Global house prices experienced a significant shift in 2022, with advanced economies seeing a notable decline after a prolonged period of growth. The real house price index (adjusted for inflation) for advanced economies peaked at nearly *** index points in early 2022 before falling to around ****** points by the fourth quarter of 2024. This represents a reversal of the upward trend that had characterized the housing market for roughly a decade. Conversely, real house prices in emerging economies resumed growing, after a brief correction in the second half of 2022. What is behind the slowdown? Inflation and slow economic growth have been the primary drivers for the cooling of the housing market. Secondly, the growing gap between incomes and house prices since 2012 has decreased the affordability of homeownership. Last but not least, homebuyers in 2024 faced dramatically higher mortgage interest rates, further contributing to worsening sentiment and declining transactions. Some markets continue to grow While many countries witnessed a deceleration in house price growth in 2022, some markets continued to see substantial increases. Turkey, in particular, stood out with a nominal increase in house prices of over ** percent in the first quarter of 2024. Other countries that recorded a two-digit growth include Russia and the United Arab Emirates. When accounting for inflation, the three countries with the fastest growing residential prices in early 2024 were the United Arab Emirates, Poland, and Bulgaria.

The U.S. housing market continues to evolve, with the median home price forecast to reach ******* U.S. dollars by the second quarter of 2026. This projection comes after a period of significant growth and recent fluctuations, reflecting the complex interplay of economic factors affecting the real estate sector. The rising costs have not only impacted home prices, but also down payments, with the median down payment more than doubling since 2012. Regional variations in housing costs Home prices and down payments vary dramatically across the United States. While the national median down payment stood at approximately ****** U.S. dollars in early 2024, homebuyers in states like California, Massachusetts, and Hawaii faced down payments exceeding ****** U.S. dollars. This disparity highlights the challenges of homeownership in high-cost markets and underscores the importance of location in determining housing affordability. Market dynamics and future outlook The housing market has shown signs of cooling after years of rapid growth, with more modest price increases of *** percent in 2022 and *** percent in 2023. This slowdown can be attributed in part to rising mortgage rates, which have tempered demand. Despite these challenges, most states continued to see year-over-year price growth in the fourth quarter of 2023, with Rhode Island and Vermont leading the pack at over ** percent appreciation. As the market adjusts to new economic realities, potential homebuyers and investors alike will be watching closely for signs of stabilization or renewed growth in the coming years.

Graph and download economic data for All-Transactions House Price Index for the United States (USSTHPI) from Q1 1975 to Q1 2025 about appraisers, HPI, housing, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

This analysis presents a rigorous exploration of financial data, incorporating a diverse range of statistical features. By providing a robust foundation, it facilitates advanced research and innovative modeling techniques within the field of finance.

Interest Rates, High Prices, and Inventory Shortage to Slow Down Housing Market

Financial data:

• Historical daily stock prices (open, high, low, close, volume)

• Fundamental data (e.g., market capitalization, price to earnings P/E ratio, dividend yield, earnings per share EPS, price to earnings growth, debt-to-equity ratio, price-to-book ratio, current ratio, free cash flow, projected earnings growth, return on equity, dividend payout ratio, price to sales ratio, credit rating)

• Technical indicators (e.g., moving averages, RSI, MACD, average directional index, aroon oscillator, stochastic oscillator, on-balance volume, accumulation/distribution A/D line, parabolic SAR indicator, bollinger bands indicators, fibonacci, williams percent range, commodity channel index)

Machine learning features:

• Feature engineering based on financial data and technical indicators

• Sentiment analysis data from social media and news articles

• Macroeconomic data (e.g., GDP, unemployment rate, interest rates, consumer spending, building permits, consumer confidence, inflation, producer price index, money supply, home sales, retail sales, bond yields)

Potential Applications:

• Stock price prediction

• Portfolio optimization

• Algorithmic trading

• Market sentiment analysis

• Risk management

Use Cases:

• Researchers investigating the effectiveness of machine learning in stock market prediction

• Analysts developing quantitative trading Buy/Sell strategies

• Individuals interested in building their own stock market prediction models

• Students learning about machine learning and financial applications

Additional Notes:

• The dataset may include different levels of granularity (e.g., daily, hourly)

• Data cleaning and preprocessing are essential before model training

• Regular updates are recommended to maintain the accuracy and relevance of the data

