Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

Background:
A household food consumption and expenditure survey has been conducted each year in Great Britain (excluding Northern Ireland) since 1940. At that time the National Food Survey (NFS) covered a sample drawn solely from urban working-class households, but this was extended to a fully demographically representative sample in 1950. From 1957 onwards the Family Expenditure Survey (FES) provided information on all household expenditure patterns including food expenditure, with the NFS providing more detailed information on food consumption and expenditure. The NFS was extended to cover Northern Ireland from 1996 onwards. In April 2001 these surveys were combined to form the Expenditure and Food Survey (EFS), which completely replaced both series. From January 2008, the EFS became known as the Living Costs and Food (LCF) module of the Integrated Household Survey (IHS). As a consequence of this change, the questionnaire was altered to accommodate the insertion of a core set of questions, common to all of the separate modules which together comprised the IHS. Some of these core questions are simply questions which were previously asked in the same or a similar format on all of the IHS component surveys. For further information on the LCF questionnaire, see Volume A of the LCF 2008 User Guide, held with SN 6385. Further information about the LCF, including links to published reports based on the survey, may be found by searching for 'Living Costs and Food Survey' on the ONS website. Further information on the NFS and Living Costs and Food Module of the IHS can be found by searching for 'Family Food' on the GOV.UK website.

History:
The LCF (then EFS) was the result of more than two years' development work to bring together the FES and NFS; both survey series were well-established and important sources of information for government and the wider community, and had charted changes and patterns in spending and food consumption since the 1950s. Whilst the NFS and FES series are now finished, users should note that previous data from both series are still available from the UK Data Archive, under GNs 33071 (NFS) and 33057 (FES).

Purpose of the LCF
The Office for National Statistics (ONS) has overall project management and financial responsibility for the LCF, while the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) sponsors the food data element. As with the FES and NFS, the LCF continues to be primarily used to provide information for the Retail Prices Index, National Accounts estimates of household expenditure, analysis of the effect of taxes and benefits, and trends in nutrition. The results are multi-purpose, however, providing an invaluable supply of economic and social data. The merger of the two surveys also brings benefits for users, as a single survey on food expenditure removes the difficulties of reconciling data from two sources.

Design and methodology The design of the LCF is based on the old FES, although the use of new processing software by the data creators has resulted in a dataset which differs from the previous structure. The most significant change in terms of reporting expenditure, however, is the introduction of the European Standard Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP), in place of the codes previously used. An additional level of hierarchy has been developed to improve the mapping to the previous codes. The LCF was conducted on a financial year basis from 2001, then moved to a calendar year basis from January 2006 (to complement the IHS) until 2015-16, when the financial year survey was reinstated at the request of users. Therefore, whilst SN 5688 covers April 2005 - March 2006, SN 5986 covers January-December 2006. Subsequent years cover January-December until 2014. SN 8210 returns to the financial year survey and currently covers April 2015 - March 2016.

Northern Ireland sample
Users should note that, due to funding constraints, from January 2010 the Northern Ireland (NI) sample used for the LCF was reduced to a sample proportionate to the NI population relative to the UK.

Family Food database:
'Family Food' is an annual publication which provides detailed statistical information on purchased quantities, expenditure and nutrient intakes derived from both household and eating out food and drink. Data is collected for a sample of households in the United Kingdom using self-reported diaries of all purchases, including food eaten out, over a two week period. Where possible quantities are recorded in the diaries but otherwise estimated. Energy and nutrient intakes are calculated using standard nutrient composition data for each of some 500 types of food. Current estimates are based on data collected in the Family Food...

Abstract

The Household Consumption and Expenditure (HCE) survey is administered by the Central Statistical Agency every five years, most recently in 2010/11. The core objective of the HCE survey is to provide data that enable to understand the income dimension of poverty and the major objectives are to: • Assess the level, extent and distribution of income dimension of poverty; • Provide data on the levels, distribution and pattern of household expenditure that will be used for analysis of changes in the households' living standard level over time in various socio-economic groups and geographical areas; • Provide basic data that enables to design, monitor and evaluate the impact of socio- economic policies and programs on households/individuals living standard; • Furnish series of data for assessing poverty situations, in general, and food security, in particular; • Provide data for compiling household accounts in the system of national accounts, especially in the estimation of private consumption expenditure; and • Obtain weights and other useful information for the construction and /or rebasing of consumer price indices at various levels and geographical areas.

Geographic coverage

The 2010/11 HCE survey covered all rural and urban areas of the country except the non-sedentary populations in Afar (three zones) and Somali (six zones).

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Consumption Expenditure Items

Universe

The survey covered households in the selected samples except residents of collective quarters, homeless persons and foreigners.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

Sampling Frame The 2007 Population and Housing Census served as the sampling frame from which the rural and urban EAs were selected. A fresh list of households for each selected EA was collected at the beginning of the survey period. Households were then selected for inclusion in the survey by choosing a random number as the starting point in the list and selecting every nth household (n being the necessary number to achieve the desired number of households in each EA).

Sample Design & Selection In order to produce a representative sample, the country was stratified into the following four categories: rural, major urban centers, medium towns, and small towns.

a. Category I - Rural This category consists of the rural areas of 68 zones and special weredas, which are considered zones, in 9 regions of the country. This category also includes the rural areas of the Dire Dawa City Administration. A stratified two-stage cluster sample design was used, with the primary sampling unit being the EAs. Sample EAs were selected using Probability Proportional to Size, with size being the number of households identified in the 2007 Population and Housing Census. Twelve households were randomly selected from each sample rural EA for survey administration. The total sample for this category is 864 EAs and 10,368 households.

b. Category II - Major Urban Centers This category includes all regional capitals as well as five additional major urban centers with large populations, for a total of 15 major urban centers. These 15 urban centers were broken down into the 14 regional capitals and the 10 sub-cities of Addis Ababa City Administration resulting in a total of 24 represented urban domains. A stratified two-stage sample design was also used for this category as in the rural sample with EAs as the primary sampling unit. For this category, however, 16 households were randomly selected in each EA. In total, 576 EAs and 9,216 households were selected for this category.

c. Categories III & IV - Other Urban Centers These two categories capture other urban areas not included in Category II. A domain of other urban centers was formed from 8 regions (all except Harari, Addis Ababa, and Dire Dawa where all urban centers are included in Category II). Unlike the other categories, a three-stage sample design was used. However, sampling was still conducted using probability proportionate to size. The urban centers were the primary sampling units and the EAs were secondary sampling units. Sixteen households were randomly selected from each of the selected EAs. A total sample of 112 urban centers, 528 EAs, and 8,448 households were selected for these two categories.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

A hard copy (Paper print) booklet type questioner has been used for data collection. The design of the questionnaire has structured/organized into five main parts (forms).

The main components of the survey questionnaire are: Form 0: is used together basic household information that could help to assess the general livelihood nature of a household and its members, such as: source of household income, status and scope of agriculture engagement (diversity and specialization), safety net/asset accumulation participation, participation in micro and small scale business enterprise, accessibility and/or credit facility status from micro-finance institution, …etc,

Form 1: has been used to collect data on demographic characteristics and economic activity of household members, such as: age, sex, marital status, education, income contribution status, economic activity and other related variables.

Form 2 (2A & 2B): is used to collect actual consumption (quantity consumed) and equivalent expenditure of food, beverages and tobacco items, that would have been actually consumed by the household (members of the household) within the reference period of the survey. Note that the first three consecutive day’s consumption being collected in Form 2A and 2B is used to collect the second phase (consecutive 4 days) of the survey week.

Form 3 (3A, 3B & 3C): Household consumption and expenditure data on non-durable goods and frequent services has been collected using three segments of form 3. Of which 3A and 3B are designed to handle three and four day’s data, respectively; while 3C has been used to capture a full month reference data.

Form 4 (4A-4E): Household expenditure data of durable goods and Less-Frequent services was administered in form 4. In order to facilitate a systematic way of data collection approach, these goods and services are grouped into classes and data were collected using five chapters of the main module in such a way that expenditure data on: • Clothing and footwear was collected in 4A; • Dwelling rent, water, fuel and energy, furniture’s & furnishing, household equipment and operation were collected by use of form 4B; • Health, transport and communication goods and services has been collected in form 4C; • Education, recreation, entertainment, cultural and sport goods and services were collected by the use of 4D; and • Personal goods and services, financial services, and others including operational cost of production with respect to unincorporated household economic enterprises;

Dairy book: Consumption expenditure of food and beverages data are collected, at first on daily basis, by listing every consumed item by the household (every household member) in each day in a dairy book, to facilitate exhaustiveness of consumption. And, then a summary of attributes are transferred to the main questionnaire.

Measuring tools: Kitchen balance (digital type in urban and analog type in rural areas) and measuring type are used for consumption/quantity data collection.

Cleaning operations

Data Processing All data processing was undertaken at the head office. Completed questionnaires were returned to the CSA data processing department from the field periodically. Data processing activities included cleaning, coding, and verifying data as well as checking for consistency. These activities were carried out on a quarterly basis after entering three months of data. Further processing, including the estimation of sampling weights, was carried out at the close of data entry.

Data Entry and Coding Manual editing and coding of data began as early as August 2010, when the first round of completed questionnaires was received at the head office. A team of 21 editors, 5 verifiers, and 4 supervisors carried out these activities. Subject matter experts provided a 5-day intensive training for this team to equip them with the necessary skills. Additionally, a team of 12 encoders was trained to enter the data. A double-entry system was used, wherein two separate encoders manually entered each survey. Any discrepancies between the two entries were flagged automatically and the physical survey was reviewed to correct the errors. Data entry was completed in October 2011.

