extent of violence against women.

MAIN RESULTS

FERTILITY

Fertility Levels and Trends. There has been a steady decline in fertility in the Philippines in the past 36 years. From 6.0 children per woman in 1970, the total fertility rate (TFR) in the Philippines declined to 3.3 children per woman in 2006. The current fertility level in the country is relatively high compared with other countries in Southeast Asia, such as Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia, where the TFR is below 2 children per woman.

Fertility Differentials. Fertility varies substantially across subgroups of women. Urban women have, on average, 2.8 children compared with 3.8 children per woman in rural areas. The level of fertility has a negative relationship with education; the fertility rate of women who have attended college (2.3 children per woman) is about half that of women who have been to elementary school (4.5 children per woman). Fertility also decreases with household wealth: women in wealthier households have fewer children than those in poorer households.

FAMILY PLANNING

Knowledge of Contraception. Knowledge of family planning is universal in the Philippines- almost all women know at least one method of fam-ily planning. At least 90 percent of currently married women have heard of the pill, male condoms, injectables, and female sterilization, while 87 percent know about the IUD and 68 percent know about male sterilization. On average, currently married women know eight methods of family planning.

Unmet Need for Family Planning. Unmet need for family planning is defined as the percentage of currently married women who either do not want any more children or want to wait before having their next birth, but are not using any method of family planning. The 2008 NDHS data show that the total unmet need for family planning in the Philippines is 22 percent, of which 13 percent is limiting and 9 percent is for spacing. The level of unmet need has increased from 17 percent in 2003.

Overall, the total demand for family planning in the Philippines is 73 percent, of which 69 percent has been satisfied. If all of need were satisfied, a contraceptive prevalence rate of about 73 percent could, theoretically, be expected. Comparison with the 2003 NDHS indicates that the percentage of demand satisfied has declined from 75 percent.

MATERNAL HEALTH

Antenatal Care. Nine in ten Filipino mothers received some antenatal care (ANC) from a medical professional, either a nurse or midwife (52 percent) or a doctor (39 percent). Most women have at least four antenatal care visits. More than half (54 percent) of women had an antenatal care visit during the first trimester of pregnancy, as recommended. While more than 90 percent of women who received antenatal care had their blood pressure monitored and weight measured, only 54 percent had their urine sample taken and 47 percent had their blood sample taken. About seven in ten women were informed of pregnancy complications. Three in four births in the Philippines are protected against neonatal tetanus.

Delivery and Postnatal Care. Only 44 percent of births in the Philippines occur in health facilities-27 percent in a public facility and 18 percent in a private facility. More than half (56 percent) of births are still delivered at home. Sixty-two percent of births are assisted by a health professional-35 percent by a doctor and 27 percent by a midwife or nurse. Thirty-six percent are assisted by a traditional birth attendant or hilot. About 10 percent of births are delivered by C-section.

The Department of Health (DOH) recommends that mothers receive a postpartum check within 48 hours of delivery. A majority of women (77 percent) had a postnatal checkup within two days of delivery; 14 percent had a postnatal checkup 3 to 41 days after delivery.

CHILD HEALTH

Childhood Mortality. Childhood mortality continues to decline in the Philippines. Currently, about one in every 30 children in the Philippines dies before his or her fifth birthday. The infant mortality rate for the five years before the survey (roughly 2004-2008) is 25 deaths per 1,000 live births and the under-five mortality rate is 34 deaths per 1,000 live births. This is lower than the rates of 29 and 40 reported in 2003, respectively. The neonatal mortality rate, representing death in the first month of life, is 16 deaths per 1,000 live births. Under-five mortality decreases as household wealth increases; children from the poorest families are three times more likely to die before the age of five as those from the wealthiest families.

There is a strong association between under-five mortality and mother's education. It ranges from 47 deaths per 1,000 live births among children of women with elementary education to 18 deaths per 1,000 live births among children of women who attended college. As in the 2003 NDHS, the highest level of under-five mortality is observed in ARMM (94 deaths per 1,000 live births), while the lowest is observed in NCR (24 deaths per 1,000 live births).