The number of home sales in the United States peaked in 2021 at almost ************* after steadily rising since 2018. Nevertheless, the market contracted in the following year, with transaction volumes falling to ***********. Home sales remained muted in 2024, with a mild increase expected in 2025 and 2026. A major factor driving this trend is the unprecedented increase in mortgage interest rates due to high inflation. How have U.S. home prices developed over time? The average sales price of new homes has also been rising since 2011. Buyer confidence seems to have recovered after the property crash, which has increased demand for homes and also the prices sellers are demanding for homes. At the same time, the affordability of U.S. homes has decreased. Both the number of existing and newly built homes sold has declined since the housing market boom during the coronavirus pandemic. Challenges in housing supply The number of housing units in the U.S. rose steadily between 1975 and 2005 but has remained fairly stable since then. Construction increased notably in the 1990s and early 2000s, with the number of construction starts steadily rising, before plummeting amid the infamous housing market crash. Housing starts slowly started to pick up in 2011, mirroring the economic recovery. In 2022, the supply of newly built homes plummeted again, as supply chain challenges following the COVID-19 pandemic and tariffs on essential construction materials such as steel and lumber led to prices soaring.

The UK housing market continued to show significant regional variations in 2025, with London maintaining its position as the most expensive city for homebuyers. The average house price in the capital stood at ******* British pounds in February, nearly double the national average. However, the market dynamics are shifting, with London experiencing only a modest *** percent annual increase, while other cities like Belfast and Liverpool saw more substantial growth of over **** percent respectively. Affordability challenges and market slowdown Despite the continued price growth in many cities, the UK housing market is facing headwinds. The affordability of mortgage repayments has become the biggest barrier to property purchases, with the majority of the respondents in a recent survey citing it as their main challenge. Moreover, a rising share of Brits have reported affordability as a challenge since 2021, reflecting the impact of rising house prices and higher mortgage rates. The market slowdown is evident in the declining housing transaction volumes, which have plummeted since 2021. European context The stark price differences are mirrored in the broader European context. While London boasts some of the highest property prices among European cities, a comparison of the average transaction price for new homes in different European countries shows a different picture. In 2023, the highest prices were found in Austria, Germany, and France.

After a period of rapid increase, house price growth in the UK has moderated. In 2025, house prices are forecast to increase by ****percent. Between 2025 and 2029, the average house price growth is projected at *** percent. According to the source, home building is expected to increase slightly in this period, fueling home buying. On the other hand, higher borrowing costs despite recent easing of mortgage rates and affordability challenges may continue to suppress transaction activity. Historical house price growth in the UK House prices rose steadily between 2015 and 2020, despite minor fluctuations. In the following two years, prices soared, leading to the house price index jumping by about 20 percent. As the market stood in April 2025, the average price for a home stood at approximately ******* British pounds. Rents are expected to continue to grow According to another forecast, the prime residential market is also expected to see rental prices grow in the next five years. Growth is forecast to be stronger in 2025 and slow slightly until 2029. The rental market in London is expected to follow a similar trend, with Outer London slightly outperforming Central London.

Companies operating in the third-party real estate industry have had to navigate numerous economic headwinds in recent years, notably rising interest rates, spiralling inflation and muted economic growth. Revenue is projected to sink at a compound annual rate of 0.6% over the five years through 2025, including an estimated jump of 1.2% in 2025 to €207.6 billion, while the average industry profit margin is forecast to reach 35.1%. Amid spiralling inflation, central banks across Europe ratcheted up interest rates, resulting in borrowing costs skyrocketing over the two years through 2023. In residential markets, elevated mortgage rates combined with tightening credit conditions eventually ate into demand, inciting a drop in house prices. Rental markets performed well when house prices were elevated (2021-2023), being the cheaper alternative for cash-strapped buyers. However, even lessors felt the pinch of rising mortgage rates, forcing them to hoist rent prices to cover costs and pricing out potential buyers. This led to a slowdown in rental markets in 2023, weighing on revenue growth. However, this has started to turn around in 2025 as interest rates have been falling across Europe in the two years through 2025, reducing borrowing costs for buyers and boosting property transactions. This has helped revenue to rebound slightly in 2025 as estate agents earn commission from property transactions. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 3.7% over the five years through 2030 to €249.5 billion. Housing prices are recovering in 2025 as fixed-rate mortgages begin to drop and economic uncertainty subsides, aiding revenue growth in the short term. Over the coming years, PropTech—technology-driven innovations designed to improve and streamline the real estate industry—will force estate agents to adapt, shaking up the traditional real estate sector. A notable application of PropTech is the use of AI and data analytics to predict a home’s future value and speed up the process of retrofitting properties to become more sustainable.

