The Oxfordshire Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) Project commenced in October 2012, funded by Historic England and hosted by Oxfordshire County Council (OCC). Due to a change in key personnel, the Project was not brought to a close until July 2017. The Oxfordshire HLC is the final project to be completed (outside of London) within Historic England’s national programme and represents the comprehensive coverage of HLC data across England. The aims of the Oxfordshire HLC were: To characterise, digitally map and make available in a web-based format, the historic dimension of the current landscape of Oxfordshire, in order to inform its management, conservation, and understanding at a local, county, regional, and national level. The Oxfordshire HLC project, therefore, identified and recorded evidence of the processes which have shaped the character of the current landscape. To achieve this, polygons, units of land grouped by shared characteristics, were mapped across the whole of the county. For each spatially distinct polygon, data were recorded in an Access database. This included information on the dominant attributes common to the polygon, the Broad and HLC Types those attributes assigned the polygon to, the date of origin of the current landscape type, previous landscape types, associated monuments, and evidence sources used. This methodology was primarily desk-based, using maps and aerial photographs as the primary sources of evidence. A photographic survey was conducted in the field to enhance understanding of different HLC Types. All mapping was carried out within MapInfo, a GIS program, and the linked database was created within the HLC module of HBSMR, an Access database developed and managed by Exegesis. Accuracy of Content: The level of detail and the accuracy of the information held on each HLC type reflect the nature or content of the sources used to compile the record. Users of this data should consult the HER to clarify the level of reliability and/or precision that should be afforded to information derived from the HBSMR. The Site and its Content is provided for your general information only; we do not undertake that Content will always be accurate and complete. Therefore, if you propose to do, or refrain from doing, something in reliance upon Content you find on the Site, you must check the accuracy of the relevant Content by some other means.

The Oxfordshire Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) Project commenced in October 2012, funded by Historic England and hosted by Oxfordshire County Council (OCC). Due to a change in key personnel, the Project was not brought to a close until July 2017. The Oxfordshire HLC is the final project to be completed (outside of London) within Historic England’s national programme and represents the comprehensive coverage of HLC data across England. The aims of the Oxfordshire HLC were: To characterise, digitally map and make available in a web-based format, the historic dimension of the current landscape of Oxfordshire, in order to inform its management, conservation, and understanding at a local, county, regional, and national level. The Oxfordshire HLC project, therefore, identified and recorded evidence of the processes which have shaped the character of the current landscape. To achieve this, polygons, units of land grouped by shared characteristics, were mapped across the whole of the county. For each spatially distinct polygon, data were recorded in an Access database. This included information on the dominant attributes common to the polygon, the Broad and HLC Types those attributes assigned the polygon to, the date of origin of the current landscape type, previous landscape types, associated monuments, and evidence sources used. This methodology was primarily desk-based, using maps and aerial photographs as the primary sources of evidence. A photographic survey was conducted in the field to enhance understanding of different HLC Types. All mapping was carried out within MapInfo, a GIS program, and the linked database was created within the HLC module of HBSMR, an Access database developed and managed by Exegesis. Accuracy of Content: The level of detail and the accuracy of the information held on each HLC type reflect the nature or content of the sources used to compile the record. Users of this data should consult the HER to clarify the level of reliability and/or precision that should be afforded to information derived from the HBSMR. The Site and its Content is provided for your general information only; we do not undertake that Content will always be accurate and complete. Therefore, if you propose to do, or refrain from doing, something in reliance upon Content you find on the Site, you must check the accuracy of the relevant Content by some other means.

Cornwall Council’s Historic Environment Service pioneered the methodology for Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC), undertaking the first national countywide characterisation in 1994. The Cornwall Method is set out by Peter Herring in 'Historic Landscape Assessment, Presenting a Method' (1998). Characterisation continues to be fundamental to our interpretation and presentation of the historic environment. It allows the historic dimension of the whole landscape to be fully considered and provides a readily understood context for the surviving archaeological remains.

The HLC, of the whole of Cornwall, was undertaken as part of a general Landscape Assessment of the county (published as Cornwall County Council 1996). The HLC was supported and funded by the Countryside Commission (now the Countryside Agency), English Heritage, Cornwall County Council and the six local District Councils.