NUTRITION

Breastfeeding Practices. Eighty-eight percent of children born in the Philippines are breastfed. There has been no change in this practice since 1993. In addition, the median durations of any breastfeeding and of exclusive breastfeeding have remained at 14 months and less than one month, respectively. Although it is recommended that infants should not be given anything other than breast milk until six months of age, only one-third of Filipino children under six months are exclusively breastfed. Complementary foods should be introduced when a child is six months old to reduce the risk of malnutrition. More than half of children ages 6-9 months are eating complementary foods in addition to being breastfed.

The Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) guidelines contain specific recommendations for the number of times that young children in various age groups should be fed each day as well as the number of food groups from which they should be fed. NDHS data indicate that just over half of children age 6-23 months (55 percent) were fed according to the IYCF guidelines.

HIV/AIDS

Awareness of HIV/AIDS. While over 94 percent of women have heard of AIDS, only 53 percent know the two major methods for preventing transmission of HIV (using condoms and limiting sex to one uninfected partner). Only 45 percent of young women age 15-49 know these two methods for preventing HIV transmission. Knowledge of prevention methods is higher in urban areas than in rural areas and increases dramatically with education and wealth. For example, only 16 percent of women with no education know that using condoms limits the risk of HIV infection compared with 69 percent of those who have attended college.

TUBERCULOSIS

Knowledge of TB. While awareness of tuberculosis (TB) is high, knowledge of its causes and symptoms is less common. Only 1 in 4 women know that TB is caused by microbes, germs or bacteria. Instead, respondents tend to say that TB is caused by smoking or drinking alcohol, or that it is inherited. Symptoms associated with TB are better recognized. Over half of the respondents cited coughing, while 39 percent mentioned weight loss, 35 percent

Abstract

The 2022 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) was implemented by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). Data collection took place from May 2 to June 22, 2022.

The primary objective of the 2022 NDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the NDHS collected information on fertility, fertility preferences, family planning practices, childhood mortality, maternal and child health, nutrition, knowledge and attitudes regarding HIV/AIDS, violence against women, child discipline, early childhood development, and other health issues.

The information collected through the NDHS is intended to assist policymakers and program managers in designing and evaluating programs and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population. The 2022 NDHS also provides indicators anchored to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the new Philippine Development Plan for 2023 to 2028.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49, and all children aged 0-4 resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling scheme provides data representative of the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the country’s administrative regions. The sample selection methodology for the 2022 NDHS was based on a two-stage stratified sample design using the Master Sample Frame (MSF) designed and compiled by the PSA. The MSF was constructed based on the listing of households from the 2010 Census of Population and Housing and updated based on the listing of households from the 2015 Census of Population. The first stage involved a systematic selection of 1,247 primary sampling units (PSUs) distributed by province or HUC. A PSU can be a barangay, a portion of a large barangay, or two or more adjacent small barangays.

In the second stage, an equal take of either 22 or 29 sample housing units were selected from each sampled PSU using systematic random sampling. In situations where a housing unit contained one to three households, all households were interviewed. In the rare situation where a housing unit contained more than three households, no more than three households were interviewed. The survey interviewers were instructed to interview only the preselected housing units. No replacements and no changes of the preselected housing units were allowed in the implementing stage in order to prevent bias. Survey weights were calculated, added to the data file, and applied so that weighted results are representative estimates of indicators at the regional and national levels.

All women age 15–49 who were either usual residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the households the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Among women eligible for an individual interview, one woman per household was selected for a module on women’s safety.

For further details on sample design, see APPENDIX A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Two questionnaires were used for the 2022 NDHS: the Household Questionnaire and the Woman’s Questionnaire. The questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s model questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to the Philippines. Input was solicited from various stakeholders representing government agencies, academe, and international agencies. The survey protocol was reviewed by the ICF Institutional Review Board.