Data Validation and Cleaning Data validation and cleaning was carried out by subject matter experts and data programmers. Systematic validity checks were completed at the commodity, household and visit levels. Activities related to consistency, validity, and completeness included the following: a. Imputation of missing observations on consumption goods (in quantity or value) using the market price survey that was collected at the time of the HCE. b. Validity and consistency of quantity and value of consumption items was checked by comparing the figures across both household visits (using the household-provided prices and/or the market price survey). c. Estimation of the value of consumption of own production using the household-provided quantities and market survey prices. d. Comparison of household expenditure on durable goods using different recall periods (i.e., 3 and 12 months). After analyzing the annualized values using each reference period, it was decided to use whichever period resulted in the largest expenditure, which was often the

Troubat N., Sharp M., Andrew N. 2021. Food consumption in Solomon Islands [electronic resource]: based on the analysis of the 2012/13 household income and expenditure survey. Honiara, Solomon Islands: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and The Pacific Community. xi, 64 p.

Abstract

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 50% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS)

The Central Agency for Public Mobilization And Statistics (CAPMAS) is responsible for Implementation of statistics and data collection of various kinds, specializations, levels and performs many of the general censuses and economic surveys. One of the key aims of CAPMAS is to complete unified and comprehensive statistical work to keep up with all developments in various aspects of life and unifying standards, concepts and definitions of statistical terms, development of comprehensive information system as a tool for planning and development in all fields

The Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey (HIECS) is one important source to rely on for economic, social and demographic indicators, that are conducted every few years.

The HIECS 1999/2000 is the seventh Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey that was carried out in 1999/2000, among a long series of similar surveys that started back in 1955.

The survey main objectives are: - To estimate the quantities, values of commodities and services consumed by households during the survey period to estimate the current demand and determine the levels of consumption for commodities and services essential for national planning. - To measure mean household and per-capita expenditure on different goods and services in urban and rural areas. - To define mean household and per-capita income. - To define percentage distribution of expenditure for various expenditure items used in compiling consumer price indices for different expenditure levels on urban and rural levels. - To provide essential data to measure elasticity which reflects the percentage change in expenditure for various commodity and service groups against the percentage change in total expenditure for the purpose of predicting the levels of expenditure and consumption for different commodity and service items in urban and rural areas and different levels of total expenditure. - To provide data essential for comparing change in expenditure against change in income to measure income elasticity of expenditure. - To study the relationships between demographic, geographical, housing characteristics of households and their income and expenditure for commodities and services, in urban and rural areas. - To provide data necessary for national accounts especially in compiling inputs and outputs tables, and commodity balances. - To provide updated data on Income, Expenditure and Consumption estimates in 1999/2000 to serve planners, investors and researchers. - To identify expenditure levels and patterns of population and consumers behavior in urban and rural areas. - To identify per capita food consumption and its main components of calories, proteins and fats according to its sources and the levels of expenditure in both urban and rural areas. - To identify the value of expenditure for food according to sources, either from household production or not, in addition to household expenditure for non food commodities and services. - To identify distribution of households according to the possession of some appliances and equipments such as (cars, satellites, mobiles ...) in urban and rural areas. - To identify the distribution of households according to the number of members, compared to the number of rooms occupied by the household. - To provide the distribution of households by income categories, income sources and number of income earners. - To provide the distribution of number of waged workers in the household by their income range, economic activity, sector and main occupation.

A committee consisting of Experts of the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Experts of the Ministry of Planning, Experts from NIB and Egyptian university professors, has been formed based on the decree number (28) for the year 1998 of the Minister of State for Planning and International Cooperation, to study and prepare Expenditure and Consumption Estimates Survey in the Arab Republic of Egypt and follow up on the implementation of the research procedures.

A timetable has been prepared for the implementation of every stage of this survey, which started in 01/04/1999. It was taken into account in this timetable the coordination between the work phases, so that these stages were conducted in parallel, where the coding and office audit would start immediately upon completion of the monthly data collection phase. Data for which forms are completed, coded and reviewed was entered on personal computers during the same month.

Specialized working groups were formed for each stage of the survey work and trained according to intensive training programs for each phase. Those stages were supervised by experts of the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics in the field of family research.

All collected data has been prepared on personal computers within the statistics division where 22 of the latest generations of devices were used, on which was installed the most updated software for data entry and validation.

The survey management prepared a report for essential commodities to indentify the minimum and maximum price for those goods during each month of the survey. This report was sent to the statistical offices in all governorates to be filled from their sources by auditors, supervisors and delivered to the survey management with all forms collected to be used during the central office audit stage.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing household surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage

Covering a sample of urban and rural areas in all the governorates.

Analysis unit

1- Household/family. 2- Individual/person.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 50% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS)

A large sample representative for urban and rural areas in all governorates has been designed by CAPMAS in March 1999 for the HIECS 1999/2000.

In previous surveys, CAPMAS used to select a sample of around 15000 households from 500 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs). For HIECS 1999/2000, a sample of about 48000 households has been considered from 600 PSUs, 28800 households in urban (360 PSUs) and 19200 households in rural (240 PSUs), distributed over 12 months (4000 households monthly).

The master sample is a strata-area-unbiased-probability proportion to size sample. The 1996 census data, the population estimates for the year 2000, as well as the number of shiakha/village in each governorate were used for the distribution of PSUs on different strata during the first sampling stage. The sampling unit in the first sampling stage was taken to be the PSU consisting of at least 1500 households in urban areas and 1000 households in rural areas. While the sampling unit for the second stage whether in urban or rural areas was the household.

A more detailed description of the different sampling stages and allocation of sample across governorates is provided in the Methodology document available among the documentation materials published in both Arabic and English.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three different questionnaires have been designed as following: 1- Expenditure and consumption questionnaire 1999/2000. 2- Diary questionnaire for expenditure and consumption 1999/2000. 3- Income questionnaire.

A brief description of each questionnaire is given next:

1- Expenditure and Consumption Questionnaire

This questionnaire comprises 14 tables in addition to identification and geographic data of household on the cover page. The questionnaire is divided into two main sections. Section one: Basic information which includes: - Demographic characteristics and basic data for all household individuals consisting of 15 questions for every person, in a table of 10 columns (1 column per person) on two pages so that each table contains data for 20 persons. - Household visitors during the month of the survey. - Members of household who are currently working abroad. - The household ration card. - The housing conditions including 18 questions. - The household possession of appliances including 23 type of appliance. This section includes some questions which help to define the socio-economic level of households which in turn, help interviewers to check the plausibility of expenditure, consumption and income data.

Section two: Expenditure and consumption data It includes 14 tables as follows: - The quantity and value of food and beverages commodities actually consumed. - The quantity and value of the actual consumption of tobacco and narcotics. - The quantity and value of the clothing and footwear. - The household expenditure for housing. - The household expenditure for furnishings, household equipment and services. - The household

Abstract

The Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey (HIECS) is of great importance among other household surveys conducted by statistical agencies in various countries around the world. This survey provides a large amount of data to rely on in measuring the living standards of households and individuals, as well as establishing databases that serve in measuring poverty, designing social assistance programs, and providing necessary weights to compile consumer price indices, considered to be an important indicator to assess inflation.

Survey Objectives 1- To identify expenditure levels and patterns of population as well as socio- economic and demographic differentials. 2- To estimate the quantities and values of commodities and services consumed by households during the survey period to determine the levels of consumption and estimate the current demand which is an important input for national planning. Current and past demand estimates are utilized to predict future demands 3- To measure mean household and per-capita expenditure for various expenditure items along with socio-economic correlates. 4- To define percentage distribution of expenditure for various items used in compiling consumer price indices which is considered important indicator for measuring inflation 5- To define mean household and per-capita income from different sources. 6- To provide data necessary to measure standard of living for households and individuals. Poverty analysis and setting up a basis for social welfare assistance are highly dependent on the results of this survey. 7- To provide essential data to measure elasticity which reflects the percentage change in expenditure for various commodity and service groups against. the percentage change in total expenditure for the purpose of predicting the levels of expenditure and consumption for different commodity and service items in urban and rural areas. 8- To provide data essential for comparing change in expenditure against change in income to measure income elasticity of expenditure. 9- To study the relationships between demographic, geographical and housing characteristics of households and their income and expenditure for commodities and services. 10- To provide data necessary for national accounts especially in compiling inputs and outputs tables. 11- To identify consumers behavior changes among socio-economic groups in urban and rural areas. 12- To identify per capita food consumption and its main components of calories, proteins and fats according to its sources and the levels of expenditure in both urban and rural areas. 13- To identify the value of expenditure for food according to sources, either from household production or not, in addition to household expenditure for nonfood commodities and services. 14- To identify distribution of households according to the possession of some appliances and equipment such as (cars, satellites, mobiles) in urban and rural areas. 15- To identify the percentage distribution of income recipients according to some background variables such as housing conditions, size of household and characteristics of head of household.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household/family
• Individual/person

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample of Family Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey (FIECS) is a multi-stage stratified cluster sample and self-weighted to the extent practical. Its designed size is 48000 households allocated among governorates and their urban/rural components in proportion to size. The sample was selected in three stages (the second stage is considered dummy). The first two stages are related to the Master Sample which has been drawn directly before the field work of FIECS started. The third sampling stage concerns with the selection of a sample of 40 households from each Master Sample Areas (1200 areas with approximately 700 households in each).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

Background and coverage over time:
The National Food Survey (NFS), which ran from 1974-2000, was the longest-running continuous survey of household food consumption and expenditure in the world. It was originally set up in 1940 by the then Ministry of Food to monitor the adequacy of the diet of urban 'working class' households in wartime, but it was extended in 1950 to become representative of households throughout Great Britain (the UK Data Archive holds NFS data from 1974-2000 only). In 1996 the survey was extended to cover Northern Ireland. The NFS provided a wealth of information which made a major contribution to the study of the changing patterns of household food consumption. About 8,000 households took part in the NFS each year. The household member who did most of the food shopping was asked some questions about the household and its food purchasing. They were then asked to keep a diary for seven days, recording food coming into the household, including quantities and expenditure, and some detail of the household meals (including snacks and picnics prepared from household supplies). From 2001, the NFS and Family Expenditure Survey were merged into the Expenditure and Food Survey (now the Living Costs and Food Survey) (LCF). The Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), is now responsible for the 'Family Food' component of the LCF.

