The number of people left homeless due to wildfires in 2023 amounted to **, a considerable decrease when compared to the figures of 2022 and 2021, when ***** and ***** people lost their homes due to such disasters.

When analyzing the ratio of homelessness to state population, New York, Vermont, and Oregon had the highest rates in 2023. However, Washington, D.C. had an estimated ** homeless individuals per 10,000 people, which was significantly higher than any of the 50 states. Homeless people by race The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development performs homeless counts at the end of January each year, which includes people in both sheltered and unsheltered locations. The estimated number of homeless people increased to ******* in 2023 – the highest level since 2007. However, the true figure is likely to be much higher, as some individuals prefer to stay with family or friends - making it challenging to count the actual number of homeless people living in the country. In 2023, nearly half of the people experiencing homelessness were white, while the number of Black homeless people exceeded *******. How many veterans are homeless in America? The  number of homeless veterans in the United States has halved since 2010. The state of California, which is currently suffering a homeless crisis, accounted for the highest number of homeless veterans in 2022. There are many causes of homelessness among veterans of the U.S. military, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance abuse problems, and a lack of affordable housing.

The graph displays the top 15 states by an estimated number of homeless people in the United States for the year 2025. The x-axis represents U.S. states, while the y-axis shows the number of homeless individuals in each state. California has the highest homeless population with 187,084 individuals, followed by New York with 158,019, while Hawaii places last in this dataset with 11,637. This bar graph highlights significant differences across states, with some states like California and New York showing notably higher counts compared to others, indicating regional disparities in homelessness levels across the country.

In 2023, there were about ******* homeless people estimated to be living in the United States, the highest number of homeless people recorded within the provided time period. In comparison, the second-highest number of homeless people living in the U.S. within this time period was in 2007, at *******. How is homelessness calculated? Calculating homelessness is complicated for several different reasons. For one, it is challenging to determine how many people are homeless as there is no direct definition for homelessness. Additionally, it is difficult to try and find every single homeless person that exists. Sometimes they cannot be reached, leaving people unaccounted for. In the United States, the Department of Housing and Urban Development calculates the homeless population by counting the number of people on the streets and the number of people in homeless shelters on one night each year. According to this count, Los Angeles City and New York City are the cities with the most homeless people in the United States. Homelessness in the United States Between 2022 and 2023, New Hampshire saw the highest increase in the number of homeless people. However, California was the state with the highest number of homeless people, followed by New York and Florida. The vast amount of homelessness in California is a result of multiple factors, one of them being the extreme high cost of living, as well as opposition to mandatory mental health counseling and drug addiction. However, the District of Columbia had the highest estimated rate of homelessness per 10,000 people in 2023. This was followed by New York, Vermont, and Oregon.

Transitional Housing Services Market size was valued at USD 100 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 342.6 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 15.2% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

Global Transitional Housing Services Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Transitional Housing Services Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Increasing Homelessness Rates: The rising rates of homelessness globally are a significant market driver for transitional housing services. Factors such as economic instability, lack of affordable housing, and social issues contribute to this increasing trend. Many cities report surges in homelessness, prompting governments and NGOs to seek robust solutions. Transitional housing serves as an intermediary step, offering individuals and families temporary support while they work towards permanent housing solutions.

Financial overview and grant giving statistics of Global Partnership for Homeless Health Inc.

Winter Shelter Overflow Monitoring Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Winter Shelter Overflow Monitoring market size was valued at $415 million in 2024 and is projected to reach $1.18 billion by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 12.2% during the forecast period of 2024–2033. One of the major factors fueling the growth of this market globally is the increasing demand for real-time capacity monitoring and intelligent resource allocation in homeless shelters and emergency response centers, especially during harsh winter months. As urban populations rise and climate change leads to more unpredictable and severe winter conditions, the need for advanced monitoring solutions that ensure the safety and well-being of vulnerable populations is more critical than ever. This has led to a surge in investments in digital infrastructure and smart monitoring platforms by municipalities, non-profit organizations, and government agencies worldwide, further propelling the market’s expansion.

