In the second quarter of 2025, North Macedonia, Portugal, and Bulgaria registered the highest house price increase in real terms (adjusted for inflation). In North Macedonia, house prices outgrew inflation by nearly ** percent. When comparing the nominal price change, which does not take inflation into consideration, the average house price growth was even higher.

Meanwhile, many countries experienced declining prices, with Hong Kong recording the biggest decline, at ***** percent. That has to do with a broader trend of a slowing global housing market.

In 2025, India was the country with the highest increase in house prices since 2010 among the Asia-Pacific (APAC) countries under observation. In the second quarter of the year, the nominal house price index in India reached over 359 index points. This suggests an increase of 259 percent since 2010, the baseline year when the index value was set to 100. It is important to note that the nominal index does not account for the effects of inflation, meaning when adjusted for inflation, price growth in real terms was slower.

Global house prices experienced a significant shift in 2022, with advanced economies seeing a notable decline after a prolonged period of growth. The real house price index (adjusted for inflation) for advanced economies peaked at nearly *** index points in early 2022 before falling to around ***** points by the second quarter of 2023. In the second quarter of 2025, the index reached ***** points. This represents a reversal of the upward trend that had characterized the housing market for roughly a decade. Likewise, real house prices in emerging economies declined after reaching a high of ***** points in the third quarter of 2021. What is behind the slowdown? Inflation and slow economic growth have been the primary drivers for the cooling of the housing market. Secondly, the growing gap between incomes and house prices since 2012 has decreased the affordability of homeownership. Last but not least, homebuyers in 2024 faced dramatically higher mortgage interest rates, further contributing to worsening sentiment and declining transactions. Some markets continue to grow While many countries witnessed a deceleration in house price growth in 2022, some markets continued to see substantial increases. Turkey, in particular, stood out with a nominal increase in house prices of over ** percent in the first quarter of 2025. Other countries that recorded a two-digit growth include North Macedonia and Russia. When accounting for inflation, the three countries with the fastest growing residential prices in early 2025 were North Macedonia, Portugal, and Bulgaria.

Key information about House Prices Growth

• US house prices grew 3.3% YoY in Sep 2025, following an increase of 4.1% YoY in the previous quarter.
• YoY growth data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 1992 to Sep 2025, with an average growth rate of -12.4%.
• House price data reached an all-time high of 17.7% in Sep 2021 and a record low of -12.4% in Dec 2008.

Key information about House Prices Growth

• India house prices grew 2.5% YoY in Jun 2025, following an increase of 5.1% YoY in the previous quarter.
• YoY growth data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 2011 to Jun 2025, with an average growth rate of 5.1%.
• House price data reached an all-time high of 30.6% in Mar 2011 and a record low of -11.4% in Sep 2020.

Turkey experienced the highest annual change in house prices in 2025, followed by North Macedonia and Portugal. In the second quarter of the year, the nominal house price in Turkey grew by **** percent, while in North Macedonia and Portugal, the increase was **** and **** percent, respectively. Meanwhile, some countries saw prices fall throughout the year. That has to do with an overall cooling of the global housing market that started in 2022. When accounting for inflation, house price growth was slower, and even more countries saw the market shrink.

Portugal, Canada, and the United States were the countries with the highest house price to income ratio in 2024. In all three countries, the index exceeded 130 index points, while the average for all OECD countries stood at 116.2 index points. The index measures the development of housing affordability and is calculated by dividing nominal house price by nominal disposable income per head, with 2015 set as a base year when the index amounted to 100. An index value of 120, for example, would mean that house price growth has outpaced income growth by 20 percent since 2015. How have house prices worldwide changed since the COVID-19 pandemic? House prices started to rise gradually after the global financial crisis (2007–2008), but this trend accelerated with the pandemic. The countries with advanced economies, which usually have mature housing markets, experienced stronger growth than countries with emerging economies. Real house price growth (accounting for inflation) peaked in 2022 and has since lost some of the gain. Although, many countries experienced a decline in house prices, the global house price index shows that property prices in 2023 were still substantially higher than before COVID-19. Renting vs. buying In the past, house prices have grown faster than rents. However, the home affordability has been declining notably, with a direct impact on rental prices. As people struggle to buy a property of their own, they often turn to rental accommodation. This has resulted in a growing demand for rental apartments and soaring rental prices.

