In 2023, there were about ******* homeless people estimated to be living in the United States, the highest number of homeless people recorded within the provided time period. In comparison, the second-highest number of homeless people living in the U.S. within this time period was in 2007, at *******. How is homelessness calculated? Calculating homelessness is complicated for several different reasons. For one, it is challenging to determine how many people are homeless as there is no direct definition for homelessness. Additionally, it is difficult to try and find every single homeless person that exists. Sometimes they cannot be reached, leaving people unaccounted for. In the United States, the Department of Housing and Urban Development calculates the homeless population by counting the number of people on the streets and the number of people in homeless shelters on one night each year. According to this count, Los Angeles City and New York City are the cities with the most homeless people in the United States. Homelessness in the United States Between 2022 and 2023, New Hampshire saw the highest increase in the number of homeless people. However, California was the state with the highest number of homeless people, followed by New York and Florida. The vast amount of homelessness in California is a result of multiple factors, one of them being the extreme high cost of living, as well as opposition to mandatory mental health counseling and drug addiction. However, the District of Columbia had the highest estimated rate of homelessness per 10,000 people in 2023. This was followed by New York, Vermont, and Oregon.

When analyzing the ratio of homelessness to state population, New York, Vermont, and Oregon had the highest rates in 2023. However, Washington, D.C. had an estimated ** homeless individuals per 10,000 people, which was significantly higher than any of the 50 states. Homeless people by race The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development performs homeless counts at the end of January each year, which includes people in both sheltered and unsheltered locations. The estimated number of homeless people increased to ******* in 2023 – the highest level since 2007. However, the true figure is likely to be much higher, as some individuals prefer to stay with family or friends - making it challenging to count the actual number of homeless people living in the country. In 2023, nearly half of the people experiencing homelessness were white, while the number of Black homeless people exceeded *******. How many veterans are homeless in America? The  number of homeless veterans in the United States has halved since 2010. The state of California, which is currently suffering a homeless crisis, accounted for the highest number of homeless veterans in 2022. There are many causes of homelessness among veterans of the U.S. military, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance abuse problems, and a lack of affordable housing.

Financial overview and grant giving statistics of Shelter the Homeless International Projects

Homeless International Activity File-AO

Financial overview and grant giving statistics of Homeless and Orphanage Children International

Homeless International Organisation File

Financial overview and grant giving statistics of World Aid for Homeless Children Incorported

Homeless International Activity File-998

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii has been extensively studied in a variety of different human populations. However, no study has focused on homeless populations. Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies and the risk factors associated in homeless persons from homeless shelter of São Paulo city, southeastern Brazil. In addition, anti-HIV antibodies and associated risk of T. gondii and HIV coinfection have been evaluated. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected by indirect fluorescent antibody test. In addition, anti-HIV levels were tested by chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay, with positive samples confirmed by rapid immunoblot assay. Overall, IgG anti-T. gondii seropositivity was found in 43/120 (35.8%) homeless persons, with endpoint titers varying from 16 to 1,024. The only two pregnant women tested were negative for IgM by chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay, with normal parturition and clinically healthy newborns in both cases. There were no statistical differences in the risk factors for anti-T. gondii serology (p > 0.05). Anti-HIV seropositivity was found in 2/120 (1.7%) homeless persons, confirmed as HIV-1. One HIV seropositive individual was also sero-reactive to IgG anti-T. gondii, and both were negative to IgM anti-T. gondii. This is the first study that reports the serosurvey of T. gondii in homeless persons worldwide. Despite the limited sample size available in the present study, our findings have shown that the prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in homeless persons herein was lower than the general population, probably due to homeless diet habit of eating mainly processed food intake. No statistical differences were found regarding risk factors for anti-T. gondii exposure in homeless persons. Future studies should be conducted to fully establish risk factors for anti-T. gondii exposure in homeless persons.