The Cornwall HLC was a pilot study encouraged by English Heritage who were investigating ways of assessing the historic environment, to enable it to be placed alongside the natural environment in discussions of sustainable development. The method was based on a comprehensive and systematic collection of disparate data that was then mapped, assessed and interpreted by the Service. It represented a new way of characterising the landscape and understanding its evolution. The Cornwall Method has since been adopted and adapted by local Authorities and heritage Agencies throughout the British Isles and Europe.

A basic premise of HLC is that the whole of Britain is one continuous but multifarious historic landscape. All natural habitats in Britain are 'semi-natural', being the products of natural conditions (geology, soils, exposure, native communities etc.) as altered by various land use systems. These systems may have been either deliberate, like woodland management, grazing of heathlands (including cliffs and coastal valleys), and creation of pastures, or incidental to other processes, like the silting of estuaries as a result of tinning, or the creation of marginal habitats alongside roads. As a result, all semi-natural habitats are part of the historic environment and so there are no parts of Britain that do not have a definable historic character.

It is possible to establish, through study, the predominant historic landscape character of each parcel of land in Cornwall. The landscape is comprised of a mosaic of blocks of land whose predominant historical landscape character is both various and repeating. This quality allows parcels to be assigned, using a number of systematic sources (mainly maps), to one of around twenty clearly distinguishable HLC Types. Most Types can be found scattered across the whole of Cornwall and most can be further subdivided according to the sensitivity of characterisation required. To create a smaller-scale and simplified characterisation of the whole county, the Types mapping can be simplified, generalised and, to some extent, reinterpreted, to produce a map of Historic Landscape Character Zones.

Accuracy of Content: The level of detail and the accuracy of the information held on each HLC type reflect the nature or content of the sources used to compile the record. Users of this data should consult the HER to clarify the level of reliability and/or precision that should be afforded to information derived from the HBSMR.
The Site and its Content is provided for your general information only; we do not undertake that Content will always be accurate and complete. Therefore, if you propose to do, or refrain from doing, something in reliance upon Content you find on the Site, you must check the accuracy of the relevant Content by some other means.

Historic Landscape Assessment (HLA) seeks to identify and as far as possible understand the historic development of today's landscape. It places emphasis on the contribution that past historic processes make to the character of the landscape as a whole, not just selected 'special sites' and can contribute to a wider landscape assessment. This will help to guide decisions on its future change and management. It is important to ensure that the landscape evolves in a way that leaves it as rich and diverse in the future. The currently available data was based on a rapid countywide exercise to produce broad patterns of historic landscape character derived from maps and aerial photographs. It was not intended to represent a detailed field by field definition of historic character, but to offer a countywide view.

The Cheshire HLC project recorded the visible evidence of human history, which forms the modern landscape. This was been achieved by identifying landscape attributes from a range of historical maps. These attributes are categorised into a series of Groups, Types and Sub-types and their extent mapped and analysed using a Geographic Information System (GIS). This work enabled the historic character of any given area to be presented, together with the historic processes which formed it, to be shown cartographically. The project had the following general aims and specific objectives: General Aims -To improve and promote the understanding and appreciation of the project area's historic landscape, both locally and regionally. -To interpret and characterise how past communities have contributed to the appearance of the modern landscape. -To create a body of data to be used for the interpretation of 'heritage assets' (archaeological remains, historic structures and other historic features) within the landscape. -To enable informed decisions to be undertaken on future development and conservation, and to assist partnership with other agencies. Specific Objectives -To facilitate a landscape directed approach to archaeological development control and the interpretation of data from the Sites and Monuments Record/Historic Environment Record for Merseyside and Cheshire. -To inform future Landscape Strategies and Assessments. -To provide a complementary study to any Landscape Character Assessment and Cheshire's Historic Towns Survey. -To allow a regional Historic Landscape Characterisation overview project to be defined, in collaboration with Lancashire, Cumbria, Merseyside and Greater Manchester. -To disseminate the final analysis through professional and popular publications.

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The Chester Urban Characterisation is part of a national programme developed and funded by English Heritage and encompasses the civil parishes of Chester Non parish, Chester Castle and Great Boughton.

This characterization of the city of Chester is based primarily on archaeological evidence, rather than on the relatively recent historic urban development. The prehistoric period is primarily based on artefact scatters and is a conjectural map of activity extrapolated from the available evidence.