United States Core PCEPI Inflation Nowcast: sa: Contribution: Real Estate Prices: Listings w/ Price Increases: Count: YoY data was reported at 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for 05 May 2025. United States Core PCEPI Inflation Nowcast: sa: Contribution: Real Estate Prices: Listings w/ Price Increases: Count: YoY data is updated weekly, averaging 0.000 % from Apr 2019 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 320 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.113 % in 20 Feb 2023 and a record low of 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. United States Core PCEPI Inflation Nowcast: sa: Contribution: Real Estate Prices: Listings w/ Price Increases: Count: YoY data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Personal Consumption Expenditure (PCE) Inflation: Core.

The statistic shows the average inflation rate in Canada from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. The inflation rate is calculated using the price increase of a defined product basket. This product basket contains products and services, on which the average consumer spends money throughout the year. They include expenses for groceries, clothes, rent, power, telecommunications, recreational activities and raw materials (e.g. gas, oil), as well as federal fees and taxes. In 2022, the average inflation rate in Canada was approximately 6.8 percent compared to the previous year. For comparison, inflation in India amounted to 5.56 percent that same year. Inflation in Canada In general, the inflation rate in Canada follows a global trend of decreasing inflation rates since 2011, with the lowest slump expected to occur during 2015, but forecasts show an increase over the following few years. Additionally, Canada's inflation rate is in quite good shape compared to the rest of the world. While oil and gas prices have dropped in Canada much like they have around the world, food and housing prices in Canada have been increasing. This has helped to offset some of the impact of dropping oil and gas prices and the effect this has had on Canada´s inflation rate. The annual consumer price index of food and non-alcoholic beverages in Canada has been steadily increasing over the last decade. The same is true for housing and other price indexes for the country. In general there is some confidence that the inflation rate will not stay this low for long, it is expected to return to a comfortable 2 percent by 2017 if estimates are correct.

In 2025, Turkey had the highest inflation-adjusted house price index out of the ** European countries under observation, making it the country where house prices have increased the most since 2010. In Turkey, the house price index exceeded *** index points in the second quarter of 2025, showing an increase in real terms of *** percent since 2010, the baseline year for the index. Iceland and Hungary completed the top three, with an index value of *** and *** index points. In the past year, however, many European countries saw house prices decline in real terms. Where can I find other metrics on different housing markets in Europe? To assess the valuation in different housing markets, one can compare the house-price-to-income ratios of different countries worldwide. These ratios are calculated by dividing nominal house prices by nominal disposable income per head. There are also ratios that look at how residential property prices relate to domestic rents, such as the house-price-to-rent ratio for the United Kingdom. Unfortunately, these numbers are not available in a European overview. An overview of the price per square meter of an apartment in the EU-28 countries is available, however. One region, different markets An important trait of the European housing market is that there is not one market, but multiple. Property policy in Europe lies with the domestic governments, not with the European Union. This leads to significant differences between European countries, which shows in, for example, the homeownership rate (the share of owner-occupied dwellings of all homes). These differences also lead to another problem: the availability of data. Non-Europeans might be surprised to see that house price statistics vary in depth, as every country has their own methodology and no European body exists that tracks this data for the whole continent.

Mass Airflow Housing Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global mass airflow housing market size reached USD 1.18 billion in 2024, reflecting robust demand across automotive and industrial sectors. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 5.7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated USD 1.95 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing adoption of advanced engine management systems, stricter emission regulations, and the ongoing shift toward lightweight, high-performance vehicle components. The mass airflow housing market continues to evolve rapidly, benefiting from technological advancements and expanding applications beyond the automotive industry.