Homeless International Activity File-KE

BackgroundHomelessness is one of the most disabling and precarious living conditions. The objective of this Delphi consensus study was to identify priority needs and at-risk population subgroups among homeless and vulnerably housed people to guide the development of a more responsive and person-centred clinical practice guideline.MethodsWe used a literature review and expert working group to produce an initial list of needs and at-risk subgroups of homeless and vulnerably housed populations. We then followed a modified Delphi consensus method, asking expert health professionals, using electronic surveys, and persons with lived experience of homelessness, using oral surveys, to prioritize needs and at-risk sub-populations across Canada. Criteria for ranking included potential for impact, extent of inequities and burden of illness. We set ratings of ≥ 60% to determine consensus over three rounds of surveys.FindingsEighty four health professionals and 76 persons with lived experience of homelessness participated from across Canada, achieving an overall 73% response rate. The participants identified priority needs including mental health and addiction care, facilitating access to permanent housing, facilitating access to income support and case management/care coordination. Participants also ranked specific homeless sub-populations in need of additional research including: Indigenous Peoples (First Nations, Métis, and Inuit); youth, women and families; people with acquired brain injury, intellectual or physical disabilities; and refugees and other migrants.InterpretationThe inclusion of the perspectives of both expert health professionals and people with lived experience of homelessness provided validity in identifying real-world needs to guide systematic reviews in four key areas according to priority needs, as well as launch a number of working groups to explore how to adapt interventions for specific at-risk populations, to create evidence-based guidelines.

Homeless International Activity File-TZ

Homeless International Activity File-LK

Winter Shelter Overflow Monitoring Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Winter Shelter Overflow Monitoring market size was valued at $415 million in 2024 and is projected to reach $1.18 billion by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 12.2% during the forecast period of 2024–2033. One of the major factors fueling the growth of this market globally is the increasing demand for real-time capacity monitoring and intelligent resource allocation in homeless shelters and emergency response centers, especially during harsh winter months. As urban populations rise and climate change leads to more unpredictable and severe winter conditions, the need for advanced monitoring solutions that ensure the safety and well-being of vulnerable populations is more critical than ever. This has led to a surge in investments in digital infrastructure and smart monitoring platforms by municipalities, non-profit organizations, and government agencies worldwide, further propelling the market’s expansion.

Regional Outlook

North America currently holds the largest share of the Winter Shelter Overflow Monitoring market, accounting for over 38% of the global market value in 2024. The region’s dominance is attributed to its mature technological landscape, robust funding for social welfare programs, and stringent regulatory frameworks that mandate effective shelter management, especially during winter emergencies. The United States and Canada lead the adoption of advanced software and hardware solutions, leveraging IoT, cloud computing, and analytics for real-time occupancy tracking and resource optimization. The presence of numerous non-profit organizations, proactive municipal authorities, and significant federal investments in homelessness prevention further reinforce North America’s leadership in this sector. Ongoing public-private partnerships and integration of AI-driven analytics are expected to keep the region at the forefront of innovation and market growth through 2033.

Asia Pacific is identified as the fastest-growing region in the Winter Shelter Overflow Monitoring market, projected to register a remarkable CAGR of 15.7% from 2024 to 2033. This rapid growth is driven by increasing urbanization, rising incidences of extreme weather events, and heightened government focus on social welfare infrastructure across countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, and Australia. Investments in smart city initiatives and the proliferation of cloud-based monitoring solutions are enabling municipalities and non-profits to adopt scalable and cost-effective shelter overflow management systems. Additionally, regional governments are launching targeted policy reforms and incentives to improve the resilience of social services, which is fostering the adoption of advanced monitoring technologies. The market in Asia Pacific is also benefiting from collaborations with international humanitarian organizations and technology vendors, further accelerating the deployment of innovative solutions.

Emerging economies in Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa are gradually adopting Winter Shelter Overflow Monitoring solutions, although market penetration remains relatively low compared to developed regions. Challenges such as limited digital infrastructure, budgetary constraints, and varying policy frameworks often hinder the widespread implementation of advanced monitoring systems. However, localized demand is rising, particularly in urban centers facing increasing homelessness and unpredictable winter conditions. International aid, NGO partnerships, and localized pilot projects are playing a crucial role in bridging the technology gap and demonstrating the value of real-time monitoring for shelter management. Over the forecast period, as governments in these regions prioritize social protection and invest in digital transformation, the adoption rate of winter shelter monitoring solutions is expected to accelerate, albeit from a smaller base.

