Among all countries worldwide those in sub-Saharan Africa have the highest rates of HIV. The countries with the highest rates of HIV include Eswatini, South Africa, and Lesotho. In 2024, Eswatini had the highest prevalence of HIV with a rate of around ** percent. Other countries, such as Zimbabwe, have significantly decreased their HIV prevalence. Community-based HIV services are considered crucial to the prevention and treatment of HIV. HIV Worldwide The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral infection that is transmitted via exposure to infected semen, blood, vaginal and anal fluids, and breast milk. HIV destroys the human immune system, rendering the host unable to fight off secondary infections. Globally, the number of people living with HIV has generally increased over the past two decades. However, the number of HIV-related deaths has decreased significantly in recent years. Despite being a serious illness that affects millions of people, medication exists that effectively manages the progression of the virus in the body. These medications are called antiretroviral drugs. HIV Treatment Generally, global access to antiretroviral treatment has increased. However, despite being available worldwide, not all adults have access to antiretroviral drugs. There are many different antiretroviral drugs available on the market. As of 2024, ********, an antiretroviral marketed by Gilead, was the leading HIV treatment based on revenue.

In 2024, in South Africa, there were around 3.1 HIV newly infected persons per every 1,000 inhabitants. This statistic depicts the countries with the highest incidence rates of new HIV infections worldwide as of 2024.

IntroductionAchieving widespread knowledge of HIV-positive status is a crucial step to reaching universal ART coverage, population level viral suppression, and ultimately epidemic control. We implemented a multi-modality HIV testing approach to identify 90% or greater of HIV-positive persons in the Botswana Combination Prevention Project (BCPP) intervention communities.MethodsBCPP is a cluster-randomized trial designed to evaluate the impact of combination prevention interventions on HIV incidence in 30 communities in Botswana. Community case finding and HIV testing that included home and targeted mobile testing were implemented in the 15 intervention communities. We described processes for identifying HIV-positive persons, uptake of HIV testing by age, gender and venue, characteristics of persons newly diagnosed through BCPP, and coverage of knowledge of status reached at the end of study.ResultsOf the 61,655 eligible adults assessed in home or mobile settings, 13,328 HIV-positive individuals, or 93% of the estimated 14,270 positive people in the communities were identified through BCPP. Knowledge of status increased by 25% over the course of the study with the greatest increases seen among men (37%) as compared to women (19%) and among youth aged 16–24 (77%) as compared to older age groups (21%). Although more men were tested through mobile than through home-based testing, higher rates of newly diagnosed HIV-positive men were found through home than mobile testing.ConclusionsEven when HIV testing coverage is high, additional gains can be made using a multi-modality HIV testing strategy to reach different sub-populations who are being missed by non-targeted program activities. Men and youth can be reached and will engage in community testing when services are brought to places they access routinely.

PrEP is the use of an antiretroviral medication by people who are uninfected to prevent the acquisition of HIV. The efficacy of PrEP has been shown in a number of randomised controlled trials including iPREX, Partners PrEP, PROUD and ANRS-IPERGAY. In 2015, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) recommended that European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) countries should consider integrating PrEP into their existing HIV prevention package for those most at risk of HIV infection, starting with men who have sex with men (MSM). This was followed by the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations that PrEP should be offered as an additional prevention option to all people at substantial risk of HIV infection as part of combination prevention approaches. As a result, several countries in the EU/EEA have either implemented PrEP or are considering options for implementation. Since the 1st of June 2017, PrEP is nationally available in Belgium and reimbursed for people who are at increased risk for HIV acquisition. Belgium is one of the countries in Europe reporting a high HIV incidence, with 8.1 new HIV infections per 100 000 inhabitants in 2019.The epidemic mainly affects two populations: men who have sex with men (MSM) and Sub-Saharan African migrants, most of whom have acquired HIV through unprotected heterosexual contacts. A recent study suggests that ongoing clustered transmission in Belgium is almost exclusively driven by MSM. As the national PrEP program is brought to scale, the need for a robust monitoring system emerges. An effective PrEP program is one in which people in greatest need of HIV prevention are appropriately identified, offered PrEP, and then continue to receive continued support to use PrEP as needed. Monitoring PrEP program implementation is therefore important to (1) track progress in uptake and coverage among the eligible population, (2) estimate impact on the HIV epidemic, and (3) inform the strategic planning of the program (e.g. cost, resources, supply of commodities).

BackgroundMen who have sex with men (MSM) bear a disproportionately higher burden of HIV infection than the general population. MSM in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are a largely hidden population because of a prevailing stigma towards this type of sexual behavior, thereby limiting the ability to assess infection transmission patterns among them. It is widely perceived that data are virtually nonexistent on MSM and HIV in this region. The objective of this review was to delineate, for the first time, the evidence on the epidemiology of HIV among MSM in MENA.Methods and FindingsThis was a systematic review of all biological, behavioral, and other related data on HIV and MSM in MENA. Sources of data included PubMed (Medline), international organizations' reports and databases, country-level reports and databases including governmental and nongovernmental organization publications, and various other institutional documents. This review showed that onsiderable data are available on MSM and HIV in MENA. While HIV prevalence continues at low levels among different MSM groups, HIV epidemics appear to be emerging in at least few countries, with a prevalence reaching up to 28% among certain MSM groups. By 2008, the contribution of MSM transmission to the total HIV notified cases increased and exceeded 25% in several countries. The high levels of risk behavior (4–14 partners on average in the last six months among different MSM populations) and of biomarkers of risks (such as herpes simplex virus type 2 at 3%–54%), the overall low rate of consistent condom use (generally below 25%), the relative frequency of male sex work (20%–76%), and the substantial overlap with heterosexual risk behavior and injecting drug use suggest potential for further spread.ConclusionsThis systematic review and data synthesis indicate that HIV epidemics appear to be emerging among MSM in at least a few MENA countries and could already be in a concentrated state among several MSM groups. There is an urgent need to expand HIV surveillance and access to HIV testing, prevention, and treatment services in a rapidly narrowing window of opportunity to prevent the worst of HIV transmission among MSM in the Middle East and North Africa.Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