After all questionnaires were finalized in English, they were translated into six major languages: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Bikol, Hiligaynon, and Waray. The Household and Woman’s Questionnaires were programmed into tablet computers to allow for computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) for data collection purposes, with the capability to choose any of the languages for each questionnaire.

Cleaning operations

Processing the 2022 NDHS data began almost as soon as fieldwork started, and data security procedures were in place in accordance with confidentiality of information as provided by Philippine laws. As data collection was completed in each PSU or cluster, all electronic data files were transferred securely via SyncCloud to a server maintained by the PSA Central Office in Quezon City. These data files were registered and checked for inconsistencies, incompleteness, and outliers. The field teams were alerted to any inconsistencies and errors while still in the area of assignment. Timely generation of field check tables allowed for effective monitoring of fieldwork, including tracking questionnaire completion rates. Only the field teams, project managers, and NDHS supervisors in the provincial, regional, and central offices were given access to the CAPI system and the SyncCloud server.

A team of secondary editors in the PSA Central Office carried out secondary editing, which involved resolving inconsistencies and recoding “other” responses; the former was conducted during data collection, and the latter was conducted following the completion of the fieldwork. Data editing was performed using the CSPro software package. The secondary editing of the data was completed in August 2022. The final cleaning of the data set was carried out by data processing specialists from The DHS Program in September 2022.

Response rate

A total of 35,470 households were selected for the 2022 NDHS sample, of which 30,621 were found to be occupied. Of the occupied households, 30,372 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%. In the interviewed households, 28,379 women age 15–49 were identified as eligible for individual interviews. Interviews were completed with 27,821 women, yielding a response rate of 98%.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and in data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2022 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (2022 NDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2022 NDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and identical size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2022 NDHS sample was the result of a multistage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. Sampling errors are computed in SAS using programs developed by ICF. These programs use the Taylor linearization method to estimate variances for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables

• Household age distribution
• Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
• Age displacement at age 14/15
• Age displacement at age 49/50
• Pregnancy outcomes by years preceding the survey
• Completeness of reporting
• Observation of handwashing facility
• School attendance by single year of age
• Vaccination cards photographed
• Population pyramid
• Five-year mortality rates

See details of the data quality tables in Appendix C of the final report.

Abstract

The 2017 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS 2017) is a nationwide survey with a nationally representative sample of approximately 30,832 housing units. The primary objective of the survey is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the NDHS 2017 collected information on marriage, fertility levels, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding, maternal and child health, child mortality, awareness and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS, women’s empowerment, domestic violence, and other health-related issues such as smoking.

The information collected through the NDHS 2017 is intended to assist policymakers and program managers in the Department of Health (DOH) and other organizations in designing and evaluating programs and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents) and all women age 15-49 years resident in the sample household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling scheme provides data representative of the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the country’s administrative regions. The sample selection methodology for the NDHS 2017 is based on a two-stage stratified sample design using the Master Sample Frame (MSF), designed and compiled by the PSA. The MSF is constructed based on the results of the 2010 Census of Population and Housing and updated based on the 2015 Census of Population. The first stage involved a systematic selection of 1,250 primary sampling units (PSUs) distributed by province or HUC. A PSU can be a barangay, a portion of a large barangay, or two or more adjacent small barangays.

In the second stage, an equal take of either 20 or 26 sample housing units were selected from each sampled PSU using systematic random sampling. In situations where a housing unit contained one to three households, all households were interviewed. In the rare situation where a housing unit contained more than three households, no more than three households were interviewed. The survey interviewers were instructed to interview only the pre-selected housing units. No replacements and no changes of the preselected housing units were allowed in the implementing stage in order to prevent bias. Survey weights were calculated, added to the data file, and applied so that weighted results are representative estimates of indicators at the regional and national levels.