Open access NFS datasets now available:
In 2016, as part of a programme to widen public access to data, DEFRA published open access versions of the 1974-2000 NFS data. They contain less detailed data than these standard End User Licence versions. For example, the open access datasets only contain household-level data and not person-level data (though some person data fields have been extracted and are supplied as a new table so that details of whether anyone in the household was pregnant at the time of the survey, and whether there were any children under the age of 2). Furthermore, age has been banded, and head of household's gross income and records for households with more than 10 members have been removed. The open access datasets are available to download without registration from the UK Data Service under SN 7945 - National Food Survey, 1974-2000: Open Access Data and also from the data.gov.uk Family Food open data webpage. Further details of changes made to the open access data and information on the project is described on the DEFRA blog, Feeding the hunger for data.


Main Topics:
Each household which participated in the NFS did so voluntarily, and without payment, for one week only. By regularly changing the households surveyed, information was obtained continuously throughout the year except for a short break at Christmas. Each household was provided with a specially designed log-book in which the person principally responsible for domestic food arrangements provided information about each household. The main diary-keeper kept a record each day for seven days, with guidance from an interviewer, of all food entering the home intended for human consumption. Information about characteristics of the household and of its members was recorded on a separate questionnaire.

Abstract

The Poverty, Income, Consumption, and Expenditure Survey 2017 is the main data source for the compilation of the informal sector, living conditions, poverty levels, and weights for the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The survey is based on a sample of 32,256 households, representative at Province and District Levels.

The objectives of the survey are to: - Estimate private consumption expenditure and disposable income of the household sector - Compile the production account of the agricultural sector - Study income/expenditure disparities among socio-economic groups - Estimate the contribution of the informal sector to GDP in Zimbabwe - Estimate the size of household transfer incomes within and outside the country - Calculate weights for the Consumer Price Index (CPI) - Calculate the poverty line, measure the poverty rate and inequality - Provide data useful to formulate national policies for social welfare programmes - Obtain data for poverty mapping - Obtain data useful in measuring the demographic dividend for Zimbabwe

Geographic coverage

• National Coverage: 62 administrative districts of Zimbabwe
• Rural and Urban areas
• Land-use sectors: Communal Lands (CL), Small Scale Commercial Farms (SSCF), Large Scale Commercial Farms (LSCF), Resettlement Areas (includes Old Resettlement Areas (ORA), A1 Farms and A2 Farms), Urban Council Areas (UCA), Administrative Centres (AC), and Growth Point (GP) and Other Urban Areas (OUA), e.g. Services Center and Mines.

Analysis unit

• Individuals
• Households

Universe

The sample is representative of the whole population of Zimbabwe living in private households. The population living in collective households or in institutions such as military barracks, prisons and hospitals are excluded from the sampling frame.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

At the first sampling stage, the sample EAs for the PICES 2017 are selected within each stratum (administrative district) using random systematic sampling with Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) from the ordered list of EAs in the sampling frame. The measure of size for each EA are based on the total number of households identified in the 2012 Population Census sampling frame. The EAs within each district are ordered first by rural and urban codes, land-use sector, ward and EA number. This provides implicit land-use and geographic stratification of the sampling frame within each district, and ensures a proportional allocation of the sample to the urban and rural areas of each district.The Complex Samples module of the SAS software is used for selecting the sample EAs systematically with PPS within each stratum at the first stage. The module uses the “SURVEY SELECT” sampling procedure.

At the second sampling stage, a random systematic sample of 14 households are selected with equal probability from the listing of each sample EA. Reserve households are selected for replacements. The reason why the replacement of non interview households are considered was to maintain the effective sample size and enumerator workload in each sample EA. Four households are selected for possible replacement, and thus a total of 18 households are selected from each sample EA. A systematic subsample of 4 households are then selected from the 18 households, and the remaining 14 sample households are considered the original sample for the survey. A spreadsheet is developed for selecting the 14 sample households and 4 reserve households for possible replacement in each sample EA. This spreadsheet includes items for the identification of the sample EA, and formulas for the systematic selection of households once the total number of households listed has been entered.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Cleaning operations

The PICES 2017 data entry is conducted by the ZIMSTAT Data Entry Unit using the CSPro software to enter the data. Data entry was done from January 2018 to June 2018. Data is captured twice by different people for purposes of verification. Data from the daily record books (the household food consumption diaries) have been entered from July to November 2018. SAS and STATA software is used for data processing. Data cleaning is done at all stages i.e. during data entry and data processing to check for the consistency of the data. Tables are then generated for use in report writing.

Response rate

Out of a total of 32,256 sampled households, a total of 31,195 households successfully completed interviews. This gives a response rate of 96.7 percent of the sampled households.

Sampling error estimates

The standard error, or square root of the variance, is used to measure the sampling error, although it may also include a small variable part of the non-sampling error. The variance estimator should take into account the different aspects of the sample design, such as the stratification and clustering. Programs available for calculating the variances for survey data from stratified multi stage sample designs such as the PICES 2017 include STATA and the Complex Samples module of SPSS as well as SAS and Wesvar. All these software packages use an ultimate cluster (linearized Taylor series) variance estimator. The Complex Samples module of STATA is used with the PICES 2017 data to produce the sampling errors.

Abstract

Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) collects a wealth of information on HH income and expenditure, such as source of income by industry, HH expenditure on goods and services, and income and expenditure associated with subsistence production and consumption. In addition to this, HIES collects information on sectoral and thematic areas, such as education, health, labour force, primary activities, transport, information and communication, transfers and remittances, food expenditure (as a proxy for HH food consumption and nutrition analysis), and gender.

The Pacific Islands regionally standardized HIES instruments and procedures were adopted by the Government of Tokelau for the 2015/16 Tokelau HIES. These standards were designed to feed high-quality data to HIES data end users for:

1. deriving expenditure weights and other useful data for the revision of the consumer price index;
2. supplementing the data available for use in compiling official estimates of various components in the System of National Accounts;
3. supplementing the data available for production of the balance of payments; and
4. gathering information on poverty lines and the incidence of poverty in Tokelau.

The data allow for the production of useful indicators and information on the sectors covered in the survey, including providing data to inform indicators under the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This report, the above listed outputs, and any thematic analyses of HIES data, collectively provide information to assist with social and economic planning and policy formation.

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

Analysis unit

Households and Individuals.

Universe

The universe of the 2015/16 Tokelau Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) is all occupied households (HHs) in Tokelau. HHs are the sampling unit, defined as a group of people (related or not) who pool their money, cook and eat together. It is not the physical structure (dwelling) in which people live. The HH must have been living in Tokelau for a period of six months, or have had the intention to live in Tokelau for a period of twelve months in order to be included in the survey.

Household members covered in the survey include: -usual residents currently living in the HH; -usual residents who are temporarily away (e.g., for work or a holiday); -usual residents who are away for an extended period, but are financially dependent on, or supporting, the HH (e.g., students living in school dormitories outside Tokelau, or a provider working overseas who hasn't formed or joined another HH in the host country) and plan to return; -persons who frequently come and go from the HH, but consider the HH being interviewed as their main place of stay; -any person who lives with the HH and is employed (paid or in-kind) as a domestic worker and who shares accommodation and eats with the host HH; and -visitors currently living with the HH for a period of six months or more.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2015/16 Tokelau Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) sampling approach was designed to generate reliable results at the national level. That is, the survey was not designed to produce reliable results at any lower level, such as for the three individual atolls. The reason for this is partly budgetary constraint, but also because the HIES will serve its primary objectives with a sample size that will provide reliable national aggregates.

The sampling frame used for the random selection of HHs was from December 2013, i.e. the HH listing updated in the 2013 Population Count.

The 2015/16 Tokelau HIES had a quota of 120 HHs. The sample covered all three populated atolls in Tokelau (Fakaofo, Nukunonu and Atafu) and the sample was evenly allocated between the three atoll clusters (i.e., 40 HHs per atoll surveyed over a ten-month period). The HHs within each cluster were randomly selected using a single-stage selection process.

In addition to the 120 selected HHs, 60 HHs (20 per cluster) were randomly selected as replacement HHs to ensure that the desired sample was met. The replacement HHs were only approached for interview in the case that one of the primarily selected HHs could not be interviewed.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for this Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) are composed of a diary and 4 modules published in English and in Tokelauan. All English questionnaires and modules are provided as external resources.

Here is the list of the questionnaires for this 2015-2016 HIES: - Diary: week 1 an 2; - Module 1: Demographic information (Household listing, Demographic profile, Activities, Educational status, Communication status...); - Module 2: Household expenditure (Housing characteristics, Housing tenure expenditure, Utilities and communication, Land and home...etc); - Module 3: Individual expenditure (Education, Health, Clothing, Communication, Luxury items, Alcohonl & tobacco); - Module 4: Household and individual income (Wages and salary, Agricultural and forestry activities, Fishing gathering and hunting activities, livestock and aquaculture activities...etc).