Regional Outlook

North America currently holds the largest share of the Winter Shelter Overflow Monitoring market, accounting for over 38% of the global market value in 2024. The region’s dominance is attributed to its mature technological landscape, robust funding for social welfare programs, and stringent regulatory frameworks that mandate effective shelter management, especially during winter emergencies. The United States and Canada lead the adoption of advanced software and hardware solutions, leveraging IoT, cloud computing, and analytics for real-time occupancy tracking and resource optimization. The presence of numerous non-profit organizations, proactive municipal authorities, and significant federal investments in homelessness prevention further reinforce North America’s leadership in this sector. Ongoing public-private partnerships and integration of AI-driven analytics are expected to keep the region at the forefront of innovation and market growth through 2033.

Asia Pacific is identified as the fastest-growing region in the Winter Shelter Overflow Monitoring market, projected to register a remarkable CAGR of 15.7% from 2024 to 2033. This rapid growth is driven by increasing urbanization, rising incidences of extreme weather events, and heightened government focus on social welfare infrastructure across countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, and Australia. Investments in smart city initiatives and the proliferation of cloud-based monitoring solutions are enabling municipalities and non-profits to adopt scalable and cost-effective shelter overflow management systems. Additionally, regional governments are launching targeted policy reforms and incentives to improve the resilience of social services, which is fostering the adoption of advanced monitoring technologies. The market in Asia Pacific is also benefiting from collaborations with international humanitarian organizations and technology vendors, further accelerating the deployment of innovative solutions.

Emerging economies in Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa are gradually adopting Winter Shelter Overflow Monitoring solutions, although market penetration remains relatively low compared to developed regions. Challenges such as limited digital infrastructure, budgetary constraints, and varying policy frameworks often hinder the widespread implementation of advanced monitoring systems. However, localized demand is rising, particularly in urban centers facing increasing homelessness and unpredictable winter conditions. International aid, NGO partnerships, and localized pilot projects are playing a crucial role in bridging the technology gap and demonstrating the value of real-time monitoring for shelter management. Over the forecast period, as governments in these regions prioritize social protection and invest in digital transformation, the adoption rate of winter shelter monitoring solutions is expected to accelerate, albeit from a smaller base.

Report Scope

The research, entitled Homelessness during COVID-19: Homeless Migrants in a Global Crisis, took a biographical life story approach to understand the experiences of 43 non-UK nationals who experienced homelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the first phase of the project, and in order to gain insight into the homelessness sector, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 37 people across nine homelessness organisations. The focus of the interviews was on migrant homelessness before and during the pandemic. Due to ethical reasons, we are not able to upload data from the life story interviews that we conducted with migrants experiencing homelessness. However, the data from the semi-structured interviews with staff in the homelessness sector that we have submitted to the UK Data Service helped us to frame our research and provided much-needed contextual information during the pandemic.

People experiencing homelessness are disproportionately impacted by coronavirus. Despite government efforts to place rough sleepers in hotels to contain the spread of the disease, many migrants sleeping rough with No Recourse to Public Funds (NRPF) have been left behind at the height of a global pandemic. This project, involving researchers from University of Portsmouth, University of Sussex and St Mungo's, the homeless charity, will produce an 18-month qualitative-based study of migrant homelessness framed by the wider global and national context. Working with two of St Mungo's migrant services, Street Legal, St Mungo's legal team and Routes Home, a service supporting people sleeping rough from outside of the UK, a particular focus of the study will be the experience of non-UK nationals and their attempts, during the crisis, to resolve their immigration status. Many of these migrants are at the sharpest end of homelessness: almost 1,000 rough sleepers housed in emergency accommodation in London have NRPF (Heath, 2020).

Most migrant homeless clients are faced with multiple everyday challenges; they experience the hostility and aggression directed toward homeless people, compounded with often intense experiences of racism. Migrant homeless clients are also likely to be afraid of 'authorities' for various reasons including fear of deportation by the Home Office and personal histories of violent persecution by state actors in their original countries of belonging. During the pandemic, increased numbers of police on the streets have created high anxiety for refugees/asylum seekers and destitute migrants who report being retriggered with PTSD symptoms, with no access to NHS mental health services that are now delivered primarily remotely and are restricted access except to those patients who have access to free or cheap wifi, or unlimited phone credit (Munt 2020). A cultural miasma of fear and anxiety due to pandemic can affect such vulnerable minority groups particularly forcefully, with public attitudes generating direct aggression toward perceived 'outsiders' as harbingers of disease. Historically, the discourse of the 'stranger' (Ahmed 1991) or foreigner as bringer of disease has been well recognised within cultural sociology (Munt 2007), and as cultural suspicion grows under such conditions, feelings of alienation and estrangement amongst vulnerable groups intensifies.