One of the primary growth factors for the mass airflow housing market is the global push for enhanced fuel efficiency and reduced emissions in vehicles. Governments worldwide have implemented stringent emission standards, compelling automotive manufacturers to adopt advanced air intake and engine management solutions. Mass airflow housings, being integral to the accurate measurement of air entering the engine, play a pivotal role in optimizing fuel injection and combustion, thereby supporting compliance with these regulations. The growing trend of engine downsizing, turbocharging, and electrification further accentuates the need for precise airflow measurement, making mass airflow housings indispensable in modern vehicle architectures.

Another significant driver of the mass airflow housing market is the rapid technological innovation in materials and manufacturing processes. The industry is witnessing a shift from conventional materials such as cast iron and steel to lightweight alternatives like aluminum, plastics, and composites. These materials not only reduce the overall weight of the vehicle, contributing to better fuel efficiency, but also offer superior corrosion resistance and design flexibility. Additionally, advancements in manufacturing technologies, such as precision molding and additive manufacturing, enable the production of complex geometries and integrated sensor housings, enhancing the performance and durability of mass airflow housings. This ongoing innovation is expected to further propel market growth throughout the forecast period.

The expanding application scope of mass airflow housings beyond the traditional automotive sector is another catalyst for market growth. Industries such as aerospace, industrial automation, and power generation are increasingly adopting mass airflow sensors and housings to optimize combustion processes, ensure regulatory compliance, and enhance operational efficiency. In aerospace applications, for instance, mass airflow housings are crucial for maintaining optimal engine performance under varying atmospheric conditions. The industrial sector leverages these components in HVAC systems, gas turbines, and process control equipment, underscoring the versatility and broadening market potential of mass airflow housings.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific continues to dominate the global mass airflow housing market, buoyed by the presence of major automotive manufacturing hubs in China, India, Japan, and South Korea. The region benefits from a burgeoning middle class, rising vehicle ownership, and significant investments in automotive R&D. North America and Europe also represent substantial market shares, driven by mature automotive industries and early adoption of emission control technologies. Meanwhile, emerging markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing gradual growth, supported by infrastructure development and increasing industrialization. The regional dynamics of the mass airflow housing market will remain a key determinant of overall market trajectory in the coming years.

Material Type Analysis

The material composition of mass airflow housings is a critical determinant of their performance, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Aluminum remains one of the

Underwater Camera Housing Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global underwater camera housing market size reached USD 425 million in 2024, reflecting robust growth driven by expanding underwater photography trends and advancements in camera technology. The market is experiencing a strong compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.8% and is forecasted to reach USD 778 million by 2033. This growth is primarily attributed to the increasing demand for high-quality underwater imaging solutions among professionals and enthusiasts, as well as ongoing innovations in material science and manufacturing processes that are enhancing the performance and accessibility of underwater camera housings.

A significant growth factor for the underwater camera housing market is the surge in recreational and professional underwater photography. The proliferation of social media platforms and the growing popularity of adventure tourism have fueled interest in capturing high-resolution underwater images, leading to a heightened demand for reliable and durable camera housings. As consumers become more aware of the importance of protecting their expensive camera equipment during underwater activities, the need for robust housings that can withstand extreme conditions and depths is rising. Additionally, the increasing accessibility of underwater photography equipment, including affordable camera housings, is broadening the market’s reach to amateur photographers and hobbyists, further propelling market expansion.

Technological advancements in material science and camera compatibility are playing a pivotal role in the market’s growth. Manufacturers are investing heavily in research and development to create lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and pressure-resistant housings using innovative materials such as polycarbonate, aluminum alloys, and hybrid composites. These advancements are enabling the production of housings that offer superior protection without compromising on usability or portability. Moreover, the evolution of camera technology, including the rise of mirrorless and action cameras, is prompting manufacturers to design housings that cater to a wider range of camera models and functionalities. This trend is fostering diversification within the product portfolio and catering to the evolving needs of both professionals and recreational users.