Cleaning operations

All inconsistencies and missing values were corrected using a variety of methods: 1. Manual correction: verified on actual questionnaires (double check on the form, questionnaire notes, local knowledge, manual verifications) 2. Subjective: the answer is obvious and be deducted from other questions 3. Donor hot deck: the value is imputed based on similar characteristics from other HHs or individuals (see example below) 4. Donor median: the missing or outliers were imputed from similar items reported median value 5. Record deletion: the record was filled by mistake and had to be removed.

Several questions used the hotdeck method of imputation to impute missing and outlying values. This method can use one to three dimensions and is dependent on which section and module the question was placed. The process works by placing correct values in a coded matrix. For example in Tokelau the “Drink Alcohol” questions used a three dimension hotdeck to store in-range reported data. The constraining dimensions used are AGE, SEX and RELATIONSHIP questions and act as a key for the hotdeck. On the first pass the valid yes/no responses are place into this 3-dimension hotdeck. On the second pass the data in the matrix is updated one person at a time. If a “Drink Alcohol” question contained a missing response then the person's coded age, sex and relationship key is searched in the “valid” matrix. Once a key is found the result contained in the matrix is imputed for the missing value. The first preferred method to correct missing or outlying data is the manual correction (trying to obtain the real value, it could have been miss-keyed or reported incorrectly). If the manual correction was unsuccessful at correcting the values, a subjective approach was used, the next method would be the hotdeck, then the donor median and the last correction is the record deletion. The survey procedure and enumeration team structure allow for in-round data entry, which gives the field staff the opportunity to correct the data by manual review and by using the entry system-generated error messages. This process was designed to improve data quality. The data entry system used system-controlled entry, interactive coding and validity and consistency checks. Despite the validity and consistency checks put in place, the data still required cleaning. The cleaning was a two-stage process, which included manual cleaning while referencing the questionnaire, whereas the second stage involved computer-assisted code verification and, in some cases, imputation. Once the data were clean, verified and consistent, they were recoded to form a final aggregated database, consisting of: Person level record - characteristics of every (household) HH member, including activity and education profile; HH level record - characteristics of the dwelling and access to services; Final aggregated income - all HH income streams, by category and type; Final aggregated expenditure - all HH expenditure items, by category and type.

The cleaning was a two-stage process, which included manual cleaning while referencing the questionnaire, whereas the second stage involved computer-assisted code verification and, in some cases, imputation. Once the data were clean, verified and consistent, they were recoded to form a final aggregated database.

Response rate

Overall, 99% of the response rate objective was achieved.

Sampling error estimates

Refer to Appendix 2 of the Tokelau 2015/2016 Household Income and Expenditure Survey report attached as an external resource.

Abstract

The National Sample Surveys (NSS) are being conducted by the Government of India since 1950 to collect socio-economic data employing scientific sampling methods. Household Consumption Expenditure Survey 2023-24 will commence from August 2023.

The Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) is designed to collect information on consumption of goods and services by the households. Information collected in HCES is used for analyzing and understanding the consumption and expenditure pattern, standard of living and well-being of the households. Besides, the data of the survey provides budget shares of different commodity groups that is used for preparation of the weighting diagram for compilation of official Consumer Price Indices (CPIs). The data collected in HCES is also utilized for deriving various other macroeconomic indicators.

Geographic coverage

8,684 FSUs in the rural areas and 6,143 in the urban areas have been surveyed in HCES:2023-24. The total sample size of 14,827FSUs has been allocated to State/UTs in proportion to Census 2011 population, subject to a minimum allocation of 40 FSUs.

Sampling procedure

The latest survey on household consumption expenditure (previously known as household consumer expenditure survey) was conducted during the period August 2023 to July 2024 in which information was collected from each sampled household in three questionnaires, namely, Questionnaire: FDQ (Food Items), Questionnaire: CSQ (Consumables & Services) and Questionnaire: DGQ (Durable Items) in three separate monthly visits in a quarter. Apart from these, another questionnaire, namely, Questionnaire: HCQ was canvassed to collect information on household characteristics.

In HCES: 2023-24, a multi-stage stratified sampling design was used where villages/urban blocks or sub-units of these were regarded as the First Stage Units (FSU) and the households were the Ultimate Stage Units (USU). Both the FSUs and USUs were selected with Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR). 18 sample households were canvassed within an FSU.

The survey period of HCES:2023-24was divided into 10 panels, each consisting of three months. In the first month of any panel,Questionnaire: HCQ along with any one of the questionnaires, i.e., FDQ/CSQ/DGQwere canvassed in the selected households. During the second month of the panel, any one from the remaining two questionnaires was canvassed and in the last month, the last questionnaire was canvassed. The sequence of the questionnaires to be canvassed in each month of a panel for a particular FSU was decided randomly to eliminate bias that may arise due to the adoption of a particular sequencing for canvassing. Thus, all six possible sequences, i.e., [(Q1, Q2, Q3), (Q1, Q3, Q2), (Q2, Q1, Q3), (Q2, Q3, Q1), (Q3, Q1, Q2) and (Q3, Q2, Q1)], where Q1 refers to FDQ, Q2 refers to CSQ and Q3 refers to DGQ, were canvassed at random in the sample households.

The sampling frame for urban sector is the list of Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks as per latest Urban Frame Survey and for rural sector, it is the list of villages as per Census 2011 updated by removing those villages which are urbanized and included in latest UFS (till the time of sample selection).Sometimes, with a view to ensure uniformity in the size of FSUs and operational convenience, large villages/UFS blocks are notionally divided into smaller units of more or less equal size, known as sub-units depending on a pre-defined criteria based on population in the village or number of households in the UFS block. The sector-specific criteria for sub-unit formation are as below:

Rural Sector (i) The number of SUs to be formed in the villages (with Census 2011 population of 1000 or more and except some States/UTs) are decided based on projected present population of the village. The criteria aregiven below:

Projected Population of the village No. of SUs to be formed
less than 1200 1
1200 to 2399 2 2400 to 3599 3
… …

(ii) For rural areas of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Ladakh, Parts of Uttarakhand (except four districts Dehradun, Nainital, Haridwar and Udham Singh Nagar), Jammu and Kashmir (seven districts Poonch, Rajouri, Udhampur, Reasi, Doda, Kishtwar, Ramban) and Idukki district of Kerala; SU is formed in a village if population as per Census 2011 is more than or equals to 500. The criteria for the number of SU to be formed are as below:

Projected Population of the village Number of SUs to be formed
less than 600 1
600 to 1199 2
1200 to 1799 3
... ...

Urban Sector: (i) SUs are formed in those UFS blockshaving more than or equal to 250 households. The number of SUs to be formed within the UFS blocks is decided by the following criteria:

Number of Households in UFS Block Number of SUs to be formed
less than 250 1
250 to 499 2
500 to 749 3
… …
Thus, the list of Villages / UFS Blocks / Sub-Units (for those villages or UFS blocks where sub-units are formed within) together formed the sampling frame for First Stage Unit selection.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Abstract

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 50% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS)

The Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey (HIECS) is of great importance among other household surveys conducted by statistical agencies in various countries around the world. This survey provides a large amount of data to rely on in measuring the living standards of households and individuals, as well as establishing databases that serve in measuring poverty, designing social assistance programs, and providing necessary weights to compile consumer price indices, considered to be an important indicator to assess inflation.

The First Survey that covered all the country governorates was carried out in 1958/1959 followed by a long series of similar surveys. The current survey, HIECS 2015, is the twelfth in this long series. Starting 2008/2009, Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Surveys were conducted each two years instead of five years. this would enable better tracking of the rapid changes in the level of the living standards of the Egyptian households.

CAPMAS started in 2010/2011 to follow a panel sample of around 40% of the total household sample size. The current survey is the second one to follow a panel sample. This procedure will provide the necessary data to extract accurate indicators on the status of the society. The CAPMAS also is pleased to disseminate the results of this survey to policy makers, researchers and scholarly to help in policy making and conducting development related researches and studies

The survey main objectives are:

• To identify expenditure levels and patterns of population as well as socio- economic and demographic differentials.

• To measure average household and per-capita expenditure for various expenditure items along with socio-economic correlates.

• To Measure the change in living standards and expenditure patterns and behavior for the individuals and households in the panel sample, previously surveyed in 2008/2009, for the first time during 12 months representing the survey period.

• To define percentage distribution of expenditure for various items used in compiling consumer price indices which is considered important indicator for measuring inflation.

• To estimate the quantities, values of commodities and services consumed by households during the survey period to determine the levels of consumption and estimate the current demand which is important to predict future demands.

• To define average household and per-capita income from different sources.

• To provide data necessary to measure standard of living for households and individuals. Poverty analysis and setting up a basis for social welfare assistance are highly dependent on the results of this survey.

• To provide essential data to measure elasticity which reflects the percentage change in expenditure for various commodity and service groups against the percentage change in total expenditure for the purpose of predicting the levels of expenditure and consumption for different commodity and service items in urban and rural areas.

• To provide data essential for comparing change in expenditure against change in income to measure income elasticity of expenditure.

• To study the relationships between demographic, geographical, housing characteristics of households and their income.

• To provide data necessary for national accounts especially in compiling inputs and outputs tables.

• To identify consumers behavior changes among socio-economic groups in urban and rural areas.

• To identify per capita food consumption and its main components of calories, proteins and fats according to its nutrition components and the levels of expenditure in both urban and rural areas.

• To identify the value of expenditure for food according to its sources, either from household production or not, in addition to household expenditure for non-food commodities and services.

• To identify distribution of households according to the possession of some appliances and equipments such as (cars, satellites, mobiles ,…etc) in urban and rural areas that enables measuring household wealth index.