The project will innovate by examining the biographical and life history narratives of St Mungo's clients in London in relation to their experiences of homelessness during the coronavirus crisis. Alongside semi-structured interviews, we will use participatory research methods including peer research, autoethnographic diaries, mobile phone photo-ethnographies and life history narratives in order to capture the rich and emotive narratives of those experiencing crisis. In doing so, we will examine the intersection of personal histories, complex global processes and the dynamics of the particular situation (Stewart, 2012, 2013). Researching vulnerable groups requires ethical sensitivity. It carries the danger of risking more disappointment among the respondents and exacerbating intense feelings of loneliness and isolation. To avoid this, and to make a positive intervention, we will seek to engage clients with services and support as part of the research project. Based on its findings, and working with St Mungo's partners, the project will make recommendations for measures that can be taken across the UK and elsewhere to support the homeless, particularly those most vulnerable, during times of crisis.

BackgroundHomelessness represents a widespread social issue globally, yet the risk of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) associated with people experiencing homelessness (PEH) has not received sufficient attention. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the risk of NDDs among PEH and its variation across countries and regions through meta-analysis and systematic review.MethodsSearching from databases such as PubMed and Web of Science, relevant research articles on PEH and NDDs were identified. After multiple screening, eight articles were selected for meta-analysis. Statistical methods and models were used to evaluate the association between PEH and NDDs, stratified by disease type and country.ResultsWe found that PEH had a 51% higher risk of NDDs (OR = 1.51 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.89)) compared with those with stable housing. Specifically, PEH had a significantly higher risk of developing multiple sclerosis (OR = 4.64 (95% CI: 1.96, 10.98)). Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) (OR = 1.93 (95% CI: 1.34, 2.77)), dementia (OR = 1.69 (95% CI: 1.26, 2.27)), and cognitive impairment (OR = 1.07 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.16)) were all at higher risk. Furthermore, country and regional differences were observed, with countries such as Iran (OR = 4.64 (95% CI: 1.96, 10.98)), the Netherlands (OR = 2.14 (95% CI: 1.23, 3.73)), the United States (OR = 1.66 (95% CI: 1.25, 2.22)), and Canada (OR = 1.06 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.10)) showing a higher risk of NDDs among the PEH.ConclusionsThe study emphasizes the significant NDD risks among PEH, providing novel perspectives on this issue and shedding light on national disparities influenced by variations in healthcare systems and social environments. This will be beneficial for academia and government to prioritize the health of PEH with NDDs, aiming to mitigate disease incidence and economic burdens while preserving social stability and upholding basic human rights.

Winter Shelter Overflow Monitoring Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the winter shelter overflow monitoring market size reached USD 1.12 billion globally in 2024, with a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.7% projected through to 2033. By the end of this forecast period, the market is expected to attain a value of USD 2.37 billion. The primary growth factor driving this market is the increasing demand for real-time occupancy tracking and resource allocation in winter shelters, particularly as urban homelessness rises and extreme weather events become more frequent and severe. As per our latest research, the market’s expansion is underpinned by technological advancements, heightened government focus on public welfare, and the proliferation of smart city initiatives that prioritize efficient management of emergency shelter resources.

The growth trajectory of the winter shelter overflow monitoring market is significantly influenced by the escalating prevalence of homelessness in urban centers across the globe. Cities are facing unprecedented challenges due to economic instability, housing shortages, and the impact of climate change, which has led to harsher and more unpredictable winter seasons. As a result, there is a heightened need for efficient, data-driven monitoring systems that can provide real-time insights into shelter occupancy, ensuring that no individual is left without access to safe, warm accommodations. This urgent demand is pushing municipalities, non-profit organizations, and social service providers to invest in advanced monitoring solutions that not only track shelter capacity but also optimize the allocation of resources, streamline communication, and enhance the overall responsiveness of emergency support networks.