According to Cognitive Market Research, The Global Ready to Move in Luxury Homes Market size is USD 600.5 billion in 2023 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.0% from 2023 to 2030.

Remote work fueled demand for Ready to Move-in Luxury Homes, emphasizing dedicated offices and advanced amenities, creating synergy with the evolving work landscape.
The dominant category in the Ready to Move-in Luxury Homes market is the 1000-3000 square feet segment.
In the ready to move-in luxury homes market, luxury homes dominate.
North America will continue to lead, whereas the Europe Ready to Move in Luxury Homes Market will experience the strongest growth until 2030.

Market Dynamics of the Ready-to-Move-in Luxury Home Market

Remote Work and Low-Interest Rates Drive Surge in Demand for Ready-to-Move-in Luxury Home 

The advent of widespread remote work became a driving force for the ready-to-move-in luxury homes market. As companies embraced flexible work arrangements, professionals sought residences that catered to remote work needs. The cause-and-effect relationship unfolded as the demand for homes with dedicated office spaces, high-speed internet, and enhanced amenities surged. The market responded by prioritizing features conducive to remote work, such as spacious home offices and advanced technology infrastructure, creating a symbiotic relationship between the evolving work landscape and the flourishing luxury real estate sector.

Historic Low-Interest Rates Propel Demand for Ready to Move-in Luxury Homes

The ready to move-in luxury homes market experienced a boost driven by historically low-interest rates. As central banks implemented measures to stimulate economies amidst the pandemic, mortgage rates reached unprecedented lows. This led to increased buyer confidence and heightened affordability, catalyzing demand in the luxury real estate sector. The cause-and-effect relationship materialized as favorable financing conditions encouraged prospective buyers to invest in ready-to-move-in luxury homes, fostering a climate of increased transactions and market activity. Low-interest rates emerged as a pivotal driver shaping the positive trajectory of the luxury real estate market.

Restraints of the Ready-to-Move-in Luxury Homes

Supply Chain Disruptions and Construction Slowdown Impacting Ready-to-Move-in Luxury Homes Market

Supply chain disruptions emerged as a significant restraint in the ready to move-in luxury homes market. The cause-and-effect dynamic unfolded as the pandemic disrupted the flow of construction materials and labor, leading to a slowdown in construction activities. Delays in obtaining essential materials and the inability to secure skilled labor hindered project timelines. This restraint underscored the market's vulnerability to external factors affecting the construction industry, impacting the timely delivery of luxury homes and potentially dissuading prospective buyers who sought immediate occupancy.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Ready-to-Move-in Luxury Homes Market

The ready-to-move-in luxury homes market faced a dual impact from the COVID-19 pandemic. Lockdowns and economic uncertainties caused a slowdown in transactions and construction activities. However, as remote work gained prominence, there was a notable shift in demand toward spacious and well-equipped luxury homes. The market adapted by incorporating features like home offices and private amenities. Low interest rates further stimulated demand, leading to a rebound. Despite initial challenges, the pandemic catalyzed a transformation in the luxury real estate sector, aligning offerings with the evolving lifestyle preferences shaped by the new normal.

Opportunity for the growth of the Ready-to-Move-in Luxury Homes Market.

The increasing preference among affluent buyers for hassle-free, immediate occupancy solutions that combine convenience with high-end amenities.

One key opportunity for the growth of the ready-to-move-in luxury homes market lies in the increasing preference among affluent buyers for hassle-free, immediate occupancy solutions that combine convenience with high-end amenities. With rising disposable incomes and evolving lifestyles, especially among urban professionals, HNIs, and NRIs, there is a growing demand for premium properties that are fully constructed, elegantly designed, and equipped with smart home techno...

