The monthly house price index in London has increased since 2015, albeit with fluctuation. In August 2025, the index reached 99.1, which is a slight decrease from the same month in 2024. Nevertheless, prices widely varied in different London boroughs, with Kensington and Chelsea being the priciest boroughs for an apartment purchase.

The house price index in London reached 99.1 index points in May 2025, which was an increase of 2.2 percent year on year. The house price index (HPI) is an easy way of illustrating trends in the house sales market and help simplify house purchase decisions. By using hedonic regression, the index models property price data for all dwellings and shows how much the price has changed since January 2023. Average house prices in Londnon boroughs Location plays a huge role in the price of a home. Kensington and Chelsea and City of Westminster are undoubtedly the most expensive boroughs in London, with an average house price that can exceed one million British pounds. In comparison, a house in Barking and Dagenham cost approximately one third. Nevertheless, the housing market is the busiest in the boroughs with average house prices. How have regional house prices in the UK developed? House prices in other UK regions have risen even more than in London. In Northern Ireland, the house price index reached nearly 120 index points in May 2025, ranking it among the regions with the highest property appreciation. The UK house price index stood at 103 index points, suggesting an increase of 51 percent since 2015.

The UK housing market continued to show significant regional variations in 2025, with London maintaining its position as the most expensive city for homebuyers. The average house price in the capital stood at ******* British pounds in February, nearly double the national average. However, the market dynamics are shifting, with London experiencing only a modest *** percent annual increase, while other cities like Belfast and Liverpool saw more substantial growth of over **** percent respectively. Affordability challenges and market slowdown Despite the continued price growth in many cities, the UK housing market is facing headwinds. The affordability of mortgage repayments has become the biggest barrier to property purchases, with the majority of the respondents in a recent survey citing it as their main challenge. Moreover, a rising share of Brits have reported affordability as a challenge since 2021, reflecting the impact of rising house prices and higher mortgage rates. The market slowdown is evident in the declining housing transaction volumes, which have plummeted since 2021. European context The stark price differences are mirrored in the broader European context. While London boasts some of the highest property prices among European cities, a comparison of the average transaction price for new homes in different European countries shows a different picture. In 2023, the highest prices were found in Austria, Germany, and France.

Median price paid for residential property in England and Wales, for all property types by lower layer super output area. Annual data..

The average mix-adjusted house price in London, England, peaked in August 2022, followed by a slight correction in 2023. In June 2024, the average house price amounted to about ******* British pounds, up from ******* British pounds a year ago. These recent fluctuations have also been observed by other measures, such as the house price index. The house price index is an important measure for the residential real estate market and is used to show changes in the value of residential properties.

House prices in the UK rose dramatically during the coronavirus pandemic, with growth slowing down in 2022 and turning negative in 2023. The year-on-year annual house price change peaked at 14 percent in July 2022. In April 2025, house prices increased by 3.5 percent. As of late 2024, the average house price was close to 290,000 British pounds. Correction in housing prices: a European phenomenon The trend of a growing residential real estate market was not exclusive to the UK during the pandemic. Likewise, many European countries experienced falling prices in 2023. When comparing residential property RHPI (price index in real terms, e.g. corrected for inflation), countries such as Germany, France, Italy, and Spain also saw prices decline. Sweden, one of the countries with the fastest growing residential markets, saw one of the largest declines in prices. How has demand for UK housing changed since the outbreak of the coronavirus? The easing of the lockdown was followed by a dramatic increase in home sales. In November 2020, the number of mortgage approvals reached an all-time high of over 107,000. One of the reasons for the housing boom were the low mortgage rates, allowing home buyers to take out a loan with an interest rate as low as 2.5 percent. That changed as the Bank of England started to raise the base lending rate, resulting in higher borrowing costs and a decline in homebuyer sentiment.

These National Statistics provide monthly estimates of the number of residential and non-residential property transactions in the UK and its constituent countries. National Statistics are accredited official statistics.

England and Northern Ireland statistics are based on information submitted to the HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT) database by taxpayers on SDLT returns.

Land and Buildings Transaction Tax (LBTT) replaced SDLT in Scotland from 1 April 2015 and this data is provided to HMRC by https://www.revenue.scot/">Revenue Scotland to continue the time series.