All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the households the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Among women eligible for an individual interview, one woman per household was selected for a module on domestic violence.

For further details on sample design, see Appendix A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Two questionnaires were used for the NDHS 2017: the Household Questionnaire and the Woman’s Questionnaire. Both questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s standard Demographic and Health Survey (DHS-7) questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to the Philippines. Input was solicited from various stakeholders representing government agencies, universities, and international agencies.

Cleaning operations

The processing of the NDHS 2017 data began almost as soon as fieldwork started. As data collection was completed in each PSU, all electronic data files were transferred via an Internet file streaming system (IFSS) to the PSA central office in Quezon City. These data files were registered and checked for inconsistencies, incompleteness, and outliers. The field teams were alerted to any inconsistencies and errors while still in the PSU. Secondary editing involved resolving inconsistencies and the coding of openended questions; the former was carried out in the central office by a senior data processor, while the latter was taken on by regional coordinators and central office staff during a 5-day workshop following the completion of the fieldwork. Data editing was carried out using the CSPro software package. The concurrent processing of the data offered a distinct advantage, because it maximized the likelihood of the data being error-free and accurate. Timely generation of field check tables allowed for more effective monitoring. The secondary editing of the data was completed by November 2017. The final cleaning of the data set was carried out by data processing specialists from The DHS Program by the end of December 2017.

Response rate

A total of 31,791 households were selected for the sample, of which 27,855 were occupied. Of the occupied households, 27,496 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%. In the interviewed households, 25,690 women age 15-49 were identified for individual interviews; interviews were completed with 25,074 women, yielding a response rate of 98%.

The household response rate is slightly lower in urban areas than in rural areas (98% and 99%, respectively); however, there is no difference by urban-rural residence in response rates among women (98% for each).

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2017 to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the NDHS 2017 is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the NDHS 2017 sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. Sampling errors are computed in SAS, using programs developed by ICF. These programs use the Taylor linearization method to estimate variances for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in Appendix B of the survey final report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables - Household age distribution - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women - Completeness of reporting - Births by calendar years - Reporting of age at death in days - Reporting of age at death in months

See details of the data quality tables in Appendix C of the survey final report.

HIV-diagnosis characteristics, HIV/STI-testing and access to healthcare preceding HIV-diagnosis among aMASE-study participants in the Netherlands, 2013–2015, stratified by early versus late HIV presenters.

Socio-demographic characteristics of aMASE-study participants in the Netherlands, 2013–2015, including uni- and multivariable logistic regression analysis of determinants associated with late diagnosis of HIV infection.

Abstract

The 2013 NDHS is designed to provide information on fertility, family planning, and health in the country for use by the government in monitoring the progress of its programs on population, family planning and health.

In particular, the 2013 NDHS has the following specific objectives: • Collect data which will allow the estimation of demographic rates, particularly fertility rates and under-five mortality rates by urban-rural residence and region. • Analyze the direct and indirect factors which determine the level and patterns of fertility. • Measure the level of contraceptive knowledge and practice by method, urban-rural residence, and region. • Collect data on health, immunizations, prenatal and postnatal check-ups, assistance at delivery, breastfeeding, and prevalence and treatment of diarrhea, fever and acute respiratory infections among children below five years old. • Collect data on environmental health, utilization of health facilities, health care financing, prevalence of common non-communicable and infectious diseases, and membership in the National Health Insurance Program (PhilHealth). • Collect data on awareness of cancer, heart disease, diabetes, dengue fever and tuberculosis. • Determine the knowledge of women about AIDS, and the extent of misconception on HIV transmission and access to HIV testing. • Determine the extent of violence against women.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individuals/ persons
• Woman age 15 to 49

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample selection methodology for the 2013 NDHS is based on a stratified two-stage sample design, using the 2010 Census of Population and Housing (CPH) as a frame. The first stage involved a systematic selection of 800 sample enumeration areas (EAs) distributed by stratum (region, urban/rural). In the second stage, 20 sample housing units were selected from each sample EA, using systematic random sampling.