House prices in the UK rose dramatically during the coronavirus pandemic, with growth slowing down in 2022 and turning negative in 2023. The year-on-year annual house price change peaked at 14 percent in July 2022. In April 2025, house prices increased by 3.5 percent. As of late 2024, the average house price was close to 290,000 British pounds. Correction in housing prices: a European phenomenon The trend of a growing residential real estate market was not exclusive to the UK during the pandemic. Likewise, many European countries experienced falling prices in 2023. When comparing residential property RHPI (price index in real terms, e.g. corrected for inflation), countries such as Germany, France, Italy, and Spain also saw prices decline. Sweden, one of the countries with the fastest growing residential markets, saw one of the largest declines in prices. How has demand for UK housing changed since the outbreak of the coronavirus? The easing of the lockdown was followed by a dramatic increase in home sales. In November 2020, the number of mortgage approvals reached an all-time high of over 107,000. One of the reasons for the housing boom were the low mortgage rates, allowing home buyers to take out a loan with an interest rate as low as 2.5 percent. That changed as the Bank of England started to raise the base lending rate, resulting in higher borrowing costs and a decline in homebuyer sentiment.

Chinese housing prices rose by over 10 percent per year in real terms between 2003 and 2014 and are now between two and ten times higher than the construction cost of apartments. At the same time, Chinese developers built 100 billion square feet of residential real estate. This boom has been accompanied by a large increase in the number of vacant homes, held by both developers and households. This boom may turn out to be a housing bubble followed by a crash, yet that future is far from certain. The demand for real estate in China is so strong that current prices might be sustainable, especially given the sparse alternative investments for Chinese households, so long as the level of new supply is radically curtailed. Whether that happens depends on the policies of the Chinese government, which must weigh the benefits of price stability against the costs of restricting urban growth.

The Swedish real estate market, specifically within the luxury segment encompassing apartments, condominiums, landed houses, and villas, exhibits robust growth potential. Driven by a strong economy, increasing high-net-worth individuals, and a limited supply of premium properties, particularly in key cities like Stockholm and Malmö, the market is experiencing a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 4%. This growth is further fueled by a rising interest in sustainable and technologically advanced properties, a trend observed globally but particularly pronounced in environmentally conscious Sweden. The market segments show varied performance, with the Stockholm market consistently outperforming other cities due to its concentration of high-income earners and limited land availability. While increasing interest rates and potential economic slowdown pose some restraint, the underlying demand for luxury properties remains strong, suggesting continued market expansion in the forecast period (2025-2033). Key players like Sotheby's International Realty and Fantastic Frank are well-positioned to capitalize on this growth, although competition is intensifying with the emergence of new entrants and online platforms. The forecast suggests continued expansion, with the market size projected to increase steadily throughout the forecast period. However, the market's performance will likely be influenced by macroeconomic factors such as inflation, interest rate fluctuations, and overall economic stability. Furthermore, government policies related to housing and taxation could play a significant role in shaping market dynamics. Understanding these nuances is crucial for investors and stakeholders looking to navigate the complexities of the Swedish luxury real estate market. The relatively small size of the market compared to global giants presents both an opportunity for niche players and a potential limitation for significant market share gains. Focused marketing and a deep understanding of the preferences of high-net-worth buyers in Sweden are key factors determining success in this sector. This insightful report provides a detailed analysis of the Swedish real estate market, offering a comprehensive overview of its current state and future trajectory. Covering the period from 2019 to 2033, with a focus on 2025, this report is essential for investors, developers, and anyone seeking to understand the dynamics of this dynamic market. It delves into key market segments, including apartments, condominiums, landed houses, and villas, across major cities like Stockholm and Malmö, providing invaluable insights for strategic decision-making. Keywords: Sweden real estate market, Swedish property market, Stockholm real estate, Malmö real estate, Swedish housing market, real estate investment Sweden, Swedish property prices, Swedish real estate trends. Key drivers for this market are: Urbanization and population growth, Government policies and Foreign Investnents. Potential restraints include: Skilled Labor Shortage, Material Price Fluctuations. Notable trends are: Rise in Construction of New Dwellings Driving the Market.

