In the United States, interest rates for all mortgage types started to increase in 2021. This was due to the Federal Reserve introducing a series of hikes in the federal funds rate to contain the rising inflation. In the first quarter of 2024, the 30-year fixed rate declined slightly, to 6.75 percent. Despite the cut, this was about 3.9 percentage points higher than the same quarter in 2021. Why have U.S. home sales decreased? Cheaper mortgages normally encourage consumers to buy homes, while higher borrowing costs have the opposite effect. As interest rates increased in 2022, the number of existing homes sold plummeted. Soaring house prices over the past 10 years have further affected housing affordability. Between 2013 and 2023, the median price of an existing single-family home risen by about 88 percent. On the other hand, the median weekly earnings have risen much slower. Comparing mortgage terms and rates Between 2008 and 2023, the average rate on a 15-year fixed-rate mortgage in the United States stood between 2.28 and 6.11 percent. Over the same period, a 30-year mortgage term averaged a fixed-rate of between 3.08 and 6.81 percent. Rates on 15-year loan terms are lower to encourage a quicker repayment, which helps to improve a homeowner’s equity.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates and Price Indexes; Multi-Family Real Estate Apartment Price Index, Level (BOGZ1FL075035403Q) from Q4 1985 to Q4 2024 about multifamily, real estate, family, interest rate, interest, rate, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Mortgage interest rates in Czechia have experienced significant fluctuations over the past few years, reaching a peak of nearly six percent in December 2022 before gradually declining. As of December 2024, the interest rate on new mortgages in the country amounted to 4.8 percent, showing a slight decrease from the previous month. This trend in mortgage rates has occurred alongside substantial increases in housing prices. Housing market dynamics The changes in mortgage rates have gone hand in hand with notable shifts in the Czech housing market. Despite the high-interest rates, new mortgage lending reached over 18.7 million Czech koruna in December 2024, marking a significant increase from the same month in the previous year. This growth in lending has continued despite the steady rise in housing prices, with the house price index reaching 219.9 in the third quarter of 2024. This marks a significant increase from the 2015 baseline, reflecting the ongoing upward trend. The average purchase price per square meter for family houses increasing across the country. In 2023, Prague recorded the highest average price at 111,087 Czech koruna per square meter. Construction sector trends The construction sector in Czechia has shown its response to these market conditions. The index of multi-dwelling building construction fluctuated recently, with 2024 showing a slight decrease to 83.8 index points compared to the previous year. However, regarding non-residential buildings, the construction has been continuously growing since 2018 with hotels and industrial buildings accounting for the majority of new non-residential constructions.

House prices grew year-on-year in most states in the U.S. in the third quarter of 2024. The District of Columbia was the only exception, with a decline of three percent. The annual appreciation for single-family housing in the U.S. was 0.71 percent, while in Hawaii—the state where homes appreciated the most—the increase exceeded 10 percent. How have home prices developed in recent years? House price growth in the U.S. has been going strong for years. In 2024, the median sales price of a single-family home exceeded 413,000 U.S. dollars, up from 277,000 U.S. dollars five years ago. One of the factors driving house prices was the cost of credit. The record-low federal funds effective rate allowed mortgage lenders to set mortgage interest rates as low as 2.3 percent. With interest rates on the rise, home buying has also slowed, causing fluctuations in house prices. Why are house prices growing? Many markets in the U.S. are overheated because supply has not been able to keep up with demand. How many homes enter the housing market depends on the construction output, whereas the availability of existing homes for purchase depends on many other factors, such as the willingness of owners to sell. Furthermore, growing investor appetite in the housing sector means that prospective homebuyers have some extra competition to worry about. In certain metros, for example, the share of homes bought by investors exceeded 20 percent in 2024.