Report Scope

IntroductionHomelessness has been considered one of the most vulnerable situations worldwide, alongside people private of liberty (incarceration) and country displacement (refugees). Structural inequality and exposure to diseases such as leptospirosis may be aggravated by individual issues including drug addiction, mental disorders and improper healthcare.MethodsThe present study has accessed persons experiencing homelessness to Leptospira spp. exposure by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for 30 serovars. This study was conducted in São Paulo city in southeastern Brazil and São José dos Pinhais city, belonging the eighth biggest metropolitan area of Brazil in Southern region.ResultsIn total, 21/243 (8.6%; 95% CI = 5.6–13.1%) persons experiencing homelessness were seropositive in the MAT. Location, condom use, and flea infestations were identified as statistically significant associated risk factors for exposure.DiscussionThe presence of multiple Leptospira spp. serovars may indicate bacterial diversity, even in urban settings. The results herein found for persons experiencing homelessness were not a surprise, as Brazil has been historically recognized as an endemic country for leptospirosis, with 3,810 leptospirosis cases on average per year and the majority living in densely populated urban areas. Multidisciplinary efforts and integrated policies may be crucial to mitigate leptospirosis and other infectious diseases in persons experiencing homelessness, as social neglection may impact on their fundamental rights to dignity and access to personal health.

Project Overview This study used a community-based participatory approach to identify and investigate the needs of people experiencing homelessness in Dublin, Ireland. The project had several stages: A systematic review on health disparities amongst people experiencing homelessness in the Republic of Ireland; Observation and interviews with homeless attendees of a community health clinic; and Interviews with community experts (CEs) conducted from September 2022 to March 2023 on ongoing work and gaps in the research/health service response. This data deposit stems from stage 3, the community expert interview aspect of this project. Stage 1 of the project has been published (Ingram et al., 2023.) and associated data are available here. De-identified field note data from stage 2 of the project are planned for sharing upon completion of analysis, in January 2024. Data and Data Collection Overview A purposive, criterion-i sampling strategy (Palinkas et al., 2015) – where selected interviewees meet a predetermined criterion of importance – was used to identify professionals working in homeless health and/or addiction services in Dublin, stratified by occupation type. Potential CEs were identified through an internet search of homeless health and addiction services in Dublin. Interviewed CEs were invited to recommend colleagues they felt would have relevant perspectives on community health needs, expanding the sample via snowball strategy. Interview questions were based on World Health Organization Community Health Needs Assessment guidelines (Rowe at al., 2001). Semi-structured interviews were conducted between September 2022 and March 2023 utilising ZOOM™, the phone, or in person according to participant preference. Carolyn Ingram, who has formal qualitative research training, served as the interviewer. CEs were presented with an information sheet and gave audio recorded, informed oral consent – considered appropriate for remote research conducted with non-vulnerable adult participants – in the full knowledge that interviews would be audio recorded, transcribed, and de-identified, as approved by the researchers’ institutional Human Research Ethics Committee (LS-E-125-Ingram-Perrotta-Exemption). Interviewees also gave permission for de-identified transcripts to be shared in a qualitative data archive. Shared Data Organization 16 de-identified transcripts from the CE interviews are being published. Three participants from the total sample (N=19) did not consent to data archival. The transcript from each interviewee is named based on the type of work the interviewee performs, with individuals in the same type of work being differentiated by numbers. The full set of professional categories is as follows: Addiction Services Government Homeless Health Services Hospital Psychotherapist Researcher Social Care Any changes or removal of words or phrases for de-identification purposes are flagged by including [brackets] and italics. The documentation files included in this data project are the consent form and the interview guide used for the study, this data narrative and an administrative README file. References Ingram C, Buggy C, Elabbasy D, Perrotta C. (2023) “Homelessness and health-related outcomes in the Republic of Ireland: a systematic review, meta-analysis and evidence map.” Journal of Public Health (Berl). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-023-01934-0 Palinkas LA, Horwitz SM, Green CA, Wisdom JP, Duan N, Hoagwood K. (2015) “Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research.” Administration and Policy in Mental Health. Sep;42(5):533–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y Rowe A, McClelland A, Billingham K, Carey L. (2001) “Community health needs assessment: an introductory guide for the family health nurse in Europe” [Internet]. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/108440

Journeys Home: A Longitudinal Study of Factors Affecting Housing Stability was a national survey of Australians who were either homeless or at high risk of becoming homeless. Data collection commenced in September 2011 with a further five waves of data collected approximately six months apart. Journeys Home was funded by the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA), and run by the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research at The University of Melbourne. Roy Morgan Research (RMR) was sub-contracted to undertake the fieldwork. It was designed as a tool for enabling research that would improve understanding of the pathways into and out of homelessness in Australia and the consequences of homelessness for long-term outcomes. Three different data releases are available, depending on your research requirements and location. These releases are General, Restricted, and International. In the General and International releases some variables (such as location, industry and debt) are confidentialised. The International release also limits some income related variables.