Land Transaction Tax (LTT) replaced SDLT in Wales from 1 April 2018. To continue the time series, the https://gov.wales/welsh-revenue-authority">Welsh Revenue Authority (WRA) have provided HMRC with a monthly data feed of LTT transactions since July 2021.

LTT figures for the latest month are estimated using a grossing factor based on data for the most recent and complete financial year. Until June 2021, LTT transactions for the latest month were estimated by HMRC based upon year on year growth in line with other UK nations.

LTT transactions up to the penultimate month are aligned with LTT statistics.

Go to Stamp Duty Land Tax guidance for the latest rates and information.

Go to Stamp Duty Land Tax rates from 1 December 2003 to 22 September 2022 and Stamp Duty: rates on land transfers before December 2003 for historic rates.

The latest release was published 09:30 28 November 2025 and was updated with provisional data from completed transactions during October 2025.

The next release will be published 09:30 09 January 2026 and will be updated with provisional data from completed transactions during November 2025.

https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20240320184933/https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/monthly-property-transactions-completed-in-the-uk-with-value-40000-or-above">Archive versions of the Monthly property transactions completed in the UK with value of £40,000 or above are available via the UK Government Web Archive, from the National Archives.

This dataset contains the data used in the study titled “Is hiding my first name enough? Using behavioural interventions to mitigate racial and gender discrimination in the rental housing market”. The data was collected from the London rental housing market between 2021 and 2022. Racial and gender biases are pervasive in housing markets. Males and ethnic minorities face discrimination in rental housing markets globally. The issue has been so pronounced that it regularly makes national and international headlines. In response to a racial discrimination lawsuit, Airbnb had to hide guests’ first names from rental hosts in Oregon, USA, starting in January 2022. Yet, there is little evidence that such measurement effectively counteracts racial and gender discrimination in housing markets.

Despite some well-established theoretical models developed more than half a century ago and a wealth of empirical evidence accumulated over the last two decades, studies examining effective solutions to combat discrimination remain sparse especially in housing markets. Given the complexity of the products and services involved and the relatively low frequency of transactions, nuanced studies are needed to understand how implicit racial and gender biases influence letting decisions.

This study investigates housing discrimination at the intersection where longstanding market behaviours meet the evolving insights of behavioural research. Although behavioural interventions have the potential to address both statistical and taste-based discrimination in the housing market, their successful implementation remains a challenge. Given the persistent biases and socio-economic dynamics in the housing market, interventions must be carefully tailored to the context.

By collecting evidence from field experiments, this research aims to gain insights into how real-world behavioural interventions can be effectively designed and implemented. Our focus remains twofold: to develop a robust theoretical framework and to translate its insights into tangible, impactful policy recommendations, with the ultimate goal of fostering a more inclusive housing market.

Although China has almost eliminated urban poverty, the total number of Chinese citizens in poverty remains at 82 million, most of which are rural residents. The development of rural finance is essential to preventing the country from undergoing further polarization because of the significant potential of such development to facilitate resource interflows between rural and urban markets and to support sustainable development in the agricultural sector. However, rural finance is the weakest point in China's financial systems. Rural households are more constrained than their urban counterparts in terms of financial product availability, consumer protection, and asset accumulation. The development of the rural financial system faces resistance from both the demand and the supply sides.

The proposed project addresses this challenge by investigating the applications of a proven behavioural approach, namely, Libertarian Paternalism, in the development of rural financial systems in China. This approach promotes choice architectures to nudge people into optimal decisions without interfering with the freedom of choice. It has been rigorously tested and warmly received in the UK public policy domain. This approach also fits the political and cultural background in China, in which the central government needs to maintain a firm control over financial systems as the general public increasingly demands more freedom.

Existing behavioural studies have been heavily reliant on laboratory experiments. Although the use of field studies has been increasing, empirical evidence from the developing world is limited. Meanwhile, the applications of behavioural insights in rural economic development in China remains an uncharted territory. Rural finance studies on the household level are limited; evidence on the role of psychological and social factors in rural households' financial decisions is scarce. The proposed project will bridge this gap in the literature.

Affordability ratios calculated by dividing house prices by gross annual residence-based earnings. Based on the median and lower quartiles of both house prices and earnings in England and Wales.