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The mortgage interest rate in Germany decreased notably between 2013 and 2022, falling below 1.5 percent. This was part of an overall trend of falling mortgage interest rates in Europe. The mortgage interest rate in Germany has since increased to 3.9 percent in the second quarter of 2024. The German mortgage market In Europe, Germany is the second-largest mortgage market, with a total value of mortgages outstanding amounting to over 1.8 trillion euros. Mortgage loans are one of the oldest bank products. Among the factors that influence mortgage interest rates are inflation, economic growth, monetary policies, the bond market, the stability of lenders, and the overall conditions of the housing market. Mortgage loans The higher cost of borrowing has a significant effect on the market: While the interest rates were at their lowest, mortgage lending was on the rise. In 2023, when the rates reached a 10-year-high, the quarterly gross mortgage lending fell to the lowest value since 2014. Meanwhile, house prices have also increased substantially in recent years. According to the House Price Index in Germany, between 2015 and 2022, house prices increased by over 60 percent.

As of May 2023, the average monthly interest rate for house loans in Indonesia was 7.46 percent. The country's house loan interest rate has gradually decreased over the past few years, with a drop of around 1.26 percent compared to the rate in January 2020.

House financing and ownership in Indonesia With mortgage interest rates anticipated to remain lower compared to the pre-COVID-19 pandemic level, Indonesia's residential property market is expected to continue growing. Indonesian banks provided mortgage loans exceeding 500 trillion Indonesian rupiah monthly between January 2022 and May 2023, catering to the majority of Indonesians who rely on loans to finance their homeownership needs. Notably, house ownership rates in Indonesian rural areas are significantly higher compared to urban areas. Amid its soaring land and house prices, Jakarta struggled with the lowest house ownership rate of any province in Indonesia.

Housing prices Despite its significant housing backlog that underscores the need for affordable housing, Indonesia's residential property price index has steadily increased in recent years. Cities like Batam, Pontianak, Bandar Lampung, and Greater Jakarta have seen the highest increases in property prices. With Indonesia's plan to relocate its capital to East Kalimantan, the property market in this province and its surrounding regions is also poised for increased investment opportunities.

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Exploiting variation in the timing of resets of adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs), we find that a sizable decline in mortgage payments (up to 50 percent) induces a significant increase in car purchases (up to 35 percent). This effect is attenuated by voluntary deleveraging. Borrowers with lower incomes and housing wealth have significantly higher marginal propensity to consume. Areas with a larger share of ARMs were more responsive to lower interest rates and saw a relative decline in defaults and an increase in house prices, car purchases, and employment. Household balance sheets and mortgage contract rigidity are important for monetary policy pass-through.

Mortgage rates increased at a record pace in 2022, with the 10-year fixed mortgage rate doubling between March 2022 and December 2022. With inflation increasing, the Bank of England introduced several bank rate hikes, resulting in higher mortgage rates. In September 2023, the average 10-year fixed rate interest rate reached 5.1 percent. As borrowing costs get higher, demand for housing is expected to decrease, leading to declining market sentiment and slower house price growth. How have the mortgage hikes affected the market? After surging in 2021, the number of residential properties sold declined in 2022, reaching close to 1.3 million. Despite the number of transactions falling, this figure was higher than the period before the COVID-10 pandemic. The falling transaction volume also impacted mortgage borrowing. Between the first quarter of 2023 and the first quarter of 2024, the value of new mortgage loans fell year-on-year for fourth straight quarters in a row. How are higher mortgages affecting homebuyers? Homeowners with a mortgage loan usually lock in a fixed rate deal for two to ten years, meaning that after this period runs out, they need to renegotiate the terms of the loan. Many of the mortgages outstanding were taken out during the period of record-low mortgage rates and have since faced notable increases in their monthly repayment. About five million homeowners are projected to see their deal expire by the end of 2026. About two million of these loans are projected to experience a monthly payment increase of up to 199 British pounds by 2026.