Furthermore, the underwater camera housing market is benefiting from increased applications in marine research, environmental monitoring, and underwater cinematography. Research institutions and commercial entities are leveraging advanced camera housings to conduct detailed underwater studies, wildlife documentation, and scientific explorations. The adoption of underwater imaging solutions in these sectors is not only expanding the market’s end-user base but also driving demand for specialized housings with enhanced features such as thermal insulation, integrated lighting, and remote operation capabilities. This diversification of applications is expected to sustain the market’s momentum over the forecast period.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific is emerging as a key growth engine for the underwater camera housing market, fueled by rising disposable incomes, expanding coastal tourism, and a growing base of underwater photography enthusiasts. North America and Europe continue to maintain strong market positions due to the presence of established manufacturers, high adoption rates of advanced camera equipment, and a mature adventure sports ecosystem. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing gradual market penetration, supported by increasing awareness and infrastructural developments in diving and marine research activities. The regional dynamics are expected to shape the competitive landscape and drive innovation across the global market.

Product Type Analysis

The underwater camera housing market is segmented by product type into polycarbonate housings, aluminum housings, mixed material housings, and others. Polycarbona

In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Bulgaria, Spain, and Portugal registered the highest house price increase in real terms (adjusted for inflation). In Bulgaria, house prices outgrew inflation by nearly 16 percent. When comparing the nominal price change, which does not take inflation into consideration, the average house price growth was even higher.

Meanwhile, many countries experienced declining prices, with Turkey recording the biggest decline, at 12 percent. That has to do with a broader trend of a slowing global housing market.

Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, and Spain were widely considered the Eurozone's weakest economies during the Great Recession and subsequent Eurozone debt crisis. These countries were grouped together due to the similarities in their economic crises, with much of them driven by house price bubbles which had inflated over the early 2000s, before bursting in 2007 due to the Global Financial Crisis. Entry into the Euro currency by 2002 had meant that banks could lend to house buyers in these countries at greatly reduced rates of interest.

This reduction in the cost of financing contributed to creating housing bubbles, which were further boosted by pro-cyclical housing policies among many of the countries' governments. In spite of these economies experiencing similar economic problems during the crisis, Italy and Portugal did not experience housing bubbles in the same way in which Greece, Ireland, and Spain did. In the latter countries, their real housing prices (which are adjusted for inflation) peaked in 2007, before quickly declining during the recession. In particular, house prices in Ireland dropped by over 40 percent from their peak in 2007 to 2011.

The UK inflation rate was 3.8 percent in September 2025, unchanged from the previous two months, and the fastest rate of inflation since January 2024. Between September 2022 and March 2023, the UK experienced seven months of double-digit inflation, which peaked at 11.1 percent in October 2022. Due to this long period of high inflation, UK consumer prices have increased by over 20 percent in the last three years. As of the most recent month, prices were rising fastest in the education sector, at 7.5 percent, with prices increasing at the slowest rate in the clothing and footwear sector. The Cost of Living Crisis High inflation is one of the main factors behind the ongoing Cost of Living Crisis in the UK, which, despite subsiding somewhat in 2024, is still impacting households going into 2025. In December 2024, for example, 56 percent of UK households reported their cost of living was increasing compared with the previous month, up from 45 percent in July, but far lower than at the height of the crisis in 2022. After global energy prices spiraled that year, the UK's energy price cap increased substantially. The cap, which limits what suppliers can charge consumers, reached 3,549 British pounds per year in October 2022, compared with 1,277 pounds a year earlier. Along with soaring food costs, high-energy bills have hit UK households hard, especially lower income ones that spend more of their earnings on housing costs. As a result of these factors, UK households experienced their biggest fall in living standards in decades in 2022/23. Global inflation crisis causes rapid surge in prices The UK's high inflation, and cost of living crisis in 2022 had its origins in the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the initial waves of the virus, global supply chains struggled to meet the renewed demand for goods and services. Food and energy prices, which were already high, increased further in 2022. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 brought an end to the era of cheap gas flowing to European markets from Russia. The war also disrupted global food markets, as both Russia and Ukraine are major exporters of cereal crops. As a result of these factors, inflation surged across Europe and in other parts of the world, but typically declined in 2023, and approached more usual levels by 2024.