In January 2025, President Trump ordered a pause on funding for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and a 90-day review of all U.S. foreign assistance. By the end of March, the review had been completed, 83 percent of USAID programs were terminated, and it was announced that certain USAID functions would be overtaken by the Department of State while all others would be discontinued. A preprint research paper posted in April 2025 looked at the possible effects that reductions or cessation of U.S. foreign aid would have on global health. The researchers estimated that the elimination of U.S. foreign aid for global health would result in an additional 15.2 million AIDS-related deaths from 2025 to 2040. Furthermore, they estimated that the loss of U.S. aid would lead to 26.2 million additional HIV infections over this period. This paper has not been peer-reviewed so the estimates should be interpreted with caution, but there is no doubt that such cuts to U.S. foreign aid will result in an increase in HIV infections and deaths, especially in high-impact countries. Trump has said that the United States spends too much on foreign aid and accused USAID of being corrupt and a waste of money. However, foreign aid accounts for just one percent of the federal budget. Furthermore, it is predicted that millions of people will die due to the dissolution of USAID, as vulnerable people around the world will no longer be able to access prevention and treatment for diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.

Introduction

• HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. If HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) which currently has no cure. Once people get HIV, they have it for life. But with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled. Symptoms: Influenza-like illness; Fatigue… Treatments: Management of HIV/AIDS Type of infectious agent: Virus (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) • AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is the name used to describe a number of potentially life-threatening infections and illnesses that happen when one’s immune system has been severely damaged by the HIV virus. While AIDS cannot be transmitted from 1 person to another, the HIV virus can.

Dataset

The data set contains data of the following:- 1. The top causes of deaths in the world 2. Total number of deaths due to HIV/AIDS 3. ART (Anti Retro-viral Therapy) coverage among people living with HIV 4. Knowledge among young citizens (15-24years) about HIV/AIDS 5. Population of HIV/AIDS patients living with TB and their death rate 6. Life expectancy rate among HIV/AIDS patients 7. HIV/AIDS Patients in different age groups 8. Women population living with HIV 9. Young women in India having the knowledge of HIV/AIDS 10. HIV/AIDS deaths in Indian states

Data was scrapped from the official website of UNICEF -https://data.unicef.org/ and https://data.gov.in/

Ask Phase

• Data gives the trend of increasing no. of HIV/AIDS patients across the world • The information available for each country is percentage of total Global AIDS patients • Time period traced is 2000-2019 • Key Questions to answer:  Which countries and regions are affected the most?  How are the different age groups affected?  How much is the ART (Anti Retro-viral Therapy) coverage among the patients and what is the life expectancy rate?  What percentage of the population is aware of the prevention and causes of HIV/AIDS

Prepare phase.

• By tabulating and filtering the data the required data was obtained to bring out observations. • Data was formatted to the desired format to perform further calculations. • Sorting of data region wise. • Columns with inconsistent and empty cells were deleted. • The data of India was extracted for further analysis • Duplicate entries and undesired data was removed

Process phase

For cleaning the dataset for further analysis MS Excel was used due to small data. • Used sumifs() functions to aggregate the data region wise • Used sumif() to segregate the no. of patients within different age groups • Used sumifs() to find the total number of TB patients among HIV deaths. • Used countif() to find the percentage of male and female patients. • Sorted data to find the top and bottom nation with most and least HIV/AIDS patients

Analyze phase

• Formed the following pivot tables to answer key target questions  Year v/s number of death rates  Country v/s death numbers to bring out nation wise deaths  Causes of death v/s the number of deaths to bring at which position AIDS causes causality  Year v/s percentage of life expectancy to observe the pattern of no. of survivors

Visualization phase

The data was visualized using Tableau.

Presentaion

The final presentation was prepared by accumulating all observations and inferences which is linked below https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1NEX10Vz5u5Va3CrTLVbvsUHZjO-fn8EOeiOHkP03T3Q/edit?usp=sharing

BackgroundFew studies have monitored late presentation (LP) of HIV infection over the European continent, including Eastern Europe. Study objectives were to explore the impact of LP on AIDS and mortality.Methods and FindingsLP was defined in Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) as HIV diagnosis with a CD4 count <350/mm3 or an AIDS diagnosis within 6 months of HIV diagnosis among persons presenting for care between 1 January 2000 and 30 June 2011. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with LP and Poisson regression to explore the impact on AIDS/death. 84,524 individuals from 23 cohorts in 35 countries contributed data; 45,488 were LP (53.8%). LP was highest in heterosexual males (66.1%), Southern European countries (57.0%), and persons originating from Africa (65.1%). LP decreased from 57.3% in 2000 to 51.7% in 2010/2011 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.96; 95% CI 0.95–0.97). LP decreased over time in both Central and Northern Europe among homosexual men, and male and female heterosexuals, but increased over time for female heterosexuals and male intravenous drug users (IDUs) from Southern Europe and in male and female IDUs from Eastern Europe. 8,187 AIDS/deaths occurred during 327,003 person-years of follow-up. In the first year after HIV diagnosis, LP was associated with over a 13-fold increased incidence of AIDS/death in Southern Europe (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 13.02; 95% CI 8.19–20.70) and over a 6-fold increased rate in Eastern Europe (aIRR 6.64; 95% CI 3.55–12.43).ConclusionsLP has decreased over time across Europe, but remains a significant issue in the region in all HIV exposure groups. LP increased in male IDUs and female heterosexuals from Southern Europe and IDUs in Eastern Europe. LP was associated with an increased rate of AIDS/deaths, particularly in the first year after HIV diagnosis, with significant variation across Europe. Earlier and more widespread testing, timely referrals after testing positive, and improved retention in care strategies are required to further reduce the incidence of LP.Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