Human activity and social organisation have an impact on the landscape which is often visible today. Historic Landscape Characterisation involves the examination of the modern landscape, in order to infer the historic processes that have formed that landscape as it is seen today. This characterization of the city of Chester is based primarily on archaeological evidence, rather than on the relatively recent historic development that tend to define Historic Landscape Characterization (HLC) or Extensive Urban Survey (EUS) projects, however there is some consideration of documentary and cartographic sources for the later period mapping. The collated data is held in a database, which can be analysed to produce broad or detailed historic landscape classifications, answer specific questions or map change and whose results can be displayed through a Geographic Information System to produce map based interpretative models.

Characterisation aims to improve our understanding and appreciation of the urban landscape; by interpreting how past communities have contributed to its form and appearance. It creates an important body of knowledge and a tool to help make informed decisions on conservation and development proposals from a strategic level.

Attribute - Description HLCUID - HLC Unique Identifier BroadTypeDec - name of dataset BroadTypeCode - code for dataset HLCTypeDesc - name of archaeological character type HLCTypeCode - code for archaeological character type Name - Name of character zone Summary - brief text on definition of character type xgEdited - Date/Editor of Last CHER Edit Shape_Length - Perimeter of the polygon in Meters Shape_Area - Area of polygon in Square Meters

This repository is periodically updated. Historic Landscape and Soil Sustainability (MSCA-IF-2019 - Individual Fellowships) The HiLSS Project aims to investigate the relationships between sustainability and landscape heritage with particular reference to soil loss and degradation over the long term. The project will take a multidisciplinary approach that combines archaeology, Historical Landscape Characterisation (HLC), geosciences, and computer-based geospatial analysis (GIS - Geographical Information Systems) and modelling (RUSLE - Revisited Universal Soil Loss Equation). The research objectives of the HiLSS project are to quantify the impact of human activities during the Late Holocene in order to create spatial models which can inform the development of sustainable conservation strategies for rural landscape heritage. This project will focus on two mountainous regions that present historical and cultural similarities but located in different climatic zones of Europe (1- Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, Italy; 2- Northern-mid Galicia, Spain). In previous HLC studies, land-use has been evaluated from the perspective of cultural heritage, whereas RUSLE have used it as a proxy for the land-cover of an area and its effect on soil erosion. The HiLSS project will propose an innovative methodology that combines both the historic/cultural values and the environmental values of land-use to inform development of a model for the sustainable conservation. By considering the different agricultural land-use HLC types in GIS-RUSLE modelling, it will be possible to quantify the effect on soil loss for each HLC type and consequently to devise more environmentally sustainable management for each type. Environmental sustainability and historic landscape conservation are typically treated as two separate fields, but the HiLSS project will develop a transformative model for interdisciplinary research, proposing a new way to embrace both cultural and natural values as components of the same landscape management plans. HLC_RUSLE.zip The R script code was developed by dr. F. Brandolini (Newcastle University, UK) to accompany the paper: 'Brandolini, F., Kinnaird, T.C., Srivastava, A., Turner S. - Modelling the impact of historic landscape change on soil erosion and degradation. Sci Rep 13, 4949 (2023)'. List of files included in HLC_RUSLE.zip: R_script_code named 'HLC_RUSLE' in .rmd format Output folder: Figures folder: .png products of the R script code Rasters folder: .png products of the R script code Tables folder: .pdf products of the R script code GeoTiff folder (.TIFF file format): Regional RUSLE Data GPKG: HLC dataset and Region Of Interest file in .gpkg format Spatial statistics to reveal patterns and connections in the historic landscape The R script code was developed by dr. F. Brandolini (Newcastle University, UK) to accompany the paper: ' F. Brandolini & S. Turner (2022) Revealing patterns and connections in the historic landscape of the northern Apennines (Vetto, Italy), Journal of Maps, DOI: 10.1080/17445647.2022.2088305. '. It is available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5907229 Supplementary material_Land _SI_Historic Landscape Evolution.zip Supplementary Materials to accompaing the paper: The evolution of historic agroforestry landscape in the Northern Apennines (Italy) and its consequences for slope geomorphic processes, submitted to Land, Special Issue Historic Landscape Transformation. Project_Publications.zip List of .pdf file included in the folder: 1) Brandolini F, Domingo-Ribas G, Zerboni A and Turner S. A Google Earth Engine-enabled Python approach for the identification of anthropogenic palaeo-landscape features [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. Open Res Europe 2021, 1:22 (https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13135.2) 2) Brandolini F., Turner S. 2022 - Revealing patterns and connections in the historic landscape of the northern Apennines (Vetto, Italy), Journal of Maps, (https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2022.2088305) 3) Brandolini, F., Kinnaird, T.C., Srivastava, A., Turner S. 2023 - Modelling the impact of historic landscape change on soil erosion and degradation. Sci Rep 13, 4949 (2023), (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31334-z) 4) Brandolini, F., Compostella, C., Pelfini, M., and Turner, S. 2023 - 'The Evolution of Historic Agroforestry Landscape in the Northern Apennines (Italy) and Its Consequences for Slope Geomorphic Processes' Land 12, no. 5: 1054. (https://doi.org/10.3390/land12051054)