Geneva stands out as Europe's most expensive city for apartment purchases in early 2025, with prices reaching a staggering 15,720 euros per square meter. This Swiss city's real estate market dwarfs even high-cost locations like Zurich and London, highlighting the extreme disparities in housing affordability across the continent. The stark contrast between Geneva and more affordable cities like Nantes, France, where the price was 3,700 euros per square meter, underscores the complex factors influencing urban property markets in Europe. Rental market dynamics and affordability challenges While purchase prices vary widely, rental markets across Europe also show significant differences. London maintained its position as the continent's priciest city for apartment rentals in 2023, with the average monthly costs for a rental apartment amounting to 36.1 euros per square meter. This figure is double the rent in Lisbon, Portugal or Madrid, Spain, and substantially higher than in other major capitals like Paris and Berlin. The disparity in rental costs reflects broader economic trends, housing policies, and the intricate balance of supply and demand in urban centers. Economic factors influencing housing costs The European housing market is influenced by various economic factors, including inflation and energy costs. As of April 2025, the European Union's inflation rate stood at 2.4 percent, with significant variations among member states. Romania experienced the highest inflation at 4.9 percent, while France and Cyprus maintained lower rates. These economic pressures, coupled with rising energy costs, contribute to the overall cost of living and housing affordability across Europe. The volatility in electricity prices, particularly in countries like Italy where rates are projected to reach 153.83 euros per megawatt hour by February 2025, further impacts housing-related expenses for both homeowners and renters.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, inflation rates have been increasing around the world through the last months of 2021 and throughout 2022. In Denmark, especially the prices of housing, electricity and gas etc. as well as food and non-alcoholic beverages have risen sharply, but in January 2024, education was the commodity group with the highest inflation rate. In total, the inflation rate in Denmark that month stood at *** percent.

In September 2025, the UK inflation rate for goods was 2.9 percent and 4.7 percent for services. Prices for goods accelerated significantly, sharply between 2021 and 2022, before falling in 2023. By comparison, prices for services initially grew at a more moderate rate but have also not fallen as quickly. The overall CPI inflation rate for the UK reached a recent high of 11.1 percent in October 2022 and remained in double figures until April 2023, when it fell to 8.7 percent. As of this month, the UK's inflation rate was 3.6 percent, up from 3.4 percent in the previous month. Sectors driving high inflation In late 2024, communication was the sector with the highest inflation rate, with prices increasing by 6.1 percent as of December 2024. During the recent period of high inflation that eased in 2023, food and energy prices were particular high, with housing and energy inflation far higher than in any other sector, peaking at 26.6 percent towards the end of 2022. High food and energy prices since 2021 have been one of the main causes of the cost of living crisis in the UK, especially for low-income households that spend a higher share of their income on these categories. This is likely one of the factors driving increasing food bank usage in the UK, which saw approximately 3.12 million people use a food bank in 2023/24, compared with 1.9 million just before the COVID-19 pandemic. The global inflation crisis The UK has not been alone in suffering rapid price increases since 2021. After the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, a series of economic and geopolitical shocks had a dramatic impact on the global economy. A global supply chain crisis failed to meet rising demand in 2021, leading to the beginning of an Inflation Crisis, which was only exacerbated by Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The war directly influenced the prices of food and energy, as both countries were major exporters of important crops. European imports of hydrocarbons from Russia were also steadily reduced throughout 2022 and 2023, resulting in higher energy prices throughout the year.

Between January 1, 2023, and March 19, 2023, prices of products in the home care category, such as laundry, air fresheners, and household cleaning items in the United States saw changes but remained inflationary where the base was 100. As of March 19, 2023, the price inflation of such products had an index value of 113. A level above 100 was considered to be inflationary, whereas a level below 100 denoted deflation.

United Kingdom House Price: Qtr: UK: Adjusted for Inflation data was reported at 214,578.383 GBP in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 211,792.212 GBP for Mar 2018. United Kingdom House Price: Qtr: UK: Adjusted for Inflation data is updated quarterly, averaging 60,170.285 GBP from Mar 1975 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 174 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 214,578.383 GBP in Jun 2018 and a record low of 10,387.877 GBP in Mar 1975. United Kingdom House Price: Qtr: UK: Adjusted for Inflation data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Nationwide. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.P001: House Price: Nationwide.