Housing Inventory: Median Days on Market Year-Over-Year in New London County, CT was 7.21% in December of 2024, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Housing Inventory: Median Days on Market Year-Over-Year in New London County, CT reached a record high of 61.01 in February of 2023 and a record low of -69.62 in May of 2021. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Housing Inventory: Median Days on Market Year-Over-Year in New London County, CT - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on December of 2025.

Market Hotness: Listing Views per Property in New London County, CT was -14.40603 % Chg. from Yr. Ago in October of 2024, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Market Hotness: Listing Views per Property in New London County, CT reached a record high of 196.55719 in March of 2021 and a record low of -22.30298 in July of 2024. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Market Hotness: Listing Views per Property in New London County, CT - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on November of 2025.

Housing Inventory: Median Days on Market Month-Over-Month in New London County, CT was 9.31% in December of 2024, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Housing Inventory: Median Days on Market Month-Over-Month in New London County, CT reached a record high of 43.33 in July of 2024 and a record low of -37.62 in March of 2021. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Housing Inventory: Median Days on Market Month-Over-Month in New London County, CT - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on November of 2025.

In 2022, house price growth in the UK slowed, after a period of decade-long increase. Nevertheless, in June 2025, prices reached a new peak, with the average home costing ******* British pounds. This figure refers to all property types, including detached, semi-detached, terraced houses, and flats and maisonettes. Compared to other European countries, the UK had some of the highest house prices. How have UK house prices increased over the last 10 years? Property prices have risen dramatically over the past decade. According to the UK house price index, the average house price has grown by over ** percent since 2015. This price development has led to the gap between the cost of buying and renting a property to close. In 2023, buying a three-bedroom house in the UK was no longer more affordable than renting one. Consequently, Brits have become more likely to rent longer and push off making a house purchase until they have saved up enough for a down payment and achieved the financial stability required to make the step. What caused the recent fluctuations in house prices? House prices are affected by multiple factors, such as mortgage rates, supply, and demand on the market. For nearly a decade, the UK experienced uninterrupted house price growth as a result of strong demand and a chronic undersupply. Homebuyers who purchased a property at the peak of the housing boom in July 2022 paid ** percent more compared to what they would have paid a year before. Additionally, 2022 saw the most dramatic increase in mortgage rates in recent history. Between December 2021 and December 2022, the **-year fixed mortgage rate doubled, adding further strain to prospective homebuyers. As a result, the market cooled, leading to a correction in pricing.

Housing Research Notes are a series of analytical reports from the Greater London Authority focusing on individual issues of relevance to housing policy in London. The most recent Housing Research Note (published in November 2023) estimates the annual cost to the NHS of homes in poor condition in London. It also estimates the cost of repairing all the homes in London that are in poor condition, calculating how long it would take the savings to pay off the repair costs. The analysis is broken down by tenure and compared with the same figures for the rest of England. Previous Housing Research Notes have analysed topics including housing supply, Help to Buy policy, short-term lettings, international comparisons, the factors behind increasing private rents and race equality. The Housing Research Notes are listed below in reverse date order: HRN 11 (2023) The cost of poor housing in London (November 2023) HRN 10 (2023) The affordability impacts of new housing supply: A summary of recent research (August 2023) HRN 09 (2023) Understanding recent rental trends in London’s private rental market (June 2023) HRN 08 (2022) Housing and race equality in London (March 2022) HRN 07 (2021) Who moves into social housing in London? (November 2021) HRN 06 (2021) An analysis of housing floorspace per person (February 2021) HRN 05 (2020) Intermediate housing: The evidence base (August 2020) HRN 04 (2020) Short-term and holiday letting in London (February 2020) HRN 03 (2019) Housing in four world cities: London, New York, Paris and Tokyo (April 2019) HRN 02 (2018) Help to Buy in London (September 2018) HRN 01 (2018) The profile of London's new homes in 2016/17: Analysis of the London Development Database (May 2018)

Housing Inventory: Median Days on Market Year-Over-Year in Norwich-New London, CT (CBSA) was 6.17% in October of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Housing Inventory: Median Days on Market Year-Over-Year in Norwich-New London, CT (CBSA) reached a record high of 80.45 in February of 2023 and a record low of -69.62 in May of 2021. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Housing Inventory: Median Days on Market Year-Over-Year in Norwich-New London, CT (CBSA) - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on December of 2025.