Another pivotal growth factor for the winter shelter overflow monitoring market is the technological evolution of monitoring systems, particularly the integration of IoT sensors, AI-driven analytics, and cloud-based platforms. These innovations allow for seamless data collection and analysis, enabling shelter operators to anticipate overflow situations, coordinate with other facilities, and make informed decisions rapidly. The shift towards interoperable platforms that can connect with broader municipal emergency response systems is also facilitating a more holistic approach to managing shelter resources during peak winter periods. This technological shift is attracting increased investment from both public and private sectors, as stakeholders recognize the potential of these systems to save lives, reduce operational costs, and improve the overall effectiveness of winter shelter programs.

Furthermore, government initiatives and policy frameworks are playing a crucial role in accelerating the adoption of winter shelter overflow monitoring solutions. Many regional and national governments are now mandating the use of advanced monitoring technologies as part of their broader public safety and disaster preparedness strategies. These mandates are often accompanied by dedicated funding streams and technical support, which lower the barriers to entry for smaller organizations and foster a competitive market landscape. Additionally, public-private partnerships are emerging as an effective model for scaling up deployment, leveraging the expertise of technology providers while ensuring alignment with social welfare objectives. As regulatory standards continue to evolve, the market is expected to benefit from increased standardization, interoperability, and data security, further driving widespread adoption.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the winter shelter overflow monitoring market, accounting for the largest share due to its advanced technological infrastructure, strong governmental support, and high incidence of urban homelessness. Europe follows closely, with significant investments in smart city projects and social welfare programs. The Asia Pacific region is witnessing rapid growth, fueled by urbanization, rising awareness about homelessness, and increasing government initiatives to address emergency shelter needs. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually adopting these monitoring solutions, primarily in major urban centers and regions prone to extreme weather events. Each region presents unique challenges and opportunities, shaping the competitive dynamics and innovation trends within the global market.
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Winter Weather Shelter Operations Market Outlook

According to the latest research, the global winter weather shelter operations market size reached USD 2.1 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust response to increasing climate volatility and the urgent need for humanitarian support during extreme cold weather events. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 8.4% from 2025 to 2033, with the total market size projected to reach USD 4.3 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by rising incidences of severe winter storms, urban homelessness, and evolving emergency management protocols worldwide.

The growth trajectory of the winter weather shelter operations market is underpinned by several key factors, the foremost being the increasing frequency and severity of extreme winter weather events globally. As climate change accelerates, regions previously unaffected by harsh winters are now experiencing record-low temperatures, leading to a surge in demand for emergency shelters, warming centers, and related outreach services. This trend is further compounded by growing urbanization, which concentrates vulnerable populations in metropolitan areas, heightening the need for rapid deployment of shelter solutions. Governments and non-profit organizations are consequently allocating higher budgets for winter preparedness, fueling market expansion and innovation in shelter operations.

Another significant driver for the winter weather shelter operations market is the rising visibility and prioritization of homelessness and public health issues. Major cities across North America, Europe, and parts of Asia Pacific are witnessing increased advocacy for human rights and social welfare, prompting policymakers to invest in more robust shelter infrastructure. The COVID-19 pandemic also highlighted the intersection between public health and emergency sheltering, leading to the adoption of more stringent safety protocols, improved facility designs, and integration of health services within shelters. This holistic approach has not only improved operational standards but also expanded the scope of services offered, thereby increasing the market’s overall value.

Technological advancements and innovative service delivery models are also playing a pivotal role in shaping the winter weather shelter operations market. The adoption of modular and mobile shelter units, enhanced digital outreach through online platforms, and the use of data analytics for efficient resource allocation are transforming how shelters operate and respond to emergencies. These innovations enable rapid scalability, cost efficiency, and improved user experiences, attracting investments from both public and private sectors. Furthermore, partnerships between government agencies, non-profits, and community groups are fostering a more collaborative ecosystem, which is essential for addressing the complex challenges posed by winter weather emergencies.