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The Chester Urban Characterisation is part of a national programme developed and funded by English Heritage and encompasses the civil parishes of Chester Non parish, Chester Castle and Great Boughton.

This characterization of the city of Chester is based primarily on archaeological evidence, rather than on the relatively recent historic urban development. The Saxon period is primarily based on remains recovered during archaeological investigations in the city.

Human activity and social organisation have an impact on the landscape which is often visible today. Historic Landscape Characterisation involves the examination of the modern landscape, in order to infer the historic processes that have formed that landscape as it is seen today. This characterization of the city of Chester is based primarily on archaeological evidence, rather than on the relatively recent historic development that tend to define Historic Landscape Characterization (HLC) or Extensive Urban Survey (EUS) projects, however there is some consideration of documentary and cartographic sources for the later period mapping. The collated data is held in a database, which can be analysed to produce broad or detailed historic landscape classifications, answer specific questions or map change and whose results can be displayed through a Geographic Information System to produce map based interpretative models.

Characterisation aims to improve our understanding and appreciation of the urban landscape; by interpreting how past communities have contributed to its form and appearance. It creates an important body of knowledge and a tool to help make informed decisions on conservation and development proposals from a strategic level.

Attribute - Description HLCUID - HLC Unique Identifier BroadTypeDec - name of dataset BroadTypeCode - code for dataset HLCTypeDesc - name of archaeological character type HLCTypeCode - code for archaeological character type Name - Name of character zone Summary - brief text on definition of character type xgEdited - Date/Editor of Last CHER Edit Shape_Length - Perimeter of the polygon in Meters Shape_Area - Area of polygon in Square Meters

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This dataset shows areas within the Midlands Heartland Heathland corridor, which are known to have historically been heathland or unenclosed commons. The data provides evidence to aid the targeting of heathland restoration and creation in a crucial landscape corridor. A number of information sources and data layers were used to produce this layer. Two historic information references were used as follows: Yates' 1775 Map of the County of Stafford and Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) Data [Wolverhampton City Council (2010) Black Country Historic Landscape Characterisation [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1000030 and Adrian Axinte (2017) Birmingham Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1043264)].An indication as to areas which might be suitable for heathland creation can be provided by looking at the known former extent of the habitat in the corridor. Prior to the enclosure of the commons there was thought to be a series of heaths and commons linking Cannock Chase to Sutton Park. Areas of historic heathland were primarily mapped using OS Mastermap and OS 1:50,000 maps with reference to Yates’ (1775) map of the County of Stafford (Yates 1775 Map of the County of Stafford) as a source, which depicts the unenclosed commons stretching all the way from Cannock Chase through to Sutton Park. Interpretation was necessary to map these onto current Ordnance Survey data. To complement this, within Birmingham and the Black Country, Historic Landscape Characterisation data sources were used to help provide information on additional historic heathland areas.For a full description of the methodology see the following report: Midlands Heathland Heartland Lowland: Heathland Nature Recovery Opportunity Mapping.Datasets Used:OS MasterMapHLC data - Wolverhampton CCHLC data - Birmingham CC1775 Map of the County of Stafford - W. Yates1:50000 scale colour raster (OS)Full metadata can be viewed on data.gov.uk.