• To identify the percentage distribution of income earners according to some background variables such as housing conditions, size of household and characteristics of head of household.

• To provide a time series of the most important data related to dominant standard of living from economic and social perspective. This will enable conducting comparisons based on the results of these time series. In addition to, the possibility of performing geographical comparisons.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing household surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage

Covering a sample of urban and rural areas in all the governorates.

Analysis unit

1- Household/family. 2- Individual/person.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 50% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS)

The sample of HIECS 2015 is a self-weighted two-stage stratified cluster sample. The main elements of the sampling design are described in the following.

1- Sample Size The sample size is around 25 thousand households. It was distributed between urban and rural with the percentages of 45% and 55%, respectively.

2- Cluster size The cluster size is 10 households in most governorates. It reached 20 households in Port-Said, Suez, Ismailiya, Damietta, Aswan and Frontier governorates, since the sample size in those governorates is smaller compared to others.

3- Sample allocation in different governorates 45% of the survey sample was allocated to urban areas (11260 households) and the other 55% was allocated to rural areas (13740 households). The sample was distributed on urban/rural areas in different governorates proportionally with the household size A sample size of a minimum of 1000 households was allocated to each governorate to ensure accuracy of poverty indicators. Therefore, the sample size was increased in Port-Said, Suez, Ismailiya, kafr el-Sheikh, Damietta, Bani Suef, Fayoum, Qena, Luxor and Aswan, by compensation from other governorates where the sample size exceeds a 1000 households. All Frontier governorates were considered as one governorate.

4- Core Sample The core sample is the master sample of any household sample required to be pulled for the purpose of studying the properties of individuals and families. It is a large sample and distributed on urban and rural areas of all governorates. It is a representative sample for the individual characteristics of the Egyptian society. This sample was implemented in January 2010 and its size reached more than 1 million household selected from 5024 enumeration areas distributed on all governorates (urban/rural) proportionally with the sample size (the enumeration area size is around 200 households). The core sample is the sampling frame from which the samples for the surveys conducted by CAPMAS are pulled, such as the Labor Force Surveys, Income, Expenditure And Consumption Survey, Household Urban Migration Survey, ...etc, in addition to other samples that may be required for outsources.

A more detailed description of the different sampling stages and allocation of sample across governorates is provided in the Methodology document available among external resources in Arabic.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three different questionnaires have been designed as following:

1- Expenditure and Consumption Questionnaire. 2- Assisting questionnaire. 3- Income Questionnaire.

In designing the questionnaires of expenditure, consumption and income, we were taking into our consideration the following: - Using the recent concepts and definitions of International Labor Organization approved in the International Convention of Labor Statisticians held in Geneva, 2003. - Using the recent Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP). - Using more than one approach of expenditure measurement to serve many purposes of the survey.

A brief description of each questionnaire is given next:

----> 1- Expenditure and Consumption Questionnaire This questionnaire comprises 14 tables in addition to identification and geographic data of household on the cover page. The questionnaire is divided into two main sections.

Section one: Household schedule and other information, it includes: - Demographic characteristics and basic data for all household individuals consisting of 25 questions for every person. - Members of household who are currently working abroad. - The household ration card. - The main outlets that provide food and beverage. - Domestic and foreign tourism. - The housing conditions including 16 questions. - Household ownership of means of transportation, communication and domestic appliances. - Date of purchase, status at purchase, purchase value and

Abstract

Survey based Harmonized Indicators (SHIP) files are harmonized data files from household surveys that are conducted by countries in Africa. To ensure the quality and transparency of the data, it is critical to document the procedures of compiling consumption aggregation and other indicators so that the results can be duplicated with ease. This process enables consistency and continuity that make temporal and cross-country comparisons consistent and more reliable.

Four harmonized data files are prepared for each survey to generate a set of harmonized variables that have the same variable names. Invariably, in each survey, questions are asked in a slightly different way, which poses challenges on consistent definition of harmonized variables. The harmonized household survey data present the best available variables with harmonized definitions, but not identical variables. The four harmonized data files are

a) Individual level file (Labor force indicators in a separate file): This file has information on basic characteristics of individuals such as age and sex, literacy, education, health, anthropometry and child survival. b) Labor force file: This file has information on labor force including employment/unemployment, earnings, sectors of employment, etc. c) Household level file: This file has information on household expenditure, household head characteristics (age and sex, level of education, employment), housing amenities, assets, and access to infrastructure and services. d) Household Expenditure file: This file has consumption/expenditure aggregates by consumption groups according to Purpose (COICOP) of Household Consumption of the UN.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Individual level for datasets with suffix _I and _L
• Household level for datasets with suffix _H and _E

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design The 1999/2000 Household Income, Consurnption, and Expendi.ture Survey covered both the urban and the sedentary rural parts of the country. The survey has not covered six zones in Somalia Region and two zones in Afar Region that are inhabited mainly by nomadic population. For the purpose of the survey, the country was divided into three categories . That is, the rural parts of the country and the urban areas that were divided into two broad categories taking into account sizes of their population. Category I: Rural parts of nine Regional States and two administrative regions were grouped in this category each of which were the survey dornains (reporting levels). These regions are Tigrai,Afar, Amhara, Oromia, Sornalia, Eenishangul-Gunuz, SNNP,Gambela, Flarari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa.

Category II: All Regional capitals and five major urban centers of the country were grouped in this category. Each of the urban centers in this category was the survey domain (reporting level) for which separate survey results for rnajor survey characteristics were reported.

Category III: Urban centers in the country other than the urban centers in category II were grouped in this category and formed a single reporting level. Other than the reporting levels defined in category II and category III one additional domain, namely total urban (country level) can be constructed by eombining the basic domains defined in the two categories. All in all 35'basie rural and urban domains (reporting levels) were defined for the survey. In addition to the above urban and rural domains, survey results are to be reported at regional and eountry levels by aggregating the survey results for the conesponding urban and rural areas. Definition of the survey dornains was based on both technical and resource considerations. More specifically, sample size for the domains were determined to enable provision of major indicators with reasonable precision subject to the resources that were available for the survey.

Selection Scheme and Sample Size in Each Category CategoryI : A stratified two-stage sample design was used to select the sample in which the primary sampling units (PSUs) were EAs. Sample enumeration areas( EAs) from each domain were selected using systematic sampling that is probability proportional to the size being number of households obtained from the 1994 population and housing census.A total of 722 EAs were selected from the rural parts of the country. Within each sample EA a fresh list of households was prepared at the beginning of the survey's field work and for the administration of the survey questionnaire 12 households per sample EA for rural areas were systematically selected.

Category II: In this category also,a stratified two-stage sample design was used to select the sample. Here a strata constitutes all the "Regional State Capitals" and the five "Major Urban Centers" in the country and are grouped as a strata in this category. The primary sampling units (PSUs) are the EA's in the Regional State Capitals and the five Major Urban Centers and excludes the special EAs (non-conventional households). Sample enumeration areas( EAs) from each strata were selected using systematic sampling probability proportional to size, size being number of households obtained from the 1994 population and housing census. A total of 373 EAs were selected from this domain of study. Within each sample EAs a fresh list of households was prepared at the beginning of the survey's field work and for the administration of the questionnaire 16 household per sample EA were systematically selected-

Category III: Three-stage stratified sample design was adopted to select the sample from domains in category III. The PSUs were other urban centers selected using systematic sampling that is probability proportional to size; size being number of households obtained from the 1994 population and housing census. The secondary sampling units (SSUs) were EAs which were selected using systematic sampling that is probability proportional to size; size being number of households obtained from the 1994 population and housing census. A total of 169 sample EAs were selected from the sample of other urban centers and was determined by proportional allocation to their size of households from the 1994 census. Ultimately, 16 households within each of the sample EAs were selected systematically from a fresh list of households prepared at the beginning of the survey's fieldwork for the administration of the survey questionnaire.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey questionnaire contains the following forms: - Form 1: Area Identification and Household Characteristics - Form 2A: Quantity and value of weekly consumption of food and drinks consumed at home and tobacco/including quantity purchased, own produced, obtained, etc for first and second week. - Form 2B: Quantity and value of weekly consumption of food and drinks consumed at home and tobacco/including quantity purchased, own produced, obtained, etc for third and fourth week . - Form 3A: All transaction (income, expenditure and consumption) for the first and second weeks except what is collected in Forms 2A and 2B - Form 3B: All transaction (income, expenditure and consumption) for the third and fourth weeks except what is collected in Forms 2A and 2B - Form 4: All transaction (expenditure and consumption) for last 6 months for Household expenditure on some selected item groups - Form 5: Cash income and receipts received by household and type of tenure. The survey questionnaire is provided as external resource.

Abstract

In recent years, the need for comprehensive economic statistics has been growing rapidly in most developing countries in view of the use of such statistics in formulating socio-economic development plans in general, and to assess the socio-economic situation at the micro level, in particular. Thus, reliable and timely economic statistics data at the household level such as the ones obtained from Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Surveys, on a regular basis are the major sources of socio-economic information. These surveys provide valuable data, especially for assessment of the impact of policies on the conditions and levels of living of households. In this survey, data were collected on basic population characteristics; consumption of food, drinks and tobacco; expenditure of the household on various consumption and non-consumption items; and household income and receipts. The data collection exercise took into account the two major seasons of the country, i.e., the slack/wet season and the peak/dry (harvest) season. It is a well known fact that surveys of Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure usually have the major goal of providing basic data needed for policy making purposes as well as other related issues that might arise at the micro level.