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Mortgage interest rates in Spain soared in 2022, after falling below 1.5 percent at the end of 2021. In the second quarter of 2024, the average weighted interest rate stood at 3.46 percent. That was lower than the rate in the same period the previous year. Despite the increase, Spain had a considerably lower mortgage interest rate than many other European countries.The aftermath of the property bubble Before the bursting of the real estate bubble, the housing market experienced a period of intense activity. A context marked by economic growth, high employment rate, low interest rates, skyrocketing house prices and land speculation, among others, encourage massive lending for the acquisition of property; in 2005 alone, more than 1.3 million home mortgages were granted in Spain. When the bubble burst and the financial crisis hit the country, residential real estate transactions plummeted and households’ non-performing loans jumped to nearly 50 billion euros as countless families were not able to cope with their debts. Over a decade after the onset of the crisis, and despite falling mortgage rates, the volume of mortgage loans keeps decreasing every year. A homeowner country Traditionally, Spain has been a country of homeowners; in 2021, the homeownership rate was roughly 76 percent. While nearly half of Spanish households own their property with no outstanding payment, the percentage of households that have loan or mortgage pending has been decreasing in recent years. Despite ownership remaining as the preferred tenure option, cultural changes, job insecurity and mounting house prices are prompting Spaniards to opt more and more to become tenants instead of owners, as shown in the changing dynamics of the Spanish residential rental market.

House price growth slowed down in many countries worldwide in 2022 compared to the year before. Conversely, in Turkey, Vietnam, Russia, Sri Lanka, Georgia, and Mexico, house prices continued to grow. Adjusted for inflation, the annual house price increase in Turkey measured a staggering 63 percent. In the United States, on the other hand, price growth felt from 10.5 percent to 1.2 percent. In 2022, mortgage interest rates, increased overall in response to rising inflation and economic instability.

House Price Index YoY in the United States remained unchanged at 4.80 percent in January. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for the United States FHFA House Price Index YoY.

The HUD monthly interest rate survey provides information on interest rates, loan terms, and house prices. The survey is conducted by property type, loan type, and lender type. How the survey is conducted The survey provides information on all properties, new properties, and previously occupied properties.The survey provides information on fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans.The survey provides information on lenders such as savings associations, mortgage companies, commercial banks, and savings banks.What the survey includes The survey provides information on interest rates, loan terms, and house prices.The survey provides information on property type, loan type, and lender type.Update on the Discontinuation of FHFA's Monthly Interest Rate Survey (MIRS)On May 29, 2019, FHFA published its final Monthly Interest Rate Survey (MIRS), due to dwindling participation by financial institutions. MIRS had provided information on a monthly basis on interest rates, loan terms, and house prices by property type (all, new, previously occupied); by loan type (fixed- or adjustable-rate), and by lender type (savings associations, mortgage companies, commercial banks and savings banks); as well as information on 15-year and 30-year, fixed-rate loans. Additionally, MIRS provided quarterly information on conventional loans by major metropolitan area and by Federal Home Loan Bank district, and was used to compile FHFA’s monthly adjustable-rate mortgage index entitled the “National Average Contract Mortgage Rate for the Purchase of Previously Occupied Homes by Combined Lenders,” also known as the ARM Index.As some banks use the ARM Index as the basis for adjusting the interest rates on adjustable-rate mortgages, FHFA created and designated as the replacement for the ARM Index a version of Freddie Mac’s 30-year Primary Mortgage Market Survey® (PMMS®) that adjusts for differences between the two. This new index is called “MIRS Transition Index” and will be published on fhfa.gov on the final Thursday of every month. June 2019 was the first MIRS Transition index value to be published. The MIRS Transition index is intended to be used in lieu of the discontinued index for currently outstanding loans, and not as a reference rate on newly-originated adjustable-rate mortgages. The MIRS Transition Index was briefly referred to as PMMS+. It is not a replacement for PMMS.

Retail Interest Rates - Mortgage Rates. Published by Central Bank of Ireland. Available under the license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY-4.0).Table B.3.1 presents quarterly mortgage rate data specific to the Irish market. These data include all euro and non-euro denominated mortgage lending in the Republic of Ireland only. New business refers to new mortgage lending drawdowns during the quarter, broken down by type of interest rate product (i.e. fixed, tracker and SVR). The data also provide further breakdown of mortgages for principal dwelling house (PDH) and buy-to-let (BTL) properties. Renegotiations of existing loans are not included....