From a regional perspective, North America remains the dominant market for winter weather shelter operations, accounting for over 38% of the global market share in 2024. This is attributed to the region’s high incidence of winter storms, robust government funding, and well-established non-profit networks. Europe follows closely, driven by strong social welfare policies and increasing urban homelessness. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-growth market, with a projected CAGR of 10.2% through 2033, due to rapid urbanization and growing awareness of climate resilience. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, though smaller in market size, are witnessing steady growth as governments enhance disaster preparedness frameworks and invest in emergency shelter infrastructure.

Service Type Analysis

The service type segment of the winter weather shelter operations market encompasses emergency shelters, temporary warming centers, transitional housing, outreach services, and others. Emergency shelters repres

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii has been extensively studied in a variety of different human populations. However, no study has focused on homeless populations. Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies and the risk factors associated in homeless persons from homeless shelter of São Paulo city, southeastern Brazil. In addition, anti-HIV antibodies and associated risk of T. gondii and HIV coinfection have been evaluated. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected by indirect fluorescent antibody test. In addition, anti-HIV levels were tested by chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay, with positive samples confirmed by rapid immunoblot assay. Overall, IgG anti-T. gondii seropositivity was found in 43/120 (35.8%) homeless persons, with endpoint titers varying from 16 to 1,024. The only two pregnant women tested were negative for IgM by chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay, with normal parturition and clinically healthy newborns in both cases. There were no statistical differences in the risk factors for anti-T. gondii serology (p > 0.05). Anti-HIV seropositivity was found in 2/120 (1.7%) homeless persons, confirmed as HIV-1. One HIV seropositive individual was also sero-reactive to IgG anti-T. gondii, and both were negative to IgM anti-T. gondii. This is the first study that reports the serosurvey of T. gondii in homeless persons worldwide. Despite the limited sample size available in the present study, our findings have shown that the prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in homeless persons herein was lower than the general population, probably due to homeless diet habit of eating mainly processed food intake. No statistical differences were found regarding risk factors for anti-T. gondii exposure in homeless persons. Future studies should be conducted to fully establish risk factors for anti-T. gondii exposure in homeless persons.

This layer contains person and bed counts by Continuum of Care (CoC) Grantee Areas from Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Layer is symbolized to show the count of chronically homeless unsheltered adults (field UNSH_CH). To see the full list of attributes available in this service, go to the "Data" tab, and choose "Fields" at the top right. The Continuum of Care (CoC) Homeless Assistance Programs administered by HUD award funds competitively and require the development of a Continuum of Care system in the community where assistance is being sought. A continuum of care system is designed to address the critical problem of homelessness through a coordinated community-based process of identifying needs and building a system to address those needs. The approach is predicated on the understanding that homelessness is not caused merely by a lack of shelter, but involves a variety of underlying, unmet needs - physical, economic, and social. Funds are granted based on the competition following the Notice of Funding Availability (NOFA). The Point-in-Time (PIT) count is a count of sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons on a single night in January. HUD requires that Continuums of Care (CoCs) conduct an annual count of homeless persons who are sheltered in emergency shelter, transitional housing, and Safe Havens on a single night. CoCs also must conduct a count of unsheltered homeless persons every other year (odd numbered years). Each count is planned, coordinated, and carried out locally. The Housing Inventory Count (HIC) is a point-in-time inventory of provider programs within a CoC that provide beds and units dedicated to serve persons who are homeless, categorized by five Program Types: Emergency Shelter; Transitional Housing; Rapid Re-housing; Safe Haven; and Permanent Supportive Housing.Data note: MO-604 covers territory in both Missouri and Kansas.Alias names on fields taken from Data Dictionary: DD_Continuum_of_Care_(CoC)_Grantee_AreasDate of Coverage: 2017; Data Last Updated: 11/27/2018; downloaded and published from HUD open data on 2/7/2019. Suggested Citation: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)'s person and bed counts for Continuum of Care Grantee Areas, accessed via ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World on (date).