The major objectives of the survey are to: - Provide data on the levels, distribution and pattern of household income, consumption and expenditure that will be used for analysis of changes in the levels of living standards of households over time in various socio-economic groups and geographical areas. - Obtained information for the formulation of socio-economic plans and policies. - Furnish bench mark data for assessing the impact of existing or proposed socio-economic programs on household living conditions. - Provide data for compiling household accounts in the system of national accounts, especially in the estimation of private consumption expenditure. - Obtain weights and other useful information for the construction of consumer price indices at various levels.

Geographic coverage

The 1995-1996 Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey covered all parts of the country on sample basis except the non sedentary population in Afar and Somali regions.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual/person
• Consumption expenditure item/ product/ service

Universe

The survey covered all households in the selected sample areas excluding residents of collective quarters, homeless persons and foreigner.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SAMPLE DESIGN: The 1995-1996 Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey covered both urban and rural parts of the country, except six zones in Somalie region and two zones in Afar region. For the purpose of the survey, the country was divided into four categories. Urban areas were divided into twp broad categories taking into account sizes of their population. Rural areas were also grouped into two categories.

Category I: Rural parts of eight regions were grouped in this category each of which was the survey domain (reporting level). These regions are Tigray, Afar, Somali, Benishangul-Gumz, Gambela, Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa.

Category II: In this category thirteen survey domains were defined by grouping contiguous rural parts of the zones or special weredas in Amhara, Oromiya, and SNNP Regions respectively. These were: a) Amhara I) North Gonder, South Gonder II) East Gojam, West Gojam and Agew Awi III) North Welo and Wag Himra, and IV) South Welo, Oromiya and North Shoa

b) Oromiya I) East Wellega, and Wellega II) Ilubabor and Jimma III) North Shoa, West Shoa IV) East Shoa, Arsi, Bale and Borena, and V) East and West Hararge

c) SNNP I) Keficho-Shekicho, Bench-Maji and Yem, II) North Omo, South Omo, Derashe and Konso, III) Gurage, Hadiya and Kembata-Alaba-Timbaro, and IV) Sidama, Gedio, Amaro and Burji. Other than the 13 domains (reporting levels) defined in Category II, three additional domains could be constructed by combining basic domains from the two rural categories. These domains are: a) Rural Amhara b) Rural Oromiya and c) Rural SNNP

Category III: Ten large urban centers of the country were grouped in this category. Each of the ten urban centers in this category was the survey domain (reporting level), for which separate survey results for major survey characteristics were reported.

Category IV: Urban centers in the country other than the ten urban centers in category III were grouped in this category and formed a single reporting level.

Other than the eleven domains (reporting levels) defined in Category III and Category IV, one additional domain, namely total urban (country level) can be constructed by combining the basic domains defined in the two categories.

All in all twenty four basic rural domains (reporting levels) including total rural (country level) were defined for the survey.

In addition to the above urban rural domains, survey results are to be reported at regional and country levels by aggregating the survey results for the corresponding urban and rural area.

Definition of the survey domains was based on both technical and resource considerations. More specifically, sample sizes for the domains were determined to enable provision of major indicators with reasonable precision subject to the resources that were available for the survey.

The sample selection scheme and sample size issues are discussed as follows: a) Category I and Category II: A stratified two-stage sample design was used to select the sample in which the Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) were enumeration areas (EAs). Sample EAs from each domain were selected using systematic probability proportional to size; size being number of households obtained form 1994 population and housing census. A total of 620 EAs were selected from the rural part. Within each sample EA a fresh list of household was prepared at the beginning of the survey's filed work and for the administration of the survey questionnaire 12 households per sample EA were systematically selected.

b) Category III: Stratified two-stage sample design was used to select the sample in which the PSUs were EAs. Sample EAs from each domain were selected using systematic probability proportional to size; size being number of household obtained form the 1994 population and housing census. In this category, a total of 220 EAs were selected. Within each sample EA, fresh list of households was prepared at the beginning of the survey's field work and for the administration of the survey questionnaire 15 households per sample EA were systematically selected.

c) Category IV: Three-stage stratified sample design was adopted to select the sample from domains in category IV. The PSUs were urban centers selected using systematic probability proportional to size; size being number of households obtained form the 1994 population and housing census. The secondary sampling units (SSUs) were EAs which were selected using systematic probability proportion to size; size being number of households obtained form the 1994 population and housing census. Number of sample SSUs selected from each of the the sample urban centers was determined by proportional allocation to their household population from the census. Ultimately, 15 households within each of the sample EAs were selected systematically from a fresh list of households prepared at the beginning of the survey's field work the administration of the survey questionnaire.

Note: Distribution of sample units by domain (reporting levels) is given in Summary Tables A and B (first round) and Summary Tables C and D (second round) of 1995 Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey report which is provided as external resource.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey used structured questionnaire that consisted of the following forms: - Form 1: Household characteristics (list of members, sex, age, marital status, etc) - Form 2A: Quantity and value of weekly consumption of food, drinks and tobacco for the first and second week - Form 2B: Quantity and value of weekly consumption of food, drinks and tobacco for the third and fourth week - Form 3: Consumption expenditure of the household on clothing, headwear, footwear and the like - Form 4A: Consumption expenditure on housing: House rent and repairs, energy, water for first and second week - Form 4B: Consumption expenditure on housing: House rent and repairs, energy, water for third and fourth week - Form 5: Consumption expenditure on household operation and domestic service/ domestic utensils, cleaning items, domestic services, etc - Form 6A: Household consumption expenditure on services: Health, education, transport and communications, entertainment, etc for the first and second week - Form 6B: Household consumption expenditure on services: Health, education, transport and communications, entertainment, etc for the third and fourth week - Form 7A: Household consumption expenditure on personal care and effects and other expenditure for first and second week - Form 7B: Household consumption expenditure on personal care and effects and other expenditure for third and fourth week - Form 8: Non-consumption expenditure of households: 'Ekub', 'Edir' payments, remittance given out, purchases of lottery tickets, gambling expenses, etc - Form 9A: Income received by the household in cash and/or in kind for first and second week - Form 9B: Income received by the household in cash and/or in Kind for third and fourth week

Note: The survey questionnaire is provided as external

To collect the amounts and expenditure by households on food and beverages.The availability of information on volume and value by food items makes it possible to extract data per capita which can also be segmented according to the socio-economic characteristics of the consumer (autonomous community of residence, population size, economic level, age of the buyer or household life cycle, among others).

Abstract

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 50% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS)

The Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey (HIECS) is of great importance among other household surveys conducted by statistical agencies in various countries around the world. This survey provides a large amount of data to rely on in measuring the living standards of households and individuals, as well as establishing databases that serve in measuring poverty, designing social assistance programs, and providing necessary weights to compile consumer price indices, considered to be an important indicator to assess inflation.

The HIECS 2008/2009 is the tenth Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey that was carried out in 2008/2009, among a long series of similar surveys that started back in 1955.

The survey main objectives are: - To identify expenditure levels and patterns of population as well as socio- economic and demographic differentials. - To estimate the quantities, values of commodities and services consumed by households during the survey period to determine the levels of consumption and estimate the current demand which is important to predict future demands. - To measure mean household and per-capita expenditure for various expenditure items along with socio-economic correlates. - To define percentage distribution of expenditure for various items used in compiling consumer price indices which is considered important indicator for measuring inflation. - To define mean household and per-capita income from different sources. - To provide data necessary to measure standard of living for households and individuals. Poverty analysis and setting up a basis for social welfare assistance are highly dependant on the results of this survey. - To provide essential data to measure elasticity which reflects the percentage change in expenditure for various commodity and service groups against the percentage change in total expenditure for the purpose of predicting the levels of expenditure and consumption for different commodity and service items in urban and rural areas. - To provide data essential for comparing change in expenditure against change in income to measure income elasticity of expenditure. - To study the relationships between demographic, geographical, housing characteristics of households and their income and expenditure for commodities and services. - To provide data necessary for national accounts especially in compiling inputs and outputs tables. - To identify consumers behavior changes among socio-economic groups in urban and rural areas. - To identify per capita food consumption and its main components of calories, proteins and fats according to its sources and the levels of expenditure in both urban and rural areas. - To identify the value of expenditure for food according to sources, either from household production or not, in addition to household expenditure for non food commodities and services. - To identify distribution of households according to the possession of some appliances and equipments such as (cars, satellites, mobiles ...) in urban and rural areas. - To identify the percentage distribution of income recipients according to some background variables such as housing conditions, size of household and characteristics of head of household.

Compared to previous surveys, the current survey experienced certain peculiarities, among which: 1- Doubling the number of area segments from 1200 in the previous survey to 2526 segments with decreasing the number of households selected from each segment to be (20) households instead of (40) in the previous survey to ensure appropriate representatives in the society. 2- Changing the survey period to 15 days instead of one month in the previous one 200412005, to lighten the respondent burden and encourage more cooperation. 3- Adding some additional questions: a- Participation or the benefits gained from pension and social security system. b- Participation in health insurance system. 4- Increasing quality control Procedures especially for fieldwork to ensure data accuracy and avoid any errors in suitable time.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing household surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage

Covering a sample of urban and rural areas in all the governorates.

Analysis unit

1- Household/family. 2- Individual/person.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 50% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS)

The sample of HIECS, 2008-2009 is a two-stage stratified cluster sample, approximately self-weighted, of nearly 48000 households. The main elements of the sampling design are described in the following.