Canada Harmonized Agriculture Forest Land Cover 2015 The harmonized land cover (HLC) map is produced from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) and Canadian Forest Service (CFS) data. The HLC product is exhaustive of all area from the northern edge of Canada’s forested ecosystems to the southern border. The land cover is following Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) categories, represents the year 2015, and is at 30-m spatial resolution. This harmonized land cover map combines two sector-driven land cover products: the Virtual Land Cover Engine or VLCE from the CFS (Hermosilla et al., 2018), and AAFC's Annual Crop Inventory or ACI (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2018). The harmonization process was conducted using a Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model. The LDA model used regionalized class co-occurrences from multiple maps to generate a harmonized class label for each pixel by statistically characterizing land attributes from the class co-occurrences, using the information provided by the error matrices and semantic affinity scores. For a complete overview on the data, methods applied, and information on independent accuracy assessment, see Li et al. (2020). When using this data, please cite as: Li, Z., White, J.C., Wulder, M.A., Hermosilla, T., Davidson, A.M., Comber, A.J., 2020. Land cover harmonization using Latent Dirichlet Allocation. International Journal of Geographical Information Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2020.1796131 (Open access) ( Li et al. 2020). For additional resources on the data used and methods applied, please see: Hermosilla, T., Wulder, M.A., White, J.C., Coops, N.C., Hobart, G.W., 2018. Disturbance-informed annual land cover classification maps of Canada’s forested ecosystems for a 29-year Landsat time series. Canadia Journal of Remote Sensing 44(1), 67-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2018.1437719 (Open access) ( Hermosilla et al. 2018). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2018. Annual Crop Inventory [WWW Document]. URL https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/ba2645d5-4458-414d-b196-6303ac06c1c9. ( AAFC, 2018. Annual Crop Inventory ).

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The Chester Urban Characterisation is part of a national programme developed and funded by English Heritage and encompasses the civil parishes of Chester Non parish, Chester Castle and Great Boughton.

This characterization of the city of Chester is based primarily on archaeological evidence, rather than on the relatively recent historic urban development. The Roman period is primarily based on remains recovered during archaeological investigations in the city.

Human activity and social organisation have an impact on the landscape which is often visible today. Historic Landscape Characterisation involves the examination of the modern landscape, in order to infer the historic processes that have formed that landscape as it is seen today. This characterization of the city of Chester is based primarily on archaeological evidence, rather than on the relatively recent historic development that tend to define Historic Landscape Characterization (HLC) or Extensive Urban Survey (EUS) projects, however there is some consideration of documentary and cartographic sources for the later period mapping. The collated data is held in a database, which can be analysed to produce broad or detailed historic landscape classifications, answer specific questions or map change and whose results can be displayed through a Geographic Information System to produce map based interpretative models.

Characterisation aims to improve our understanding and appreciation of the urban landscape; by interpreting how past communities have contributed to its form and appearance. It creates an important body of knowledge and a tool to help make informed decisions on conservation and development proposals from a strategic level.

Attribute - Description HLCUID - HLC Unique Identifier BroadTypeDec - name of dataset BroadTypeCode - code for dataset HLCTypeDesc - name of archaeological character type HLCTypeCode - code for archaeological character type Name - Name of character zone Summary - brief text on definition of character type xgEdited - Date/Editor of Last CHER Edit Shape_Length - Perimeter of the polygon in Meters Shape_Area - Area of polygon in Square Meters

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Nature Recovery Network map of the Midlands Heartland Heathland area including Core Habitats (Primary and Associated Habitats), Heathland Creation Opportunity areas and Secondary Enhancement Areas. The data provides evidence to aid the targeting of heathland restoration and creation in a crucial landscape corridor. A number of information sources and data layers were used to produce this layer. The Primary, Associated and Restorable habitat polygons were produced based on habitat and species data held by EcoRecord and SER to complement NE priority habitat inventory data. Heathland Creation Opportunity areas were identified based on a number of environmental criteria including historic landuse, habitats, and soils. For a full description of the methodology see the following report: Midlands Heathland Heartland Lowland: Heathland Nature Recovery Opportunity Mapping. Datasets Used:Habitat data - SERSpecies data - SERLocal Sites data - SERHabitat data - EcoRecordSpecies data - EcoRecordLocal Sites data - EcoRecordOS MasterMap – OS1:50000 scale colour raster (OS)Soils data - Cranfield University [NSRI]Black Country HLC data - Wolverhampton CCBirmingham HLC data - Birmingham CC1775 Map of the County of Stafford - W. YatesFull metadata can be viewed on data.gov.uk.

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