HIV Viral Load Testing Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global HIV viral load testing market size in 2024 stands at USD 2.94 billion, reflecting robust demand and technological advancements across the healthcare sector. The market is experiencing a healthy growth trajectory, registering a CAGR of 6.7% from 2025 to 2033. By the end of 2033, the HIV viral load testing market is forecasted to reach approximately USD 5.05 billion. This growth is primarily driven by increasing awareness around HIV management, the rising prevalence of HIV infections globally, and continuous improvements in diagnostic technologies.

One of the primary growth factors for the HIV viral load testing market is the escalating prevalence of HIV/AIDS worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, over 38 million people are living with HIV globally, necessitating regular and accurate monitoring of viral loads to optimize treatment regimens. The adoption of HIV viral load testing is further bolstered by government initiatives and international funding, especially in low- and middle-income countries where the burden of HIV is highest. These initiatives focus on scaling up access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and ensuring the effectiveness of treatment, both of which rely heavily on precise viral load monitoring.

Technological advancements have also played a significant role in propelling the HIV viral load testing market forward. The development and commercialization of highly sensitive and specific molecular diagnostic platforms, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), have revolutionized the accuracy and speed of viral load detection. These innovations have led to the integration of automation and digital connectivity in laboratory workflows, reducing turnaround times and enabling more widespread adoption in both centralized and decentralized healthcare settings. In addition, the miniaturization of devices and the emergence of point-of-care testing solutions are expanding access in remote and resource-limited environments, further fueling market growth.

Another key growth driver is the increasing emphasis on early detection and effective monitoring of HIV treatment outcomes. Healthcare providers and policymakers are recognizing the importance of viral load testing in preventing the transmission of HIV, particularly from mother to child during childbirth. The implementation of routine viral load monitoring as a standard of care in many countries is improving patient outcomes and driving demand for advanced testing solutions. Moreover, the integration of HIV viral load testing into broader public health programs, such as those targeting co-infections with tuberculosis or hepatitis, is contributing to market expansion and enhancing the overall quality of care for affected populations.

In the realm of diagnostic advancements, HSV PCR Testing has emerged as a critical component in the broader landscape of viral detection and management. This testing method, known for its precision and rapid turnaround, is particularly significant in the context of herpes simplex virus detection. Leveraging the principles of polymerase chain reaction, HSV PCR Testing allows for the amplification of viral DNA, providing healthcare professionals with accurate and timely information necessary for effective patient management. As the demand for reliable diagnostic solutions continues to rise, the integration of HSV PCR Testing into routine healthcare practices is becoming increasingly prevalent, offering a robust tool for clinicians in both acute and chronic care settings.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the HIV viral load testing market, driven by high healthcare expenditure, well-established diagnostic infrastructure, and significant investments in research and development. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, attributed to increasing awareness, rising HIV incidence, and expanding government initiatives to improve access to diagnostics. Europe also maintains a significant market share, supported by robust screening programs and favorable reimbursement policies. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing steady growth, propelled by international funding and efforts to strengthen hea

Background By 1990, 94 percent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases in Romania were in children less than 13 years of age. The majority of the cases were identified in the city of Constanta. The purpose of this paper was to describe the current burden of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the Constanta county.

   Methods
   A cross-sectional study was designed to address the primary objective. Between April 1999 and March 2000, all living cases of pediatric HIV infection in the Constanta county were identified from records at the HIV hospital clinic which serves the Constanta county. Standard demographic, social, clinical, treatment and hospitalization data were collected for each study subject. Data were analyzed according to cross-sectional study design methodology.


   Results
   Of the 762 subjects, the majority were seven to 11 years of age, lived with their parents and attended school. Only 70% of the fathers and 13% of the mothers were employed. Horizontal transmission accounted for 90% of the cases. Most of the children had moderate to severe disease as indicated by their AIDS-defining signs; 40% had AIDS. Less than half of the children were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART and children of mothers with a high school or greater education were independent predictors of long-term non-progression of HIV disease.


   Conclusions
   This cross-sectional study demonstrated that ten years after the HIV epidemic was identified in Romania, it remains a health and economic burden. The infected children are very ill, but ART is not available for all. The proportion with vertical transmission has increased from an estimated four % to nine %. Our findings support the need to get HIV therapy to economically challenged countries such as Romania.

HIV & AIDS Diagnostics Market Outlook

The global HIV & AIDS diagnostics market size was valued at approximately USD 3.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 5.8 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% during the forecast period. This growth is driven by several factors, including rising awareness about HIV/AIDS, increasing government initiatives, and advancements in diagnostic technologies. The surge in the prevalence of HIV, especially in low and middle-income countries, and the availability of funding from global organizations are significant growth enablers in the HIV & AIDS diagnostics market.