Shelter Occupancy Management Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Shelter Occupancy Management market size was valued at $1.12 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $2.37 billion by 2033, expanding at a robust CAGR of 8.4% during the forecast period of 2024–2033. One of the major growth drivers for this market is the increasing demand for advanced occupancy monitoring and resource optimization solutions, particularly in response to rising natural disasters, urban homelessness, and the growing need for efficient shelter management systems. As governments, non-profit organizations, and private entities face mounting pressures to provide safe, efficient, and humane shelter environments, the adoption of integrated shelter occupancy management platforms is accelerating globally. This trend is further supported by the proliferation of digital transformation initiatives and the integration of IoT, AI, and cloud technologies, which are revolutionizing how shelter facilities are managed, monitored, and optimized for both human and animal populations.

Regional Outlook

North America currently holds the largest share of the global Shelter Occupancy Management market, accounting for over 38% of the total market value in 2024. The region’s dominance is underpinned by mature technology infrastructure, early adoption of cloud-based and automated occupancy management solutions, and strong government mandates focused on public safety and welfare. The United States, in particular, has witnessed significant investments in upgrading emergency and homeless shelter systems, leveraging advanced analytics and real-time monitoring to maximize resource utilization and improve resident outcomes. In addition, robust collaborations between public agencies and technology vendors have accelerated the rollout of innovative shelter management platforms, further cementing North America's leadership position in this market.

Asia Pacific emerges as the fastest-growing region in the Shelter Occupancy Management market, with a projected CAGR of 11.2% from 2024 to 2033. This remarkable growth is fueled by rapid urbanization, increasing frequency of climate-related disasters, and heightened government focus on disaster preparedness and social welfare. Countries such as China, India, and Japan are investing heavily in the modernization of shelter infrastructure, deploying smart occupancy management systems that integrate IoT sensors, cloud computing, and mobile applications to streamline operations and ensure real-time visibility into shelter capacities. Furthermore, international aid and development organizations are partnering with local governments to implement scalable shelter management solutions, thereby accelerating technology adoption and market expansion across the region.

In emerging economies across Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa, the adoption of Shelter Occupancy Management solutions is gaining momentum, albeit at a slower pace due to infrastructural and financial constraints. Localized demand is primarily driven by increasing urban migration, recurring natural disasters, and the need for efficient resource allocation in under-resourced shelters. However, challenges such as limited digital literacy, fragmented policy frameworks, and budgetary limitations hinder widespread implementation. Despite these obstacles, targeted policy reforms, donor funding, and pilot projects are gradually paving the way for broader adoption, especially as governments and NGOs recognize the value of data-driven shelter management for improving safety, transparency, and operational efficiency.

Report Scope

This layer contains detailed Point in Time counts of homeless populations from 2018, 2013, and 2008. A 2019 version is now available!Layer is symbolized to show the count of the overall homeless population in 2018, with overall counts from 2008 and 2013 in the pop-up, as well as a pie chart of breakdown of type of shelter. To see the full list of attributes available in this service, go to the "Data" tab, and choose "Fields" at the top right. The Point-in-Time (PIT) count is a count of sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons on a single night in January. HUD requires that Continuums of Care Areas (CoCs) conduct an annual count of homeless persons who are sheltered in emergency shelter, transitional housing, and Safe Havens on a single night. CoCs also must conduct a count of unsheltered homeless persons every other year (odd numbered years). Each count is planned, coordinated, and carried out locally.The Point-in-Time values were retrieved from HUD's Historical Data site. The 2018, 2013, and 2008 sheets within the "2007 - 2018 PIT Counts within CoCs.xlsx" (downloaded on 2/7/2019) file were combined and joined to the CoC boundaries available from HUD's Open Data site. As noted in the "Mergers" sheet in the PIT Excel file, some CoC Areas have merged over the years. Use caution when comparing numbers in these CoCs across years. Data note: MO-604 covers territory in both Missouri and Kansas. The record described in this file represents the CoC's total territory, the sum of the point-in-time estimates the CoC separately reported for the portions of its territory in MO and in KS.For more information and attributes on the CoC Areas themselves, including contact information, see this accompanying layer.Suggested Citation: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)'s Point in Time (PIT) counts for Continuum of Care Grantee Areas, accessed via ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World on (date).