Analysis unit

Persons, households, and dwellings

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: yes - Vacant Units: Yes - Households: yes - Individuals: yes - Group quarters: yes

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: Dwelling is any inhabited physical place, constructed or adapted for housing people. - Households: Household is a group of people, related or otherwise, who occupy the dwelling. - Group quarters: Collective houshold is a group of people who share the dwelling in a non-familial system, for reasons of work, health, discipline, religion, punishment, etc.

Universe

All the population in the national territory at the moment the census is carried out. Homeless, passengers in transit (international flights), personnel on duty in hospitals, factories, institutions, and other places, employees of the National Institute of Statistics, embassies and consulates

Kind of data

Population and Housing Census [hh/popcen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and Coordination, Republic of Bolivia

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 642368.

SAMPLE DESIGN: Systematic sample of every tenth dwelling with a random start; drawn by IPUMS Homeless, passengers in transit (international flights), personnel on duty in hospitals, factories, institutions, and other places, employees of the National Institute of Statistics, embassies and consulates

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

A single booklet that consists of sections on geographic location, dwelling, and population (individual)

Abstract

The Household Living Conditions Survey has been carried out annually since 1999 by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine (formerly the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine). The survey is based on generally accepted international standards and depicts social and demographic situation in Ukraine.

From 2002, items of consumer money and aggregate expenditures have been developed in line with the International Classification of Individual Consumption of Goods and Services (COICOP-HBS), recommended by Eurostat.

From 2004, the State Statistics Service of Ukraine has been implementing a new system of household sample survey organization and delivery. A unified interviewer network was established to run simultaneously three household surveys: Household Living Conditions Survey, households' economic activity survey and the survey of household farming in rural areas. A new national territorial probability sampling was introduced to deliver the three sampling surveys in 2004-2008.

Geographic coverage

National, except some settlements within the territories suffered from the Chernobyl disaster.

Analysis unit

• Households,
• Individuals.

A household is a totality of persons who jointly live in the same residential facilities of part of those, satisfy all their essential needs, jointly keep the house, pool and spend all their money or portion of it. These persons may be relatives by blood, relatives by law or both, or have no kinship relations. A household may consist of one person (Law of Ukraine "On Ukraine National Census of Population," Article 1). As only 0.50% households have members with no kinship relations (0.65% total households if bachelors are excluded), the contemporary concepts "household" and "family" are very close.

Universe

Whole country, all private households. The survey does not cover collective households, foreigners temporarily living in Ukraine as well as the homeless.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

12,977 households representing all regions of Ukraine (including 8,975 in urban areas and 4,002 in rural areas) are selected for this survey. Grossing up sample survey results to all households of Ukraine is done by the statistic weighting method.

Building a territorial sample, researchers excluded settlements located in the excluded zone (Zone 1) and unconditional (forced) resettlement zone (Zone 2) within the territories suffered from the Chernobyl disaster.

Computing the number of population subject to surveying, from the number of resident population researchers excluded institutional population - army conscripts, persons in places of confinement, residents of boarding schools and nursing homes, - and marginal population (homeless, etc).

The parent population was stratified so that the sample could adequately represent basic specifics of the administrative and territorial division and ensure more homogeneous household populations. To achieve this objective, the parent population was divided into strata against the regions of Ukraine. In each stratum three smaller substrata were formed: urban settlements (city councils) having 100,000 or more inhabitants (big cities), urban settlements (city councils) having less than 100,000 inhabitants (small towns) and all districts (except city districts), i.e. administrative districts in rural areas. Sample size was distributed among strata and substrata in proportion to their non-institutional resident population.

Detailed information about selecting primary territorial units of sampling (PTUS) and households is available in the document "Household Living Conditions Survey Methodological Comments" (p. 4-7).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The HLCS uses the following survey tools:

1) Main interviews

Main interview questionnaires collect general data on households, such as household composition, housing facilities, availability and use of land plots, cattle and poultry, characteristics of household members: anthropometric data, education, employment status. Interviewing of households takes place at the survey commencement stage. In addition, while interviewing, the interviewer completes a household composition check card to trace any changes during the entire survey period.