One of the primary growth factors in this market is the continuous increase in the prevalence of HIV/AIDS globally. According to UNAIDS, approximately 38 million people were living with HIV in 2021. Such high numbers necessitate efficient diagnostic tools to manage and control the spread of the virus. Additionally, the early diagnosis and treatment of HIV can significantly improve the quality of life and lifespan of affected individuals, driving the demand for advanced diagnostic solutions. The expansion of healthcare infrastructure and the availability of antiretroviral therapies (ART) also contribute to the increased need for accurate diagnostics.

Another significant growth driver is the concerted efforts by governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to combat HIV/AIDS through various initiatives and funding. Governments around the world are investing heavily in HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention programs, which include the distribution of free or subsidized diagnostic kits. Organizations like the Global Fund, WHO, and PEPFAR are also playing crucial roles by providing financial support and technical assistance to improve HIV/AIDS diagnostics, especially in low-income regions. These initiatives aim to ensure that people living with HIV receive timely and accurate diagnoses, ultimately contributing to market growth.

The advancements in diagnostic technologies have significantly improved the accuracy, speed, and ease of HIV/AIDS testing. Innovations such as point-of-care testing, home testing kits, and the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) are revolutionizing the HIV diagnostics landscape. These advancements enable early detection, which is critical in managing the disease and preventing its transmission. Moreover, the development of multiplex testing, which can detect multiple pathogens simultaneously, is gaining traction and expected to boost market growth further. The integration of digital health solutions and artificial intelligence in diagnostics is also poised to enhance the efficiency and accessibility of HIV testing.

Retrovirus Testing plays a crucial role in the early detection and management of HIV/AIDS. As HIV is a retrovirus, specific testing methods are designed to identify the presence of the virus in the bloodstream. These tests are essential for confirming HIV infections and are often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tools to provide a comprehensive assessment of an individual's health status. The development of advanced retrovirus testing technologies has significantly improved the accuracy and speed of HIV diagnosis, enabling healthcare providers to initiate timely treatment and care. Moreover, retrovirus testing is vital for monitoring the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy, ensuring that patients receive the most appropriate and effective treatment regimens.

From a regional perspective, North America and Europe are leading the market due to their well-established healthcare infrastructure and high awareness levels about HIV/AIDS. However, regions such as Asia Pacific and Africa are expected to witness the highest growth rates during the forecast period. This growth is attributed to the high prevalence of HIV in these regions, coupled with increasing governmental and non-governmental efforts to improve healthcare access and diagnostics. Furthermore, the focus on strengthening healthcare systems and increasing healthcare expenditure in emerging economies is expected to drive significant growth in these regions.

Product Type Analysis

The HIV & AIDS diagnostics market is segmented by product type into kits and reagents, instruments, and software & services. Kits and reagents constitute the largest segment, driven by their widespread use in various diagnostic procedures. These products are essential for performing a range of tests, in

Descriptive Statistics of HIV Incidence (number of new cases per 1000 persons per year) and Covariates, 1990–2012 for 36 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

Abstract

The 2005 Guyana HIV/AIDS Indicator Survey (GAIS) is the first household-based, comprehensive survey on HIV/AIDS to be carried out in Guyana. The 2005 GAIS was implemented by the Guyana Responsible Parenthood Association (GRPA) for the Ministry of Health (MoH). ORC Macro of Calverton, Maryland provided technical assistance to the project through its contract with the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) under the MEASURE DHS program. Funding to cover technical assistance by ORC Macro and for local costs was provided in their entirety by USAID/Washington and USAID/Guyana.

The 2005 GAIS is a nationally representative sample survey of women and men age 15-49 initiated by MoH with the purpose of obtaining national baseline data for indicators on knowledge/awareness, attitudes, and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS. The survey data can be effectively used to calculate valuable indicators of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS), the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) Orphan and Vulnerable Children unit (OVC), and the World Health Organization (WHO), among others. The overall goal of the survey was to provide program managers and policymakers involved in HIV/AIDS programs with information needed to monitor and evaluate existing programs; and to effectively plan and implement future interventions, including resource mobilization and allocation, for combating the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Guyana.

Other objectives of the 2005 GAIS include the support of dissemination and utilization of the results in planning, managing and improving family planning and health services in the country; and enhancing the survey capabilities of the institutions involved in order to facilitate the implementation of surveys of this type in the future.

The 2005 GAIS sampled over 3,000 households and completed interviews with 2,425 eligible women and 1,875 eligible men. In addition to the data on HIV/AIDS indicators, data on the characteristics of households and its members, malaria, infant and child mortality, tuberculosis, fertility, and family planning were also collected.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Individuals;
• Households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary objective of the 2005 GAIS is to provide estimates with acceptable precision for important population characteristics such as HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. The population to be covered by the 2005 GAIS was defined as the universe of all women and men age 15-49 in Guyana.

The major domains to be distinguished in the tabulation of important characteristics for the eligible population are: • Guyana as a whole • The urban area and the rural area each as a separate major domain • Georgetown and the remainder urban areas.

Administratively, Guyana is divided into 10 major regions. For census purposes, each region is further subdivided in enumeration districts (EDs). Each ED is classified as either urban or rural. There is a list of EDs that contains the number of households and population for each ED from the 2002 census. The list of EDs is grouped by administrative units as townships. The available demarcated cartographic material for each ED from the last census makes an adequate sample frame for the 2005 GAIS.