All households in the sampled housing units were interviewed. An EA is defined as an area with discern able boundaries consisting of contiguous households. The sample was designed to provide data representative of the country and its 17 administrative regions.

Further details on the sample design and implementation are given in Appendix A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The 2013 NDHS used three questionnaires: Household Questionnaire, Individual Woman’s Questionnaire, and Women’s Safety Module. The development of these questionnaires resulted from the solicited comments and suggestions during the deliberation in the consultative meetings and separate meetings conducted with the various agencies/organizations namely: PSA-NSO, POPCOM, DOH, FNRI, ICF International, NEDA, PCW, PhilHealth, PIDS, PLCPD, UNFPA, USAID, UPPI, UPSE, and WHO. The three questionnaires were translated from English into six major languages - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Bicol, Hiligaynon, and Waray.

The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify female members of the sample household who were eligible for interview with the Individual Woman’s Questionnaire and the Women’s Safety Module.

The Individual Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women aged 15-49 years.

The Women’s Safety Module was used to collect information on domestic violence in the country, its prevalence, severity and frequency from only one selected respondent from among all the eligible women who were identified from the Household Questionnaire.

Cleaning operations

All completed questionnaires and the control forms were returned to the PSA-NSO central office in Manila for data processing, which consisted of manual editing, data entry and verification, and editing of computer-identified errors. An ad-hoc group of thirteen regular employees from the DSSD, the Information Resources Department (IRD), and the Information Technology Operations Division (ITOD) of the NSO was created to work fulltime and oversee data processing operation in the NDHS Data Processing Center that was carried out at the NSO-CVEA Building in Quezon City, Philippines. This group was responsible for the different aspects of NDHS data processing. There were 19 data encoders hired to process the data who underwent training on September 12-13, 2013.

Data entry started on September 16, 2013. The computer package program called Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro) was used for data entry, editing, and verification. Mr. Alexander Izmukhambetov, a data processing specialist from ICF International, spent two weeks at NSO in September 2013 to finalize the data entry program. Data processing was completed on December 6, 2013.

Response rate

For the 2013 NDHS sample, 16,732 households were selected, of which 14,893 were occupied. Of these households, 14,804 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 99.4 percent. The household response rates in urban and rural areas are almost identical.

Among the households interviewed, 16,437 women were identified as eligible respondents, and the interviews were completed for 16,155 women, yielding a response rate of 98.3 percent. On the other hand, for the women’s safety module, from a total of 11,373 eligible women, 10,963 were interviewed with privacy, translating to a 96.4 percent response rate. At the individual level, urban and rural response rates showed no difference. The principal reason for non-response among women was the failure to find individuals at home, despite interviewers’ repeated visits to the household.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2013 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2013 NDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and identical size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling error is a measure of the variability between the results of all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey data.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2013 NDHS sample is the result of a multistage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 2013 NDHS is a SAS program. This program used the Taylor linearization method for variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replications method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

The Taylor linearization method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of weighted cases in the group or subgroup under consideration.

Further details on sampling errors calculation are given in Appendix B of the final report.

Data appraisal

Data quality tables were produced to review the quality of the data: - Household age distribution - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women - Completeness of reporting - Births by calendar years - Reporting of age at death in days - Reporting of age at death in months

Note: The tables are presented in APPENDIX C of the final report.

Abstract

The 2003 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 13,945 women age 15-49 and 5,009 men age 15-54. The main purpose of the 2003 NDHS is to provide policymakers and program managers with detailed information on fertility, family planning, childhood and adult mortality, maternal and child health, and knowledge and attitudes related to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. The 2003 NDHS also collects high quality data on family health: immunizations, prevalence and treatment of diarrhea and other diseases among children under five, antenatal visits, assistance at delivery and breastfeeding.

The 2003 NDHS is the third national sample survey undertaken in Philippines under the auspices of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys program.