1- Sample Size
It has been deemed important to retain the same sample size of the previous two HIECS rounds. Thus, a sample of about 48000 households has been considered. The justification of maintaining the sample size at this level is to have estimates with levels of precision similar to those of the previous two rounds: therefore trend analysis with the previous two surveys will not be distorted by substantial changes in sampling errors from round to another. In addition, this relatively large national sample implies proportional samples of reasonable sizes for smaller governorates. Nonetheless, over-sampling has been introduced to raise the sample size of small governorates to about 1000 households As a result, reasonably precise estimates could be extracted for those governorates. The over-sampling has resulted in a slight increase in the national sample to 48658 households.

2- Cluster size
An important lesson learned from the previous two HIECS rounds is that the cluster size applied in both surveys is found to be too large to yield an accepted design effect estimates. The cluster size was 40 households in the 2004-2005 round, descending from 80 households in the 1999-2000 round. The estimates of the design effect (deft) for most survey measures of the latest round were extraordinary large. As a result, it has been decided to decrease the cluster size to only 19 households (20 households in urban governorates to account for anticipated non-response in those governorates: in view of past experience non-response is almost nil in rural governorates).

A more detailed description of the different sampling stages and allocation of sample across governorates is provided in the Methodology document available among the documentation materials published in both Arabic and English.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three different questionnaires have been designed as following: 1- Expenditure and consumption questionnaire. 2- Diary questionnaire for expenditure and consumption. 3- Income questionnaire.

In designing the questionnaires of expenditure, consumption and income, we were taking into our consideration the following: - Using the recent concepts and definitions of International Labor Organization approved in the International Convention of Labor Statisticians held in Geneva, 2003. - Using the recent Classification of Individual Consumption according to Purpose (COICOP). - Using more than one approach of expenditure measurement to serve many purposes of the survey.

A brief description of each questionnaire is given next:

1- Expenditure and Consumption Questionnaire

This questionnaire comprises 14 tables in addition to identification and geographic data of household on the cover page. The questionnaire is divided into two main sections.

Section one: Household schedule and other information. It includes: - Demographic characteristics and basic data for all household individuals consisting of 18 questions for every person. - Members of household who are currently working abroad. - The household ration card. - The main outlets that provide food and beverage. - Domestic and foreign tourism. - The housing conditions including 15 questions. - Means of transportation used to go to work or school. - The household possession of appliances and means of transportation. - This section includes some questions which help to define the social and economic level of households which in turn, help interviewers to check the plausibility of expenditure, consumption and income data.

Section two: Expenditure and consumption data It includes 14 tables as follows: - The quantity and value of food and beverages commodities actually consumed. - The quantity and value of the actual consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics. - The quantity and value of the clothing and footwear. - The household expenditure for housing. - The household expenditure for furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the house. - The household expenditure for health care services. - The household expenditure for transportation. - The household

Abstract

Annual Household Survey 2015/16 (AHS IV) is the fourth of its kind. AHS is conducted to provide estimations of some major socio-economic indicators on an annual basis, which would not be possible with other periodic surveys like Nepal Labour Force Surveys (NLFS) and Nepal Living Standards Surveys (NLSS) which are undertaken at longer intervals. The survey basically aims to provide estimates of consumption and labour force for Nepal by sex, urban-rural area and consumption quintiles/deciles. Although the major thrust of AHS is on consumption and employment situations, other sectors like education, housing and demographic characteristics are also included. As this year NLSS survey is conducted so, this survey does not contain information on employment situation as in previous annual household surveys.

This survey (AHS IV) has used sampling frame of the National Population Census 2011 that has provided the list of wards with the number of households. It has enumerated a total of 300 sample Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) (150 in urban and 150 in rural). The total sample household was 4,500 (2,250 from urban PSU and 2,250 from rural PSU).

A survey was conducted in 10 months from August 2015 to July 2016. Different PSUs of strata were enumerated at different months. Demographic information was collected as of the date of the survey. The reference period of food consumption was a week (last seven days) prior to the date of enumeration. The data of last 7 days was annualized. Non-food consumption and consumer durables refer to the last 12 months from the date of the survey. Questions on time use in economic and non-economic activities of the last seven days were asked for all household members of age 5 years and above.

The general objective of the survey is to provide data required to monitor annual changes in employment, consumption and other socio-economic indicators of Nepal. The specific objectives of the survey are: 1. To measure the changes in the structure and the level of consumption expenditure of Nepalese households, 2. To provide other socio-economic information useful for economic planning and annual budgeting.

Geographic coverage

The survey covers the whole country (National), Ecological belts (Mountain, Hill, Terai) and, rural and urban.

Analysis unit

Household, Individual

Universe

• All households in the country determined on the basis of the usual place of their residence (de jure househols). The households of diplomatic missions, the institutional households (like people living in schools
  hostels, prisons, army camps and hospitals) were excluded from the survey.
• All persons aged 5 years and above household members.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A complete list of wards with number of the households provided by the ward/Enumeration Area (EA) level household data of the National Population Census 2011 was used as the sampling frame for the survey. In 2015, 72 new municipalities were formed, which on adding to the existing 58 municipalities become a total of 130 municipalities. In order to avoid extremity of the size of wards, some big wards were segregated into blocks or enumeration areas (EAs). The sampling frame contained 4,861 EAs in urban and 36,181 EAs in rural areas making a total of 41,042 EAs in Nepal. It was 300 primary sampling units (PSUs) for AHS IV. AHS IV covered all 300 sample PSUs (150 PSUs in urban and 150 PSUs in rural areas). The total sample household was 4500 (2250 from urban and 2250 from rural) taking 15 households from each selected PSUs. In AHS III the sample size was 4,500 households.

The survey aimed to provide estimates for Nepal as well as urban and rural area, and accordingly, the population was stratified into urban and rural area. Wards or sub-wards (EAs) were the primary sampling units (PSUs). The numbers of PSUs to be selected were 150 from rural and 150 from urban area making a total of 300 PSUs. The sample size was determined on the basis of the sampling variance of previous surveys. PSUs were selected on the basis of probability proportional to the size (PPS), the measure of the size being the number of households in each ward. Selected PSUs were spread over 65 districts.

Households were the ultimate sampling units (USUs) and were selected with equal probability on the basis of two-stage systematic random sampling technique. Fifteen (15) households were selected from each PSUs. Altogether 4500 households were selected for the interview.

In a nutshell, procedures followed to select sample households were: 1. Selection of PSUs based on PPS from the frame, 2. Listing of households in the selected PSU, and 3. Selection of USUs from the updated list of households in the selected PSU.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The contents of the questionnaire are basically guided by the objectives of the survey. The questionnaire mainly contained household information and individual information. Part 1 of the questionnaire included individual level information using roster and covered questions on demographic characteristics, migration, literacy/education, etc. Parts 2, 3 and 4 covered household level information that consisted of housing, food and non-food consumption expenditure consumption of durables and own account production respectively. The food consumption part of the questionnaire has covered broad food categories only. The household consumption part of the questionnaire has been designed in line with that of Nepal Living Standards Survey.

Cleaning operations

Data entry and data verification of Annual Household Survey 2015-2016 was conductaed at field. For this task, a simple and clear data entry programme was developed in CSPro software, and each team was given a personal computer having the entry program so that every team could be able to enter the interviewed household data in the respective field area. In other words, data entry and data verification work was done in the field residing in the corresponding PSU. Therefore both mannual and batch editing was carried out and CSPro programme was used for consistancy checking.

Response rate

The survey enumerated 300 (100%) sample households from 300 primary sampling unit 150 PSUs of rural area and 150 PSUs of urban area. Thus, in total 4,500 (100%) households(2250 from urban and 2250 from rural) were enumerated in the survey.

Abstract

The Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey (HIECS) provides a large amount of data to rely on in measuring the living standards of households and individuals, as well as establishing databases that serve in measuring poverty, designing social assistance programs, and providing necessary weights to compile consumer price indices, considered to be an important indicator to assess inflation.

The survey's main objectives are: - To identify expenditure levels and patterns of population as well as socio- economic and demographic differentials. - To measure average household and per-capita expenditure for various expenditure items along with socio-economic correlates. - To Measure the change in living standards and expenditure patterns and behavior for the individuals and households in the panel sample, previously surveyed in 2008/2009, for the first time during 12 months representing the survey period. - To define percentage distribution of expenditure for various items used in compiling consumer price indices which is considered important indicator for measuring inflation. - To estimate the quantities, values of commodities and services consumed by households during the survey period to determine the levels of consumption and estimate the current demand which is important to predict future demands. - To define average household and per-capita income from different sources. - To provide data necessary to measure standard of living for households and individuals. Poverty analysis and setting up a basis for social welfare assistance are highly dependent on the results of this survey. - To provide essential data to measure elasticity which reflects the percentage change in expenditure for various commodity and service groups against the percentage change in total expenditure for the purpose of predicting the levels of expenditure and consumption for different commodity and service items in urban and rural areas. - To provide data essential for comparing change in expenditure against change in income to measure income elasticity of expenditure. - To study the relationships between demographic, geographical, housing characteristics of households and their income. - To provide data necessary for national accounts especially in compiling inputs and outputs tables. - To identify consumers behavior changes among socio-economic groups in urban and rural areas. - To identify per capita food consumption and its main components of calories, proteins and fats according to its nutrition components and the levels of expenditure in both urban and rural areas. - To identify the value of expenditure for food according to its sources, either from household production or not, in addition to household expenditure for non-food commodities and services. - To identify distribution of households according to the possession of some appliances and equipments such as (cars, satellites, mobiles ,…etc) in urban and rural areas that enables measuring household wealth index. - To identify the percentage distribution of income earners according to some background variables such as housing conditions, size of household and characteristics of head of household.

Geographic coverage

Covering a sample of urban and rural areas in all the governorates.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample of HIECS 2010/2011 is a self-weighted two-stage stratified cluster sample of around 26500 households. The main elements of the sampling design are described below.