The sampling design had two stages with enumeration districts (EDs) as the primary sampling units (PSUs) and households as the secondary sampling units (SSUs). The standard design for the GAIS called for the selection of 120 EDs. Twenty-five households were selected by systematic random sampling from a full list of households from each of the selected enumeration districts for a total of 3,000 households. All women and men 15-49 years of age in the sample households were eligible to be interviewed with the individual questionnaire.

The database for the recently completed 2002 Census was used as a sampling frame to select the sampling units. In the census frame, EDs are grouped by urban-rural location within the ten administrative regions and they are also ordered in each administrative unit in serpentine fashion. Therefore, this stratification and ordering will be also reflected in the 2005 GAIS sample.

Based on response rates from other surveys in Guyana, around 3,000 interviews of women and somewhat fewer of men expected to be completed in the 3,000 households selected.

Several allocation schemes were considered for the sample of clusters for each urban-rural domain. One option was to allocate clusters to urban and rural areas proportionally to the population in the area. According to the census, the urban population represents only 29 percent of the population of the country. In this case, around 35 clusters out of the 120 would have been allocated to the urban area. Options to obtain the best allocation by region were also examined. It should be emphasized that optimality is not guaranteed at the regional level but the power for analysis is increased in the urban area of Georgetown by departing from proportionality. Upon further analysis of the different options, the selection of an equal number of clusters in each major domain (60 urban and 60 rural) was recommended for the 2005 GAIS. As a result of the nonproportionalallocation of the number of EDs for the urban-rural and regional domains, the household sample for the 2005 GAIS is not a self-weighted sample.

The 2005 GAIS sample of households was selected using a stratified two-stage cluster design consisting of 120 clusters. The first stage-units (primary sampling units or PSUs) are the enumeration areas used for the 2002 Population and Housing Census. The number of EDs (clusters) in each domain area was calculated dividing its total allocated number of households by the sample take (25 households for selection per ED). In each major domain, clusters are selected systematically with probability proportional to size.

The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Guyana HIV/AIDS Indicator Survey 2005 - Final Report" pp.135-138.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Two types of questionnaires were used in the survey, namely: the Household Questionnaire and the Individual Questionnaire. The contents of these questionnaires were based on model questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS program. In consultation with USAID/Guyana, MoH, GRPA, and other government agencies and local organizations, the model questionnaires were modified to reflect issues relevant to HIV/AIDS in Guyana. The questionnaires were finalized around mid-May.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. For each person listed, information was collected on sex, age, education, and relationship to the head of the household. An important purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview.

The Household Questionnaire also collected non-income proxy indicators about the household's dwelling unit, such as the source of water; type of toilet facilities; materials used for the floor, roof and walls of the house; and ownership of various durable goods and land. As part of the Malaria Module, questions were included on ownership and use of mosquito bednets.

The Individual Questionnaire was used to collect information from women and men age 15-49 years and covered the following topics: • Background characteristics (age, education, media exposure, employment, etc.) • Reproductive history (number of births and—for women—a birth history, birth registration, current pregnancy, and current family planning use) • Marriage and sexual activity • Husband’s background • Knowledge about HIV/AIDS and exposure to specific HIV-related mass media programs • Attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS • Knowledge and experience with HIV testing • Knowledge and symptoms of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) • The malaria module and questions on tuberculosis

Cleaning operations

The processing of the GAIS questionnaires began in mid-July 2005, shortly after the beginning of fieldwork and during the first visit of the ORC Macro data processing specialist. Questionnaires for completed clusters (enumeration districts) were periodically submitted to GRPA offices in Georgetown, where they were edited by data processing personnel who had been trained specifically for this task. The concurrent processing of the data—standard for surveys participating in the DHS program—allowed GRPA to produce field-check tables to monitor response rates and other variables, and advise field teams of any problems that were detected during data entry. All data were entered twice, allowing 100 percent verification. Data processing, including data entry, data editing, and tabulations, was done using CSPro, a program developed by ORC Macro, the U.S. Bureau of Census, and SERPRO for processing surveys and censuses. The data entry and editing of the questionnaires was completed during a second visit by the ORC Macro specialist in mid-September. At this time, a clean data set was produced and basic tables with the basic HIV/AIDS indicators were run. The tables included in the current report were completed by the end of November 2005.

Response rate

• From a total of 3,055 households in the sample, 2,800 were occupied. Among these households, interviews were completed in 2,608, for a response rate of 93 percent. • A total of 2,776 eligible women were identified and

HIV Genotypic Resistance Testing Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global HIV Genotypic Resistance Testing market size reached USD 1.34 billion in 2024, driven by the increasing prevalence of HIV infections and the rising demand for personalized antiretroviral therapy. The market is expected to grow at a robust CAGR of 7.2% from 2025 to 2033, resulting in a forecasted market value of USD 2.51 billion by 2033. This growth trajectory is primarily fueled by advancements in molecular diagnostics, expanding awareness of HIV drug resistance, and the integration of genotypic resistance testing into routine clinical practice.

One of the primary growth factors for the HIV Genotypic Resistance Testing market is the global surge in HIV incidence and the corresponding need for effective disease management. As the number of people living with HIV continues to rise, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, there is a growing emphasis on optimizing antiretroviral therapy (ART). Genotypic resistance testing enables clinicians to identify specific mutations in the HIV genome that confer resistance to certain drugs, thereby facilitating the selection of the most effective treatment regimens. This approach not only improves patient outcomes but also helps in curbing the spread of drug-resistant HIV strains, which is a critical public health concern worldwide.