The 2003 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) is designed to provide upto-date information on population, family planning, and health to assist policymakers and program managers in evaluating and designing strategies for improving health and family planning services in the country. In particular, the 2003 NDHS has the following objectives: - Collect data at the national level, which will allow the calculation of demographic rates and, particularly, fertility and under-five mortality rates. - Analyze the direct and indirect factors that determine the level and trends of fertility. Indicators related to fertility will serve to inform plans for social and economic development. - Measure the level of contraceptive knowledge and practice by method, urban-rural residence, and region. - Collect data on knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS and evaluate patterns of recent behavior regarding condom use. - Collect high-quality data on family health, including immunizations, prevalence and treatment of diarrhea and other diseases among children under five, antenatal visits, assistance at delivery, and breastfeeding.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-54

Universe

The population covered by the 1998 Phillipines NDS is defined as the universe of all females age 15-49 years, who are members of the sample household or visitors present at the time of interview and had slept in the sample households the night prior to the time of interview, regardless of marital status and all men age 15-54 living in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The 2003 NDHS is the first survey that used the new master sample created for household surveys on the basis of the 2000 Census of Population and Housing. The 2003 NDHS used one of the four replicates of the master sample. The sample was designed to represent the country as a whole, urban and rural areas, and each of the 17 administrative regions. In each region, a stratified, three-stage cluster sampling design was employed. In the first stage, 819 primary sampling units (PSUs) were selected with probability proportional to the number of households in the 2000 census. PSUs consisted of a barangay or a group of contiguous barangays. In the second stage, in each PSU, enumeration areas (EAs) were selected with probability proportional to the number of EAs. An EA is defined as an area with discernable boundaries consisting of about 150 contiguous households. All households in the selected EAs were listed in a separate field operation conducted May 7 through 21, 2003. In the third stage, from each EA, an average of 17 households was selected using systematic sampling.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

The 2003 NDHS used four questionnaires: a) Household Questionnaire, b) Health Module, c) Women's Questionnaire, and d) Men's Questionnaire. The content of the Women's Questionnaire was based on the MEASURE DHS+ Model “A” Questionnaire, which was developed for use in countries with high levels of contraceptive use. To modify the questionnaire to reflect relevant family planning and health issues in the Philippines, program input was solicited from Department of Health (DOH), Commission on Population (POPCOM), the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI), the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI), the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth), USAID, the National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB), the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and Dr. Mercedes B. Concepcion, professor emeritus at the University of the Philippines, as well as managers of USAID-sponsored projects in the Philippines. The questionnaires were translated from English into six major languages: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Bicol, Hiligaynon, and Waray.

a) The Household Questionnaire was used to list all of the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Basic information collected for each person listed includes age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. Information on characteristics of the household's dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, and ownership of various durable goods, was also recorded in the Household Questionnaire. These items are indicators of the household's socioeconomic status.

b) The Health Module was aimed at apprising concerned agencies on the health status, practices, and attitude of the population. The module included the following topics:
- Health facility utilization - Noncommunicable diseases - Infectious diseases -Traditional medicines, healing practices, and alternative health care modalities - Health care financing -Environmental health.

c) The Women's Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics: - Background characteristics (e.g., education, media exposure) - Reproductive history - Knowledge and use of family planning methods - Fertility preferences - Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care - Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices - Vaccinations and childhood illnesses - Marriage and sexual activity - Woman's work and husband's background characteristics - Infant's and children's feeding practices - Childhood mortality - Awareness and behavior regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections - Awareness and behavior regarding tuberculosis

d) The Men's Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-54 living in every third household in the NDHS sample. The Men's Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Women's Questionnaire but was shorter because it did not contain questions on reproductive history, maternal and child health, and nutrition. Instead, men were asked about their knowledge and participation in health-seeking practices for their children.