• Sample Size : It was deemed important to collect a smaller sample size (around 26.5 thousand households) compared to previous rounds due to the convergence in the time period over which the survey is conducted to be every two years instead of five years because of its importance. The sample was proportionally distributed on the governorate level between urban and rural areas, in order to make the sample representative even for small governorates.

• Cluster size : The cluster size was decreased compared to older surveys since large cluster sizes previously used were found to be too large to yield accepted design effect estimates (DEFT). As a result, a cluster size of only 16 households was used (that was increased to 18 households in urban governorates and Giza, in addition to urban areas in Helwan and 6th of October, to account for anticipated non-response in those governorates: in view of past experience indicating that non-response may almost be nil in rural governorates). While the cluster size for the panel sample was 4 households.

• Core Sample: The master sample of any household sample required to be pulled for the purpose of studying the properties of individuals and families. It is a large sample(1004800 household) that is distributed across urban and rural areas of all governorates.

A more detailed description of the different sampling stages and allocation of sample across governorates is provided in the Methodology document that is provided as an external resources in both Arabic and English.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three different questionnaires were used: 1- Expenditure and Consumption Questionnaire: This questionnaire comprises 14 tables in addition to identification and geographic data of household. 2- Diary Questionnaire (Assisting questionnaire): This questionnaire was prepared to help households record - on a daily basis- the quantity and value of food and beverages consumed during the reference period (15 days). 3- Income Questionnaire: This questionnaire consists of several tables; each designated to a specific income source.

Cleaning operations

The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to clean and harmonize the datasets.

Response rate

For the total sample, the response rate was 93.0% (91.2% in urban areas and 95.6% in rural areas).

Sampling error estimates

The sampling error of major survey estimates has been derived using the Ultimate Cluster Method as applied in the CENVAR Module of the Integrated Microcomputer Processing System (IMPS) Package. In addition to the estimate of sampling error, the output includes estimates of coefficient of variation, design effect (DEFF) and 95% confidence intervals.

Data appraisal

Quality Control Procedures included: 1) Procedures implemented by the survey division a - Applying the recent international recommendations of different concepts and definitions of income and expenditure considering maintaining the consistency with the previous surveys in order to compare and study the changes in pertinent indicators. b - Evaluating the quality of data in all different Implementation stages to avoid or minimize errors to the lowest extent possible through:

Implementing field editing after finishing data collection for households in governorates to avoid any errors in suitable time. Setting up a program for the Survey Technical Committee Members and survey staff for visiting fieldwork in all governorates (each 15 days) to solve any problem in the proper time. For the purpose of quality assurance, tables were generated for each survey round where internal consistency checks were performed to study the plausibility of consistency of data collected.

2) Procedures implemented by the quality control general division a - It was put into consideration during the survey implementation to assign the quality control general division a core role in controlling the quality of the fieldwork to ensure data accuracy and avoid any errors in suitable time, as well as taking all the necessary measures to guarantee that mistakes are not repeated, with the application of the principle of reward and punishment, and announce the results to all those working in the survey. b - 24 quality control rounds (2 rounds weekly) covering all governorates were implemented. A complete report on the results of each round was produced and distributed to all workers in the survey.

The quality control procedures covered 73.2% of total kism/district in urban areas, 48.3% of rural districts, and 48% of total EAs of the new sample, where the percentage of inconsistencies did not exceed 2%. As for the panel sample, the quality control procedures covered 50.3% of total kism/district in urban areas, 16.9% of rural districts, and 14.2% of total EAs of the new sample, where the percentage of inconsistencies did not exceed 2.1%.

Abstract

The objective of this survey is: - To provide the basic data needed for policy development at the national level for different sectors. - To know the consumption expenditure patterns and the impact of social variables on them. - Calculation of average monthly and annual expenditure of the individual and households on items of commodities and services and knowing the factors affecting expenditure, such as educational, social and other levels.
- To obtain data on household consumption and expenditure levels that can be used to determine poverty levels and to analyze changes in living standards over time. - To provide data for national accounts for final consumption of the household sector. - To provideweights data that reflect the relative importance of consumer spending items used in the preparation of consumer price index.
- To access data on non-cash consumption such as consumption of own produced products and in-kind payments.
- To know sources of income generation and household ownership of durable goods, tenure and agricultural property. - To know characteristics of the dwelling, and the availability of services within the dwelling.

Geographic coverage

This survey representative three levels: the first at the regional level (West Bank and Gaza Strip), the second at the level of the type of community (urban, rural, camp), and finally at the Governorate (17 governorates, where Jerusalem was considered as two statistical areas).

Analysis unit

Household, individual

Universe

All households and individuals who were living normally in Palestine in 2016\ 2017.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

• Sample Size The sample size was 4,692 households and additional sample from 920 households to compensate for non- response cases, (the total sample was 5,612 households), and 3,739 households responded.

• Sample Design The sample is two stage stratified cluster sample as following: First stage: selection of a PPS random sample of 391 enumeration areas.
  Second stage: A systematic random sample of 12 households from each enumeration area selected in the first stage.

• Sample Strata The population was divided by: 1- Governorate (17 governorates, where Jerusalem was considered as two statistical areas). 2- locality type (urban, rural, refugee camps).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

• Survey questionnaire The data are collected during the registration month during the visit of the fieldworker to the household, and include the following sections:
• First part: (cover page) this part records the necessary information of the household, date of visit, data on field and office staff, and number of family members by gender.
• Second part: contains demographic and social questions about household.
• Third part: contains questions on the characteristics of the labor force.
• Forth part: covers housing characteristics that cover many topics such as type of housing, number of rooms, house ownership, rental value, housing, electricity, water and sanitation. The main source of cooking fuel and heating. After housing for transportation, education and health centers.
• Fifth part: contains data on social assistance and adaptation strategies, which include the value of assistance received by the household or individuals, and the circumstances and trauma experienced by the household or a member.

• Sixth part: contains questions of income and means of income generation as well as data on monthly and annual income, where data on household income are collected from different sources at the household level at the end of the registration period.

• List of commodities The classification of the list of commodities is based on the recommendation of the United Nations for the SNA under the name Classification of Individual Consumption according to Purpose. The list includes 50 groups of expenditure and consumption, with each given a sequence number based on its importance to the household, starting with food goods, clothing groups, housing, medical treatment, transportation and communication, and lastly, durable goods. Each group consists of important goods. Groups from 1-21 include goods pertinent to food, drinks, and cigarettes. Group 22 includes goods that are home-produced and consumed by the household. Groups 23-45 include all items except food, drinks, and cigarettes. Groups 50-55 include durable goods. The data are collected based on different reference periods to represent expenditure during one year.

• Registration Book The registration book includes instructions and examples on how to record consumption and expenditure items. The form includes columns:

• Monetary: If the good is purchased or in kind: if the item is self-produced.

• Title of the service or the good.

• Unit of measurement (kilogram, liter, number).

• Quantity.

• Value.

Cleaning operations

Office Editing and Coding The completed and filled forms were submitted to the desk auditor who checked the forms based on the pre-prepared audit mechanisms to verify the accuracy and correctness of their data, and to set the serial number and the appropriate coding. Eight office auditors distributed on the governorates were assigned to check the forms for each survey to detect mistakes at the beginning of the work, review and discuss them with fieldworker. And then began the process of delivery of the audited questionnaires to the coding section to encode them and to transfer them to the data entry section according to the templates prepared for that.
The quality of the data was verified by reviewing data entered on the computer to detect and correct input errors. The audit was conducted either through:

• A comprehensive review of all data entered by printing statements, comparing them with the forms and modifying the errors of entry, if any.
• During the examination using the interrelationship between the questions and the consistency and objection to the contradictory answers.
• Direct checking on the computer using the check screens and compare the form with the data entered and modify the errors of entry if any.

Data Cleaning Data cleaning was within several stages - During the data entry, audit rules were applied to examine the interconnection of questions and any error message was being processed directly by the survey editor to complete the questionnaires.
- After the data entry was completed, there was a monthly checking and cleaning that linked the questions at the level of the questionnaires and any discrepancy were sent to the survey auditors to be processed and reflected on the entry program.

In any case, any change data on any variable was checked with other variables associated with it in order to be corrected if it was needed.

Response rate

5,612 households had been reached as a representative sample to Palestine, where the number of completed questionnaires amounted to 3,739 households of which 2,897 households were in the West Bank and 842 households in Gaza Strip. Weights were amended at the level of design strata to modify effects of refusals rates and lack of responses.

The response percentages was 71.4%.

Sampling error estimates

The examination of data accuracy includes multiple aspects, the most recognized is sampling errors which assesses accuracy due to the use of the sample, and the non-sampling errors which occur due to the field work team and due to the survey book, in addition to the response rates in the survey. These errors have an effect on the variance and estimations.

Troubat N., Faaola E., Aliyeva R. 2020. Food security and food consumption in Samoa: based on the analysis of the 2018 household income expenditure survey. Rome, Italy: Samoa Bureau of Statistics. 82 p.

Laos Household Consumption: MA: Urban: Food Expenditure (FE) data was reported at 1,529.000 LAK th in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 887.000 LAK th for 2008. Laos Household Consumption: MA: Urban: Food Expenditure (FE) data is updated yearly, averaging 750.000 LAK th from Mar 1998 (Median) to 2013, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,529.000 LAK th in 2013 and a record low of 122.444 LAK th in 1998. Laos Household Consumption: MA: Urban: Food Expenditure (FE) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Lao Statistics Bureau. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Laos – Table LA.H005: Household Expenditure and Consumption Survey: Monthly Household Consumption: Urban.