Technological advancements in genotypic resistance testing have significantly contributed to market expansion. The development of highly sensitive assay kits, automated instruments, and advanced bioinformatics software has enhanced the accuracy, speed, and scalability of resistance testing. These innovations have made it possible to detect low-frequency mutations and interpret complex genetic data with greater precision. Additionally, the integration of next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms into clinical workflows has enabled comprehensive analysis of HIV resistance profiles, further driving adoption among healthcare providers and research institutions. The continuous evolution of testing technologies is anticipated to lower costs and improve accessibility, especially in resource-limited settings.

Another key driver is the increasing incorporation of HIV genotypic resistance testing into national and international guidelines for HIV management. Leading health organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), recommend routine resistance testing for newly diagnosed individuals and those experiencing treatment failure. This has led to a surge in demand from hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, and public health programs. Moreover, ongoing efforts to expand HIV care infrastructure, particularly in high-burden regions like sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, are expected to further boost market growth. The rising focus on early detection and precision medicine is also encouraging investment in research and development, fostering innovation across all segments of the market.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the HIV Genotypic Resistance Testing market, accounting for the largest share due to the presence of advanced healthcare systems, high awareness levels, and substantial investments in HIV research. Europe follows closely, benefiting from robust public health initiatives and widespread adoption of molecular diagnostics. However, the Asia Pacific region is poised for the fastest growth over the forecast period, driven by increasing HIV prevalence, improving healthcare infrastructure, and supportive government policies. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing steady market expansion, supported by international funding and targeted HIV control programs. The regional dynamics underscore the global importance of genotypic resistance testing in the fight against HIV/AIDS.

Product Type Analysis

The HIV Genotypic Resistance Testing market is segmented by product type into assay kits, instruments,

Background: Increasing rates of HIV/AIDS in Eastern Europe and Central Asia contrast global trends, but the scope of HIV/AIDS research originating from Russian Federation and countries of the former Soviet Union has not been quantified.Methods: We searched six major scientific databases in Russian and English languages with medical subject heading terms “HIV” or “AIDS” and “Russia” or “Soviet Union” from 1991 to 2016. Each abstract indexed was reviewed and tagged for 25 HIV/AIDS research themes, location of research focus and first author.Results and Discussion: A total of 2,868 articles were included; 2,156 (75.1%) and 712 (24.8%) described research in the Russian Federation and countries of the former Soviet Union, respectively. There were 15 publications per million population in Russian Federation. Federal districts of the Russian Federation with the highest rates of HIV had the most limited publications. An interactive web-map with time-lapse features and links to primary literature was created using ArcGIS® technology [http://arcg.is/2FUIJ5v].Conclusion: We found a lower than expected publication rate in the Russian Federation relative to rising HIV prevalence. The greatest deficits were in the most HIV burdened regions in the Russian Federation. Our findings highlight opportunities for new research strategies and public health efforts among key populations and subnational regions.

HIV Genotypic Resistance Testing Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global HIV Genotypic Resistance Testing market size was valued at $1.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $2.5 billion by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 8.3% during the forecast period of 2024–2033. The primary growth driver for this market is the rising global prevalence of HIV and the increasing need for personalized antiretroviral therapy, which is fueling the demand for advanced genotypic resistance testing solutions. As HIV treatment protocols become more sophisticated and the threat of drug resistance intensifies, healthcare providers are increasingly relying on genotypic resistance testing to optimize patient outcomes, reduce treatment failures, and manage healthcare costs effectively. This trend, combined with technological advancements and greater awareness of the importance of resistance testing, is setting the stage for robust market expansion worldwide.

Regional Outlook

North America currently holds the largest share of the global HIV genotypic resistance testing market, accounting for over 38% of the total market value in 2024. This dominance can be attributed to the region’s mature healthcare infrastructure, high awareness levels, and strong governmental support for HIV/AIDS management programs. The United States, in particular, has established comprehensive guidelines for HIV resistance testing, ensuring its routine integration into clinical practice. Additionally, the presence of leading biotechnology firms and the rapid adoption of advanced diagnostic technologies have further solidified North America’s leadership position. Reimbursement frameworks and public health initiatives continue to drive market penetration, creating a fertile environment for ongoing innovation and product launches.

The Asia Pacific region is emerging as the fastest-growing market, projected to register a remarkable CAGR of 10.5% between 2024 and 2033. This accelerated growth is primarily fueled by increasing investments in healthcare infrastructure, rising HIV incidence rates, and expanding awareness about the benefits of early and precise resistance testing. Countries such as China, India, and Thailand are witnessing significant government and private sector investments aimed at enhancing diagnostic capabilities and improving patient access to advanced testing solutions. Strategic collaborations between local and international stakeholders are also facilitating technology transfer and capacity building, enabling rapid market uptake. Moreover, supportive regulatory reforms and the growing presence of multinational diagnostic companies are catalyzing regional market growth.

In emerging economies across Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa, the adoption of HIV genotypic resistance testing remains comparatively lower due to resource constraints, limited laboratory infrastructure, and varying levels of healthcare funding. However, localized demand is gradually increasing as international aid organizations and governments implement targeted HIV control programs and invest in public health education. Policy reforms aimed at reducing the cost of diagnostic tests and expanding insurance coverage are beginning to address barriers to access. Nevertheless, these regions continue to face challenges such as workforce shortages, logistical bottlenecks, and the need for tailored solutions to address unique epidemiological patterns.