Winter Weather Shelter Operations Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the winter weather shelter operations market size reached USD 3.2 billion globally in 2024, driven by increased frequency of extreme weather events and heightened awareness of vulnerable populations. The market is poised to grow at a CAGR of 6.7% during the forecast period, with projections indicating a value of USD 5.8 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily attributed to the rising demand for emergency accommodation and support services during severe winter conditions, as well as expanding government and non-profit initiatives targeting homelessness and disaster response.

A key growth driver for the winter weather shelter operations market is the increasing incidence and severity of winter storms and cold snaps across various regions. Climate change has led to unpredictable weather patterns, resulting in more frequent and intense winter weather events. This has put immense pressure on government agencies, non-profit organizations, and community groups to enhance their preparedness and response mechanisms. The need for robust shelter infrastructure, rapid deployment capabilities, and comprehensive support services has never been more critical. Consequently, investments in both temporary and permanent shelter solutions, as well as mobile shelter units, are rising steadily, fostering market expansion.

Another significant factor fueling market growth is the evolving landscape of public health and safety regulations. In the wake of recent global health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a marked shift toward ensuring that winter weather shelters adhere to stringent health and safety protocols. This has led to increased adoption of advanced medical assistance services, improved sanitation facilities, and enhanced case management processes within shelter operations. Furthermore, the integration of technology for efficient service delivery, such as online platforms for shelter location and registration, is streamlining operations and improving accessibility for at-risk populations.

The market is also benefiting from a surge in collaborative efforts between government bodies, non-profit organizations, and private sector players. Public-private partnerships are playing a pivotal role in expanding shelter capacity, optimizing resource allocation, and facilitating the distribution of essential services such as food, transportation, and medical care. These collaborations are not only addressing immediate shelter needs during winter emergencies but are also contributing to long-term strategies for reducing homelessness and supporting community resilience. As a result, the winter weather shelter operations market is witnessing robust growth and diversification, with new service models and distribution channels emerging to meet evolving demands.

Regionally, North America holds the largest share of the winter weather shelter operations market, accounting for over 38% of global revenue in 2024. This dominance is driven by well-established government programs, significant funding allocations, and a proactive approach to disaster preparedness. Europe follows closely, with a strong emphasis on social welfare and comprehensive support systems for vulnerable populations. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is experiencing the fastest growth, with a CAGR of 8.2%, fueled by rapid urbanization, increasing awareness, and expanding government initiatives to address the impact of extreme winter weather on marginalized communities.

Shelter Type Analysis

The shelter type segment of the winter weather shelter operations market is categorized into temporary shelters, permanent shelters, and mobile shelters. Temporary shelters account for the largest share within this segment, as they are the primary response mechanism during sudden and severe winter weather events. These shelters are typically set up in community centers, schools, or churches, offering immediate refuge to individuals and families facing homelessness or displacement due to winter storms. Their scalability and ease of deployment make them indispensable during emergencies, driving continued investment from both government and non-profit sectors. Furthermore, advancements in modular shelter designs and materials are enhancing the efficiency and comfort of temporary shelters, ensuring better protection and support for occupants.
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BackgroundBelonging is closely associated with well-being, yet individuals with experiences of being unhoused are likely to experience social exclusion and challenges with developing a sense of belonging. Engagement in meaningful activity has been linked to belonging; however, there are no focused studies exploring experiences of how engaging in meaningful activities influences belonging. Meaningful activities are things we do that bring value to our lives.PurposeTo explore how engaging in meaningful activities may influence experiences of belonging following homelessness through a secondary analysis of qualitative interviews.MethodUsing interviews conducted in a community-based participatory action study exploring the transition to housing following homelessness (n = 19), we conducted a thematic analysis using the method described by Braun and Clarke. Participants were recruited through communication with local organizations supporting individuals with lived and living experiences of being unhoused as well as through presentations at drop-in organizations. An intentional effort was made to recruit diverse participants regarding housing status, age, and gender. Inductive analysis was used to conduct initial coding, focusing on belonging and engaging in meaningful activities. We then analyzed the codes abductively, using Bourdieu’s Social Capital Theory to inform this analysis.FindingsThe overarching essence generated in our analysis was: “I don’t feel like I belong…everything in the world is not for me…it’s for people with…enough money to…enjoy those things”. Within this overall essence, we generated three themes: 1) Human connection: “being where I am with people who care about me, I actually feel good”; 2) Social exclusion: being a “regular member of society”; and 3) Non-human connection: “my cats…are like my kids to me.” Participants described numerous contextual factors that challenged them as they sought belonging following homelessness, including financial limitations and other societal factors.ConclusionOur findings suggest that meaningful activity was an important pathway to belonging for participants in this study.