2) Observation of household expenditures and incomes

For the observation, two tools are used: - Weekly diary of current expenditures. It is completed directly by a household twice a quarter. In the diary respondents (households) record all daily expenditures in details (e.g. for purchased foodstuffs - product description, its weight and value, and place of purchase). In addition, a household puts into the diary information on consumption of products produced in private subsidiary farming or received as a gift.

Households are evenly distributed among rotation groups, who complete diaries in different week days of every quarter. Assuming that the two weeks data are intrinsic for the entire quarter, the single time period of data processing (quarter) is formed by means of multiplying diary data by ratio 6.5 (number of weeks in a quarter divided on the number of weeks when diary records were made). Inclusion of foodstuffs for long-time consumption is done based on quarterly interview data.

• Quarterly questionnaire. It is used to interview households in the first month following the reporting quarter. Researchers collect data on large and irregular expenditures, in particular those relating to the purchase of foodstuffs for long-time consumption (e.g. sacks, etc.), and also data on household incomes. Since recalling all incomes and expenditures made in a quarter is uneasy, households make records during a quarter in a special quarterly expenditures log.

The major areas for quarterly observation are the following: - structure of consumer financial expenditures for goods and services; - structure of other expenditures (material aid to other households, expenditures for private subsidiary farming, purchase of real estate, construction and major repair of housing facilities and outbuildings, accumulating savings, etc); - importance of private subsidiary farming for household welfare level (receipt and use of products from private subsidiary farming for own consumption, financial income from sales of such products, etc.); - structure of income and other financial sources of a household. We separately study the income of every individual household member (remuneration of labor, pension, scholarship, welfare, etc.) and the income in form payments to a household as a whole (subsidies for children, aid of relatives and other persons, income from - sales of real estate and property, housing and utility subsidies, use of savings, etc.).

3) Single-time topical interviews

Single-time topical interviews questionnaires are used quarterly and cover the following topics: - household expenditures for construction and repair of housing facilities and outbuilding - availability of durable goods in a household - assessment by households members of own health and accessibility of selected medical services - self-assessment by a household of adequacy of its income - household's access to Internet

Shelter Management Mobile Check-In Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Shelter Management Mobile Check-In market size was valued at $1.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $3.8 billion by 2033, expanding at a robust CAGR of 13.5% during the forecast period of 2025–2033. The primary factor fueling this market’s global growth is the increasing demand for real-time, data-driven solutions to streamline shelter operations, improve occupant safety, and ensure regulatory compliance. As governments and humanitarian organizations face mounting challenges in managing shelter populations due to natural disasters, homelessness, and public health emergencies, the adoption of mobile check-in technologies is rapidly accelerating. These solutions offer unparalleled efficiency in registration, occupancy tracking, and resource allocation, fundamentally transforming the way shelters operate worldwide.

Regional Outlook

North America currently holds the largest share of the global Shelter Management Mobile Check-In market, accounting for over 38% of total market value in 2024. This dominance is attributed to the region’s mature technological infrastructure, proactive government policies around disaster management, and a strong ecosystem of non-profit organizations. The United States, in particular, has seen widespread adoption of mobile check-in platforms across both government-run and privately managed shelters, driven by stringent regulatory requirements for data transparency and occupant safety. High-profile natural disasters and public health crises have further accelerated investments in digital shelter management solutions, making North America a bellwether for innovation and best practices in this sector.

In contrast, the Asia Pacific region is the fastest-growing market, projected to expand at a CAGR of 17.2% through 2033. Rapid urbanization, increasing frequency of natural disasters, and substantial government investment in digital public safety infrastructure are key drivers in countries such as China, India, and Japan. These nations are embracing cloud-based shelter management mobile check-in systems to address massive population displacements and improve emergency response capabilities. The region’s tech-savvy population and growing mobile penetration further support the adoption of these solutions, while international aid agencies and local governments collaborate to scale up digital shelter management initiatives.

Emerging economies in Latin America, Africa, and parts of Southeast Asia are also witnessing gradual adoption of shelter management mobile check-in technologies, albeit at a slower pace. Challenges such as limited digital infrastructure, inconsistent funding, and varying regulatory frameworks can impede rapid deployment. However, humanitarian crises and localized demand for efficient shelter management are prompting governments and NGOs to pilot mobile check-in platforms, often with support from international donors. As digital literacy improves and policy reforms are enacted, these regions are expected to contribute increasingly to the global market, although their aggregate market share remains modest compared to established and fast-growing regions.

Report Scope