Report Scope

HIV Long-Acting Injectables Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global HIV Long-Acting Injectables market size stood at USD 3.14 billion in 2024, reflecting the rapid adoption of innovative antiretroviral therapies worldwide. The market is expected to grow at a robust CAGR of 15.7% from 2025 to 2033, with projections indicating a market value of USD 11.07 billion by 2033. This impressive growth is primarily driven by the increasing prevalence of HIV, patient demand for more convenient and less frequent dosing regimens, and the expanding pipeline of long-acting injectable drugs.

The growth of the HIV Long-Acting Injectables market is underpinned by several key factors, the most notable being the rising global burden of HIV/AIDS. According to UNAIDS and WHO, there were over 37 million people living with HIV in 2024, with millions requiring lifelong antiretroviral therapy. Traditional daily oral regimens have long posed adherence challenges, leading to suboptimal outcomes and increased risk of virus transmission. Long-acting injectables, which can be administered monthly or even less frequently, address these adherence issues, significantly improving patient quality of life and reducing viral resistance. The recent approvals and launches of drugs such as cabotegravir and rilpivirine have demonstrated high efficacy and safety profiles, further catalyzing market expansion.

Another significant growth driver is the robust investment in research and development by pharmaceutical companies and public health organizations. The pipeline for HIV long-acting injectables is rich, with several candidates such as lenacapavir and islatravir in advanced clinical trials. These next-generation agents promise longer dosing intervals, enhanced tolerability, and improved resistance profiles, which are expected to broaden the eligible patient population and fuel market growth. Additionally, global health initiatives and funding from organizations such as the Global Fund and PEPFAR have accelerated access to these innovative therapies in low- and middle-income countries, further expanding the market base.

Healthcare infrastructure improvements and evolving treatment guidelines also play a pivotal role in shaping the HIV Long-Acting Injectables market. Many national and international guidelines now recommend long-acting injectables as viable alternatives for patients struggling with daily oral regimens or those at risk of non-adherence. This shift is particularly pronounced in high-burden regions, where healthcare providers are increasingly prioritizing patient-centric care models. Furthermore, the growing acceptance of telemedicine and digital health platforms has facilitated better patient follow-up and monitoring, supporting the broader adoption of these therapies. Collectively, these factors contribute to a favorable environment for sustained market growth over the forecast period.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the HIV Long-Acting Injectables market, accounting for over 42% of the global revenue in 2024. This leadership is attributed to early product launches, high healthcare expenditure, and proactive government initiatives aimed at ending the HIV epidemic. Europe follows closely, driven by strong reimbursement frameworks and increasing awareness among healthcare professionals and patients. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is emerging as a high-growth region, propelled by rising HIV incidence rates, expanding healthcare access, and increasing investments in public health infrastructure. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, though smaller in market size, are witnessing steady improvements in diagnosis and treatment rates, setting the stage for accelerated future growth.

Drug Type Analysis

The drug type segment of the HIV Long-Acting Injectables market is characterized by a dynamic and rapidly evolving landscape, with several key molecules driving market expansion. Cabotegravir, a long-acting integrase inhibitor, has emerged as the market leader due to its proven efficacy in both treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Approved by major regulatory agencies, cabotegravir is typically administered in combination with rilpivirine, offering patients a once-monthly or bi-monthly dosing schedule. This combination has demonstrated superior viral suppression, minimal side effects, and high patient satisfaction, making it the preferred choice in many clinical settings. The wi

HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) market size reached USD 2.12 billion in 2024, reflecting robust expansion driven by heightened awareness and adoption of preventive measures against HIV. The market is expected to maintain a strong growth trajectory with a CAGR of 15.9% over the forecast period, and is projected to reach USD 6.13 billion by 2033. The primary growth factor for this market is the increasing global incidence of HIV, coupled with intensified public health efforts and supportive government initiatives aimed at reducing new infections through effective prophylactic therapies.

One of the key growth drivers in the HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) market is the growing awareness and acceptance of PrEP as a highly effective method for preventing HIV transmission. Global health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have endorsed PrEP, resulting in its inclusion in national HIV prevention strategies. This endorsement has led to extensive educational campaigns, which have played a significant role in reducing stigma and increasing the uptake of PrEP among high-risk populations. Additionally, the availability of PrEP in various dosage forms and its proven efficacy in clinical trials have further bolstered patient confidence, leading to a surge in prescriptions and market expansion.

Another significant factor propelling market growth is the continuous innovation in drug formulations and delivery mechanisms. Pharmaceutical companies are investing heavily in research and development to introduce next-generation PrEP drugs that offer improved adherence, fewer side effects, and greater convenience. For instance, the emergence of long-acting injectable PrEP and topical formulations has addressed some of the challenges associated with daily oral regimens, such as pill fatigue and adherence issues. These advancements are expected to attract a broader patient base, including individuals who may have been reluctant to use traditional oral PrEP. Furthermore, ongoing clinical trials exploring new combinations and dosing schedules are likely to yield additional options, thereby expanding the market’s potential.