Companies operating in the third-party real estate industry have had to navigate numerous economic headwinds in recent years, notably rising interest rates, spiralling inflation and muted economic growth. Revenue is projected to sink at a compound annual rate of 0.6% over the five years through 2025, including an estimated jump of 1.2% in 2025 to €207.6 billion, while the average industry profit margin is forecast to reach 35.1%. Amid spiralling inflation, central banks across Europe ratcheted up interest rates, resulting in borrowing costs skyrocketing over the two years through 2023. In residential markets, elevated mortgage rates combined with tightening credit conditions eventually ate into demand, inciting a drop in house prices. Rental markets performed well when house prices were elevated (2021-2023), being the cheaper alternative for cash-strapped buyers. However, even lessors felt the pinch of rising mortgage rates, forcing them to hoist rent prices to cover costs and pricing out potential buyers. This led to a slowdown in rental markets in 2023, weighing on revenue growth. However, this has started to turn around in 2025 as interest rates have been falling across Europe in the two years through 2025, reducing borrowing costs for buyers and boosting property transactions. This has helped revenue to rebound slightly in 2025 as estate agents earn commission from property transactions. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 3.7% over the five years through 2030 to €249.5 billion. Housing prices are recovering in 2025 as fixed-rate mortgages begin to drop and economic uncertainty subsides, aiding revenue growth in the short term. Over the coming years, PropTech—technology-driven innovations designed to improve and streamline the real estate industry—will force estate agents to adapt, shaking up the traditional real estate sector. A notable application of PropTech is the use of AI and data analytics to predict a home’s future value and speed up the process of retrofitting properties to become more sustainable.

The Latin American residential real estate market, valued at $477.77 million in 2025, exhibits robust growth potential, projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.32% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Rapid urbanization across major Latin American cities like Mexico City, São Paulo, and Bogotá is driving significant demand for housing, particularly apartments and condominiums. Furthermore, a growing middle class with increased disposable income is fueling demand for both affordable and luxury housing options. Government initiatives aimed at improving infrastructure and fostering economic development in various regions are also contributing to market expansion. The market is segmented by property type (apartments and condominiums, landed houses and villas) and geography (Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and the Rest of Latin America), with Brazil and Mexico anticipated to represent the largest shares due to their larger populations and economies. While challenges such as economic volatility and fluctuating interest rates exist, the long-term outlook remains positive, driven by sustained population growth and ongoing investment in the sector by major players such as JLL, CBRE, MRV Engenharia, and others. However, the market faces some headwinds. Construction costs, particularly for materials, can be volatile and influence pricing. Regulatory hurdles and bureaucratic processes in some countries can slow down project development. Furthermore, ensuring sustainable and environmentally responsible construction practices is becoming increasingly important for developers to attract environmentally conscious buyers. Successfully navigating these challenges will be crucial for continued market expansion. The segment of landed houses and villas is expected to witness strong growth, albeit potentially at a slower pace than apartments and condominiums, driven by a demand for larger spaces and a preference for suburban living among higher-income demographics. The Rest of Latin America segment presents significant untapped potential for future growth as economies develop and infrastructure improves. Recent developments include: November 2023: CBRE, a prominent global consultancy and real estate services firm, unveiled its latest initiative, the Latam-Iberia platform. The platform's primary goal is to reinvigorate the real estate markets in Europe and Latin America while fostering investment ties between the two regions. By enhancing business collaborations and amplifying the visibility of real estate solutions, CBRE aims to catalyze growth in the sector., May 2023: CJ do Brasil, a subsidiary of multinational firm CJ Bio, completed its USD 57 million plant expansion in Piracicaba, 160 km from Brazil's capital. CJ Bio is renowned for its expertise in amino acid production. The expansion is projected to create 650 new job opportunities, and the investment also encompasses the establishment of residential, research, and development centers.. Key drivers for this market are: Increase in Population is Boosting the Residential Real Estate Market, Rapid Growth in Urbanization. Potential restraints include: Increase in Population is Boosting the Residential Real Estate Market, Rapid Growth in Urbanization. Notable trends are: Increase in Urbanization Boosting Demand for Residential Real Estate.

The average sales price of new homes in the United States experienced a slight decrease in 2024, dropping to 512,2000 U.S. dollars from the peak of 521,500 U.S. dollars in 2022. This decline came after years of substantial price increases, with the average price surpassing 400,000 U.S. dollars for the first time in 2021. The recent cooling in the housing market reflects broader economic trends and changing consumer sentiment towards homeownership. Factors influencing home prices and affordability The rapid rise in home prices over the past few years has been driven by several factors, including historically low mortgage rates and increased demand during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the market has since slowed down, with the number of home sales declining by over two million between 2021 and 2023. This decline can be attributed to rising mortgage rates and decreased affordability. The Housing Affordability Index hit a record low of 98.1 in 2023, indicating that the median-income family could no longer afford a median-priced home. Future outlook for the housing market Despite the recent cooling, experts forecast a potential recovery in the coming years. The Freddie Mac House Price Index showed a growth of 6.5 percent in 2023, which is still above the long-term average of 4.4 percent since 1990. However, homebuyer sentiment remains low across all age groups, with people aged 45 to 64 expressing the most pessimistic outlook. The median sales price of existing homes is expected to increase slightly until 2025, suggesting that affordability challenges may persist in the near future.

