Analysis of ‘Banks balance sheet - Flows of loans from euro area households and non-financial corporations’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/bank-balance-sheet-loans-flows on 07 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Monetary financial institution balance sheet statistics, total loans to euro area households and non-financial corporations, as well as to euro area insurance corporations and pension funds and to other financial intermediaries (all currencies combined, all maturities, denominated in Euro, not seasonally adjusted, financial transactions).

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Analysis of ‘Banks balance sheet - Growth rates of loans from euro area households and non-financial corporations’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/bank-balance-sheet-loans-growth-rates on 10 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Monetary financial institution balance sheet statistics, growth rates of total loans to euro area households and non-financial corporations, as well as to euro area insurance corporations and pension funds and to other financial intermediaries (all currencies combined, all maturities, not seasonally adjusted, annual percentage changes).

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Analysis of ‘Bank interest rates - Loans to euro area housholds’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/bank-interest-rates-loans-households on 08 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

The bank interest rate statistics cover those rates that resident monetary financial institutions apply to euro-denominated deposits and loans by households and non-financial corporations that are residents of the euro area. These statistics are used for the analysis of monetary developments and the monetary transmission mechanism as well as for the monitoring of financial stability.

This dataset covers Euro-denominated loans to euro area households (percentages per annum, rates on new business).

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Poland, Croatia, and Romania were the countries with the highest coverage ratio of non-performing mortgage loans to households in the second quarter of 2023. In Poland, the coverage ratio was almost 68 percent, while in the Netherlands, which was one of the countries with the lowest share of non-performing mortgages, this share was 11.4 percent. The coverage ratio measures the share of non-performing loans covered by provisions and is calculated as the total specific allowances for loans and leases divided by the total gross impaired loans and debt securities.

A survey conducted among small and medium enterprise in selected EU countries between 2015 and 2020, Romania had the highest of SMEs with credit constraints, amounting to **** percent, followed by Lithuania (**** percent), and Latvia (**** percent). On the other hand, Austria had the lowest share of SMEs with credit constraints, amounting to only *** percent.Credit constraint is defined as the inability of households or enterprises to borrow against future income or profit, mainly because lenders believe that borrowers are unlikely to repay their loans.

The statistic shows the inflation rate in the European Union and the Euro area from 2019 to 2022, with projections up until 2029. The term inflation, also known as currency devaluation (drop in the value of money), is characterized by a steady rise in prices for finished products (consumer goods, capital goods). The consumer price index tracks price trends of private consumption expenditure, and shows an increase in the index's current level of inflation. In 2022, the inflation rate in the EU was about 9.32 percent compared to the previous year. The economic situation in the European Union and the euro area The ongoing Eurozone crisis, which initially emerged in 2009, has dramatically affected most countries in the European Union. The crisis primarily prevented many countries from refinancing their debt without help from a third party and slowed economic growth throughout the entire EU. As a result, general gross debt escalated annually in the euro area and more prominently in the EU. The collective sum of debt is most likely going to continue, given the current global economic situation as well as Europe’s recovering, however struggling economy. Struggles are primarily evident in the EU’s budget balance, which saw itself in the negative every year over the same timeframe as the eurozone crisis, although the balances improved on a yearly basis. Despite economical struggles, the EU still grew in population almost every year over the past decade, primarily due to a high standard of living and job opportunities, compared to many of its surrounding neighbors.

The Monetary Intermediation industry has experienced a significant change in recent years. It previously contended with the ultra-low interest rate environment following the financial crisis of 2008 and is now benefitting from aggressive rate rises in the face of spiralling inflation. Industry revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 12.2% over the five years through 2024 to €392.4 billion, including an estimated growth of 3.7% in 2024, while the average industry profit margin is anticipated to be 34.3%. The rising base rate environment allowed lenders to raise the interest charged on their loans, ratcheting up interest income in the two years through 2023 and supporting revenue growth. This was particularly beneficial to retail investors who earn a large chunk of their revenue from lending. However, banks must also contend with rising deposit costs, as customers put pressure to pass on greater savings rates in the rising base rate environment, threatening profitability. Revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 1.2% over the five years through 2029 to €415.5 billion, while the average industry profit margin is forecast to reach 36.3%. Challenger banks are set to chip away at demand for traditional lenders as they emphasise the customer experience and personalised services. Profitability will also be hit by intensifying deposit competition in the coming years.

Europe Home Mortgage Finance Market was valued at $ 1.85 Trn in 2024 and is projected to reach $ 2.73 Trn by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.7% from 2026-2032.Europe Home Mortgage Finance Market Definition/ OverviewHome mortgage finance is a loan offered by financial institutions to individuals to purchase residential homes. Borrowers repay the loan with interest over a certain period while using their home as collateral. It promotes homeownership by spreading expenditures over time, making real estate more affordable. Mortgage options include fixed-rate, adjustable-rate, and government-backed loans.Home mortgage financing is commonly used to purchase homes, refinance existing loans, and pay repairs. It enables individuals to purchase property without making full upfront payments, boosting financial stability. Lenders evaluate credit ratings, income, and debt-to-income ratios before approving. Mortgage financing is also used by businesses and investors to purchase rental properties, boosting potential for long-term capital creation and portfolio diversification.The future of residential mortgage financing will be driven by digital lending platforms, blockchain-based transactions, and AI-powered credit assessments. Sustainable mortgages promoting energy-efficient housing will gain traction. Government initiatives may enhance affordability, especially for first-time buyers. With evolving financial technology, mortgage approval and management will become more streamlined, improving accessibility and reducing processing time for borrowers.