The expansion of healthcare infrastructure and improved access to preventive healthcare services, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, is also fueling the growth of the HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis market. International funding agencies, non-governmental organizations, and global partnerships are playing a pivotal role in making PrEP accessible and affordable to underserved populations. Bulk procurement programs, price negotiations, and generic drug manufacturing have reduced costs and improved supply chain efficiencies. As a result, more individuals at risk of HIV infection can benefit from PrEP, contributing to market growth. Additionally, the integration of PrEP services into existing HIV prevention and sexual health programs has streamlined delivery and increased reach, further supporting market expansion.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis market, accounting for the largest share due to its advanced healthcare infrastructure, high awareness levels, and proactive government support. The region is followed by Europe, where increasing advocacy and policy changes are driving adoption. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, attributed to rising HIV prevalence, expanding healthcare access, and growing investments in public health campaigns. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also emerging as promising markets, supported by international aid and targeted intervention programs. Each region presents unique opportunities and challenges, shaping the overall dynamics of the global PrEP market.

Drug Type Analysis

The HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) market is segmented by drug type into &

HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global HIV antiretroviral therapy market size was valued at USD 32.8 billion in 2024, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.7% projected through the forecast period. By 2033, the market is anticipated to reach approximately USD 49.5 billion, driven by the ongoing advancements in drug formulations, increasing global awareness, and robust government initiatives aimed at curbing the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The marketÂ’s expansion is underpinned by the rising prevalence of HIV infections and the growing need for effective, accessible, and safer antiretroviral therapies worldwide.

One of the primary growth factors fueling the HIV antiretroviral therapy market is the increasing prevalence of HIV/AIDS globally. According to UNAIDS, there were over 39 million people living with HIV in 2024, with new infections continuing to be reported, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This persistent disease burden has necessitated the development and distribution of more effective antiretroviral drugs. Innovations in drug delivery systems, such as long-acting injectables and fixed-dose combinations, have significantly improved patient adherence and outcomes. Moreover, the availability of generic drugs has made treatment more affordable and accessible, further driving market growth.

Another significant driver is the robust pipeline of new antiretroviral drugs and the continuous improvement in therapy regimens. Pharmaceutical companies are investing heavily in research and development to introduce drugs with fewer side effects, improved efficacy, and simplified dosing schedules. The shift towards combination therapies, which combine multiple drugs into a single pill, has not only enhanced patient compliance but also reduced the risk of drug resistance. Additionally, global health organizations and governments are implementing widespread HIV screening and early diagnosis programs, ensuring that infected individuals are identified and treated promptly, thereby reducing transmission rates and improving quality of life.

Government initiatives and funding from international agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the Global Fund, and PEPFAR (PresidentÂ’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief) have played a pivotal role in expanding access to antiretroviral therapy. These programs focus on scaling up treatment coverage, particularly in high-burden regions, and supporting the development of innovative treatment solutions. Furthermore, public-private partnerships have fostered the development and distribution of affordable therapies, especially in resource-limited settings. The growing emphasis on universal healthcare coverage and the integration of HIV treatment into primary healthcare services have also contributed to the robust growth of the HIV antiretroviral therapy market.

From a regional perspective, North America and Europe continue to dominate the HIV antiretroviral therapy market, accounting for a significant share of global revenues due to advanced healthcare infrastructure, high awareness levels, and favorable reimbursement policies. However, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-growth market, driven by increasing HIV prevalence, improving healthcare systems, and rising government investments in public health. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa also present substantial opportunities, with ongoing efforts to scale up access to antiretroviral therapy and address the unmet needs of large, underserved populations. The marketÂ’s future growth will depend on sustained investments, policy support, and continued innovation in drug development and delivery.

The introduction of Long-Acting PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) is a significant advancement in the field of HIV prevention. Unlike traditional daily oral PrEP, long-acting formulations offer extended protection with less frequent dosing, which can greatly enhance adherence and convenience for users. This innovation is particularly beneficial for populations that face challenges with daily pill regimens, such as those with busy lifestyles or limited access to healthcare facilities. Long-Acting PrEP has the potential to reduce new HIV infections substantially by providing a more discreet and manageable

BackgroundAlthough the number of new HIV infections is declining in most regions of the world, the Middle East is one of the regions with a rapidly growing HIV epidemic, with Egypt having the fastest-growing epidemic, with a 76 percent increase in the number of cases. One of the major factors contributing to this trend is the general public’s lack of knowledge about the disease. The HIV Knowledge Questionnaire-18 (HIV-KQ-18) is one of the most widely used instruments for assessing HIV/AIDS knowledge and has been translated into several languages. This study examined the validity of the Arabic version of the HIV-18-KQ as well as its adaptation among Arab undergraduates.MethodsThe HIV-18-KQ was both forward and back-translated. The translation was reviewed by an expert committee of eight experts. The final version was created and distributed to undergraduates from five Arabic countries: Egypt, Sudan, Yemen, Jordan, and Algeria. The validity of the Arabic version of the HIV-18-KQ was evaluated using internal consistency and construct validity. Internal consistency was tested using the Kuder-Richardson formula 20 (KR-20), and construct validity was evaluated using an exploratory factor analysis with a polychoric correlation matrix.ResultsThe majority of the translated items were easy to understand. The Arabic HIV-18-KQ was deemed culturally appropriate by the expert committee. This study included 1745 university students, including 956 (54.5%) males and 798 (45.5%) females, with 33.4% from Egypt. Based on the acceleration factor approach to interpreting the scree plot in the factor analysis, it was preferable to use only one factor, which is consistent with the original version of HIV-45-KQ. The KR-20 value was 0.73, indicating good internal reliability.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the Arabic version of the HIV-18-KQ is a valid and reliable tool for assessing HIV-related knowledge in Arabic-speaking countries.