Predictions for the Dow Jones U.S. Select Home Construction index suggest a potential for further growth, primarily influenced by favorable housing market conditions. However, there are moderate risks associated with rising interest rates, potential economic slowdown, and supply chain disruptions that could impact the index's performance.

Housing markets are often characterized by price bubbles, and governments have instituted policies to stabilize them. Under this circumstance, this study addresses the following questions. (1) Does policy tightening change expectations in housing prices, revealing a regime change? (2) If so, what determines the housing market’s reaction to policy tightening? To answer these questions, we examine the effects of policy tightening that occurred in 2016 on the Chinese housing market where a price boom persisted in the post-2000 period. Using a log-periodic power law model and employing a modified multi-population genetic algorithm for parameter estimation, we find that tightening policy in China did not cause a market crash; instead, shifting the Chinese housing market from faster-than-exponential growth to a soft landing. We attribute this regime shift to low sensitivity in the Chinese housing market to global perturbations. Our findings suggest that government policies can help stabilize housing prices and improve market conditions when implemented expediently. Moreover, policymakers should consider preparedness for the possibility of an economic crisis and other social needs (e.g., housing affordability) for overall social welfare when managing housing price bubbles.

Companies operating in the third-party real estate industry have had to navigate numerous economic headwinds in recent years, notably rising interest rates, spiralling inflation and muted economic growth. Revenue is projected to sink at a compound annual rate of 0.6% over the five years through 2025, including an estimated jump of 1.2% in 2025 to €207.6 billion, while the average industry profit margin is forecast to reach 35.1%. Amid spiralling inflation, central banks across Europe ratcheted up interest rates, resulting in borrowing costs skyrocketing over the two years through 2023. In residential markets, elevated mortgage rates combined with tightening credit conditions eventually ate into demand, inciting a drop in house prices. Rental markets performed well when house prices were elevated (2021-2023), being the cheaper alternative for cash-strapped buyers. However, even lessors felt the pinch of rising mortgage rates, forcing them to hoist rent prices to cover costs and pricing out potential buyers. This led to a slowdown in rental markets in 2023, weighing on revenue growth. However, this has started to turn around in 2025 as interest rates have been falling across Europe in the two years through 2025, reducing borrowing costs for buyers and boosting property transactions. This has helped revenue to rebound slightly in 2025 as estate agents earn commission from property transactions. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 3.7% over the five years through 2030 to €249.5 billion. Housing prices are recovering in 2025 as fixed-rate mortgages begin to drop and economic uncertainty subsides, aiding revenue growth in the short term. Over the coming years, PropTech—technology-driven innovations designed to improve and streamline the real estate industry—will force estate agents to adapt, shaking up the traditional real estate sector. A notable application of PropTech is the use of AI and data analytics to predict a home’s future value and speed up the process of retrofitting properties to become more sustainable.

In 2023, the average price of real estate in China was approximately ****** yuan per square meter, representing a decrease from the previous year. Rising prices in the real estate market Since the 1998 housing reform, property prices in China have been rising continuously. Housing in the country is now often unaffordable, especially considering the modest per capita income of Chinese households. Shanghai and Beijing even have some of the most competitive real estate markets in the world. The rapid growth in housing prices has increased wealth among homeowners, while it also led to a culture of speculation among buyers and real estate developers. Housing was treated as investments, with owners expecting the prices to grow further every year. Risk factors The expectation of a steadily growing real estate market has created a property bubble and a potential debt crisis. As Chinese real estate giants, such as China Evergrande and Country Garden, operate by continuously acquiring land plots and initiating new projects, which often require substantial loans and investments, a slowdown in property demands or a decline in home prices can significantly affect the financial situation of these companies, putting China’s banks in a vulnerable position. In addition, due to a lack of regulations and monetary constraints, the long-term maintenance issues of high-rise apartments are also a concern to the sustainable development of China’s cities.

In a 2019 analysis, Riverside, California was the most at risk of a housing downturn in a recession out of the ** largest metro areas in the United States. The Californian metro area received an overall score of **** percent, which was compiled after factors such as home price volatility and average home loan-to-value ratio were examined.