Shelter Management Mobile Check-In Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Shelter Management Mobile Check-In market size was valued at $1.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $3.8 billion by 2033, expanding at a robust CAGR of 13.5% during the forecast period of 2025–2033. The primary factor fueling this market’s global growth is the increasing demand for real-time, data-driven solutions to streamline shelter operations, improve occupant safety, and ensure regulatory compliance. As governments and humanitarian organizations face mounting challenges in managing shelter populations due to natural disasters, homelessness, and public health emergencies, the adoption of mobile check-in technologies is rapidly accelerating. These solutions offer unparalleled efficiency in registration, occupancy tracking, and resource allocation, fundamentally transforming the way shelters operate worldwide.

Regional Outlook

North America currently holds the largest share of the global Shelter Management Mobile Check-In market, accounting for over 38% of total market value in 2024. This dominance is attributed to the region’s mature technological infrastructure, proactive government policies around disaster management, and a strong ecosystem of non-profit organizations. The United States, in particular, has seen widespread adoption of mobile check-in platforms across both government-run and privately managed shelters, driven by stringent regulatory requirements for data transparency and occupant safety. High-profile natural disasters and public health crises have further accelerated investments in digital shelter management solutions, making North America a bellwether for innovation and best practices in this sector.

In contrast, the Asia Pacific region is the fastest-growing market, projected to expand at a CAGR of 17.2% through 2033. Rapid urbanization, increasing frequency of natural disasters, and substantial government investment in digital public safety infrastructure are key drivers in countries such as China, India, and Japan. These nations are embracing cloud-based shelter management mobile check-in systems to address massive population displacements and improve emergency response capabilities. The region’s tech-savvy population and growing mobile penetration further support the adoption of these solutions, while international aid agencies and local governments collaborate to scale up digital shelter management initiatives.

Emerging economies in Latin America, Africa, and parts of Southeast Asia are also witnessing gradual adoption of shelter management mobile check-in technologies, albeit at a slower pace. Challenges such as limited digital infrastructure, inconsistent funding, and varying regulatory frameworks can impede rapid deployment. However, humanitarian crises and localized demand for efficient shelter management are prompting governments and NGOs to pilot mobile check-in platforms, often with support from international donors. As digital literacy improves and policy reforms are enacted, these regions are expected to contribute increasingly to the global market, although their aggregate market share remains modest compared to established and fast-growing regions.

Report Scope

PurposeRecovery Education Centres (REC) in mental health offer a new model of providing recovery supports through emancipatory adult education and recovery-oriented service principles. Despite the widespread adoption of RECs, there is limited evidence regarding factors enabling engagement and participation, particularly for unique subpopulations or service delivery contexts. The Supporting Transitions and Recovery Learning Centre (STAR) in Toronto, Ontario is the first REC in Canada and one of few worldwide supporting adults transitioning out of homelessness. This research aimed to investigate individual and program level enablers of engagement and participation in a REC for this population.MethodsQualitative methods were used to explore the experiences of 20 service user participants through semi-structured interviews exploring their experiences of REC participation and perceived key program features. Interviews were conducted between July 2017 and June 2018, six to 14 months following REC enrollment, and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.ResultsIn contrast to past experiences with health and social services, participants described a welcoming and respectful physical and interpersonal environment with low-barrier seamless access facilitating their engagement and participation. Although the realities of homelessness presented barriers for some, participants described that the involvement of peers, as role models, and the self-directed, strengths, and skills-based curriculum, co-produced and co-delivered by peers and professionals, were instrumental in activating the process of recovery through education.Conclusions/ImplicationsFindings are consistent with the growing evidence base of the defining features of RECs and suggest this model can be successfully extended to support recovery among adults transitioning out of homelessness. This unique examination of Canada’s first REC for adults exiting homelessness can help guide program and policy development to better support this disadvantaged population.