Mortgage interest rates in Europe soared in 2022 and remained elevated in 2023. In many countries, this resulted in interest rates more than doubling. In Denmark, the average mortgage interest rate rose from 0.67 percent in 2021 to 4.98 percent in 2023. Why did mortgage interest rates increase? Mortgage rates have risen as a result of the European Central Bank (ECB) interest rate increase. The ECB increased its interest rates to tackle inflation. As inflation calms, the ECB is expected to cut rates, which will allow mortgage lenders to reduce mortgage interest rates. What is the impact of interest rates on homebuying? Lower interest rates make taking out a housing loan more affordable, and thus, encourage homebuying. That can be seen in many countries across Europe: In France, the number of residential properties sold rose in the years leading up to 2021, and fell as interest rates increased. The number of houses sold in the UK followed a similar trend.

Mortgage interest rates in Italy decreased substantially between 2013 and 2021 before rising in the following years. The second quarter of 2024, the mortgage interest rates amounted to 3.55 percent - lower than the rate in the same period in the previous year. A slowly recovering market Despite not reaching the pre-crisis levels, an increase in the number of transactions in the residential real estate market as well as the volume of mortgages stipulated for house purchase indicate a positive trend for the sector in Italy. Homeownership in Italy reached 73.7 percent in 2021, one of the highest rates in Western Europe. Low interest rates, especially when compared to other European countries, and decreasing house prices led to a renewed interest in the real estate market in Italy. Milan, an attractive destination for investments In recent years, more than in the past, thanks to its role as a capital of business and finance as well as an innovation hub, Milan was able to attract human capital and investments, both domestic and foreign. This ability to grow and innovate was also reflected in the real estate market, which was the most dynamic in the country. Transactions in residential real estate in Milan increased steadily since 2012, except for 2020, and so did prices: some areas of the city are among the most expensive in the country to buy a property.

The global housing mortgage market is experiencing robust growth, driven by factors such as increasing urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and favorable government policies promoting homeownership. The market, estimated at $15 trillion in 2025, is projected to witness a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $23 trillion by 2033. This growth is fueled by a significant increase in demand for housing in developing economies, particularly in Asia-Pacific regions like China and India, where burgeoning populations and expanding middle classes are driving the need for mortgages. Furthermore, technological advancements, including the rise of Fintech solutions and online mortgage platforms, are streamlining the mortgage application process and improving accessibility for borrowers. However, fluctuating interest rates, economic uncertainties, and stringent lending regulations pose potential challenges to sustained market growth. Competition among major players, including Bank of China, China Construction Bank, HSBC, and Wells Fargo, is intensifying, leading to innovative product offerings and more competitive pricing strategies. Regional variations in market growth are expected, with North America and Europe maintaining significant market shares but experiencing more moderate growth compared to the faster expansion in Asia-Pacific. The segmentation of the market by type (e.g., fixed-rate, adjustable-rate) and application (e.g., residential, commercial) reveals further insights into market dynamics. The residential segment dominates, reflecting the majority of mortgage demand. However, the commercial segment is also exhibiting growth, driven by increasing investments in real estate and infrastructure development. Furthermore, the shift towards digital mortgage applications and the use of big data analytics in credit scoring are reshaping the market landscape, leading to greater efficiency and improved risk assessment. Continued regulatory scrutiny aimed at protecting borrowers and maintaining financial stability will likely continue to influence market trends in the coming years. Future growth projections will depend heavily on macro-economic factors, interest rate environments, and the continued evolution of technological solutions within the mortgage industry.

Spain Housing Market Indicators: Interest Rate for Loans to Households for House Purchase data was reported at 2.180 % pa in May 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.210 % pa for Apr 2018. Spain Housing Market Indicators: Interest Rate for Loans to Households for House Purchase data is updated monthly, averaging 4.920 % pa from Jan 1989 (Median) to May 2018, with 353 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.050 % pa in Jan 1991 and a record low of 2.050 % pa in Dec 2017. Spain Housing Market Indicators: Interest Rate for Loans to Households for House Purchase data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Spain. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.EB003: Housing Market Indicators.