The European luxury residential real estate market is experiencing robust growth, driven by several key factors. A consistently strong performance over the past several years (2019-2024) with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 4% indicates a healthy and expanding sector. This growth is fueled by increasing high-net-worth individual (HNWI) populations across major European economies, particularly in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Spain. Demand is further bolstered by a desire for larger, more luxurious properties, often in prime locations with access to amenities and cultural attractions. The market segments are primarily comprised of villas/landed houses and condominiums/apartments, with villas commanding a premium price point in many areas. While economic uncertainties and potential interest rate hikes pose some restraints, the underlying demand for luxury properties remains strong, particularly in established luxury markets like London, Paris, and other significant European cities. The resilience of this market is evident in its sustained growth trajectory, making it an attractive sector for both investors and developers. The competitive landscape is shaped by a mix of international and regional players. Established firms such as Sotheby's International Realty, Mansion Global, and Barnes International Realty, alongside regional players like Haussmann Real Estate (France) and Rodgaard Ejendomme (Denmark), are key contributors to market activity. These companies leverage extensive networks and brand recognition to cater to discerning clients. While precise market size for 2025 isn't provided, a reasonable estimate, considering the CAGR and historical performance, suggests a market value in the tens of billions of Euros. Looking forward, the forecast period (2025-2033) is expected to witness continued expansion fueled by sustained HNWI wealth growth and a persistent preference for prime residential real estate as a safe and appreciating asset class. However, factors like geopolitical instability and fluctuating currency exchange rates could influence growth patterns. The overall trend suggests a positive outlook for the European luxury residential real estate market in the long term, with sustained growth expected throughout the forecast period. Recent developments include: August 2022: Slate Asset Management, a global alternative investment platform that focuses on real assets, stated that it had paid more than NOK 1.5 billion (USD 0.15 billion) for a portfolio of 36 key real estate properties in Norway. Following closely on the heels of the company's initial two portfolio purchases in the area in December 2021 and March 2022, this deal increases Slate's presence in Norway to a total of 63 critical real estate assets., January 2022: Instone Real Estate, one of the leading residential developers in Germany, continued its successful cooperation with LEG with the sale of around 330 apartments. The transaction includes 96 privately financed rental apartments on the west side site in Bonn-Endenich. In addition, a further 236 rental apartments in the Literature Quarter in Essen - 52 of which are publicly funded and 184 privately financed - are part of the apartment package that LEG Solution acquired as part of a forward deal for the existing LEG companies.. Notable trends are: Largest Real Estate Companies in Europe.

Market Hotness: Listing Views per Property in Norwich-New London, CT (CBSA) was -3.34189 % Chg. from Yr. Ago in October of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Market Hotness: Listing Views per Property in Norwich-New London, CT (CBSA) reached a record high of 195.62966 in March of 2021 and a record low of -24.21746 in July of 2024. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Market Hotness: Listing Views per Property in Norwich-New London, CT (CBSA) - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on December of 2025.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of house sales in the UK spiked, followed by a period of decline. In 2023 and 2024, the housing market slowed notably, and in January 2025, transaction volumes fell to 46,774. House sales volumes are impacted by a number of factors, including mortgage rates, house prices, supply, demand, as well as the overall health of the market. The economic uncertainty and rising unemployment rates has also affected the homebuyer sentiment of Brits. How have UK house prices developed over the past 10 years? House prices in the UK have increased year-on-year since 2015, except for a brief period of decline in the second half of 2023 and the beginning of 2024. That is based on the 12-month percentage change of the UK house price index. At the peak of the housing boom in 2022, prices soared by nearly 14 percent. The decline that followed was mild, at under three percent. The cooling in the market was more pronounced in England and Wales, where the average house price declined in 2023. Conversely, growth in Scotland and Northern Ireland continued. What is the impact of mortgage rates on house sales? For a long period, mortgage rates were at record-low, allowing prospective homebuyers to take out a 10-year loan at a mortgage rate of less than three percent. In the last quarter of 2021, this period came to an end as the Bank of England rose the bank lending rate to contain the spike in inflation. Naturally, the higher borrowing costs affected consumer sentiment, urging many homebuyers to place their plans on hold and leading to a decline in sales.