Cleaning operations

All completed questionnaires and the control forms were returned to the NSO Central Office in Manila for data processing, which consisted of manual editing, data entry and verification, and editing of computer-identified errors. An ad hoc group of seven regular employees of DSSD was created to work full time in the NDHS Data Processing Center. This group was responsible for the different aspects of NDHS data processing. There were 10 manual processors and 25 data encoders hired to process the data.

Manual editing started on July 15, 2003, and data entry started on July 21, 2003. The computer package program called CSPro (Census and Survey Processing System) was used for data entry, editing, and tabulation. To prepare the data entry programs, two NSO staff members spent three weeks in ORC Macro offices in Calverton, Maryland, in April and May 2003. Data processing was completed in October 29, 2003.

Response rate

For the 2003 NDHS sample, 13,914 households were selected, of which 12,694 were occupied (Table). Of these households, 12,586 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 99 percent. Household response rates are similar in rural areas and in urban areas (99 percent).

Among the households interviewed, 13,945 women were identified as eligible respondents, and interviews were completed for 13,633 women, yielding a response rate of 98 percent. In a subsample of every third household, 5,009 men were identified to be eligible for individual interview. Of these, 4,766 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 95 percent.

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2003 NDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (e.g., mean, percentage), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from

HIV neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) represent an important tool in view of prophylactic and therapeutic applications for HIV-1 infection. Patients chronically infected by HIV-1 represent a valuable source for nAbs. HIV controllers, including long-term non-progressors (LTNP) and elite controllers (EC), represent an interesting subgroup in this regard, as here nAbs can develop over time in a rather healthy immune system and in the absence of any therapeutic selection pressure. In this study, we characterized two particular antibodies that were selected as scFv antibody fragments from a phage immune library generated from an LTNP with HIV neutralizing antibodies in his plasma. The phage library was screened on recombinant soluble gp140 envelope (Env) proteins. Sequencing the selected peptide inserts revealed two major classes of antibody sequences. Binding analysis of the corresponding scFv-Fc derivatives to various trimeric and monomeric Env constructs as well as to peptide arrays showed that one class, represented by monoclonal antibody (mAb) A2, specifically recognizes an epitope localized in the pocket binding domain of the C heptad repeat (CHR) in the ectodomain of gp41, but only in the trimeric context. Thus, this antibody represents an interesting tool for trimer identification. MAb A7, representing the second class, binds to structural elements of the third variable loop V3 and neutralizes tier 1 and tier 2 HIV-1 isolates of different subtypes with matching critical amino acids in the linear epitope sequence. In conclusion, HIV controllers are a valuable source for the selection of functionally interesting antibodies that can be selected on soluble gp140 proteins with properties from the native envelope spike.

Abstract

Part of MICS2, an international survey initiative to monitor the situation of children and women, covering health, education, child protection and HIV/AIDS; it includes vaccination, contraceptive use and symptoms like diarrhea, cough and fever.Most Filipinos know that children inherently have rights. The 1999 MICS finds that majority of women and caretakers of children can easily identify a child’s right to have education. This survey also suggests that significant advances have been achieved in the areas of elementary school participation rate, birth registration, and prenatal care of pregnant women. However, the 1999 MICS indicates that government and private agencies should focus on the areas of micronutrient supplementation, consumption of iodized salt, early childhood education participation, child labor, and HIV-AIDS awareness.

Analysis unit

Household, Women, Children.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Response rate

In the 1999 MICS, a household pertains to a group of persons who share and take their meals together but live in separate and adjacent living quarters for convenience.

Of the 7,680 households selected for the 1999 MICS sample, 7,556 were completely interviewed. This yielded a high response rate of 98.4 percent. The response rates in both rural (99 percent) and urban areas (98 percent) were considerably high.

In these households, 9,615 women aged 15-49 were identified as eligible for an interview. Of these, 9,424 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 98 percent. In addition, 4,705 children under age five were listed in the household questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed for 4,639 children for a response rate of 98 percent.