The Household debt is the stock of liabilities held by the sector Households and Non-Profit institutions serving households (S.14_S.15). The instruments taken into account to compile this indicator are Debt securities (F.3) and Loans (F.4). Data are presented in consolidated terms (meaning transactions within the same sector are not taken into account) and expressed in % of GDP and millions of national currency. Definitions regarding sector and instruments are based on ESA 2010. The MIP scoreboard indicator is the stock of the debt of households and NPISH expressed as percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). The indicative threshold of household debt is 55%. The indicator is calculated as: [HHDt/GDPt]*100. In the table, values are also expressed in millions of units of national currency. Copyright notice and free re-use of data on: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about-us/policies/copyright

The bank interest rate statistics cover those rates that resident monetary financial institutions apply to euro-denominated deposits and loans by households and non-financial corporations that are residents of the euro area. These statistics are used for the analysis of monetary developments and the monetary transmission mechanism as well as for the monitoring of financial stability.

This dataset covers Euro-denominated loans to euro area households (percentages per annum, rates on new business).

Mortgage interest rates in Europe soared in 2022 and remained elevated in the following two years. In many countries, this resulted in mortgage interest rates across the region more than doubling. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the average mortgage interest rate in the UK stood at 4.5 percent. Belgium had the lowest rate, at 2.89 percent, while Poland had the highest, at 7.5 percent. Why did mortgage interest rates increase? Mortgage rates have risen as a result of the European Central Bank (ECB) interest rate increase. The ECB increased its interest rates to tackle inflation. As inflation calms, the ECB is expected to cut rates, which allows mortgage lenders to reduce mortgage interest rates. What is the impact of interest rates on home buying? Lower interest rates make taking out a housing loan more affordable, and thus, encourage home buying. That can be seen in many countries across Europe: In France, the number of residential properties sold rose in the years leading up to 2021, and fell as interest rates increased. The number of houses sold in the UK followed a similar trend.

Analysis of ‘HFC16 - Household Debt’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/ec06a3b6-eef1-4be2-9e80-806d09a8822d on 17 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Household Debt

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

The global mortgage/loan brokerage market is experiencing robust growth, projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Increasing demand for housing and commercial properties, coupled with the rising complexity of loan products, is driving consumers and businesses towards professional brokerage services. Technological advancements, such as online platforms and sophisticated loan comparison tools, are streamlining the process and making it more accessible, further boosting market penetration. The market is segmented by enterprise size (large, small, medium), loan type (home loans, commercial and industrial loans, vehicle loans, government loans, others), and end-user (businesses, individuals). The significant presence of major players like Bank of America, Royal Bank of Canada, and BNP Paribas, indicates a mature yet competitive landscape. However, regulatory changes and potential economic downturns pose challenges to consistent growth. The increasing adoption of fintech solutions and the expanding use of data analytics are reshaping the market, leading to greater efficiency and personalized services for clients. Growth is expected to be particularly strong in the Asia-Pacific region, driven by rapid urbanization and increasing disposable incomes. The continued growth in the mortgage/loan brokerage market hinges on addressing several key challenges. Maintaining consumer trust and protecting against fraud will be crucial. The industry must adapt to evolving regulatory environments and ensure compliance. Competition among established players and emerging fintech firms is intense, requiring continuous innovation and efficient operational models. Furthermore, effective management of risk, particularly during economic uncertainty, is essential for sustained growth and profitability. The successful brokers will be those that effectively leverage technology, build strong client relationships, and demonstrate a deep understanding of the evolving regulatory landscape. The market's diverse segmentation provides opportunities for specialized services catering to specific loan types and customer segments. Strategic partnerships with lenders and fintech companies will play a critical role in expanding market reach and enhancing service offerings. Recent developments include: In November 2022, Following the acquisition of Exane by the largest lender in the eurozone last year, BNP Paribas is extending its operation in the United States., In August 2022, For first-time homebuyers, Bank of America introduced a new mortgage option that includes a bank-provided down payment and no closing expenses. In specific Black/African American and/or Hispanic-Latino areas in Charlotte, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Miami, the Community Affordable Loan Solution is offered in designated markets. In order to help qualified individuals and families buy a home, the Community Affordable Loan SolutionTM was created.. Notable trends are: Digitization is changing the future of Mortgage.

Gross debt-to-income ratio of households (including Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households) is defined as loans (ESA 2010 code: AF4), liabilities divided by gross disposable income (B6G) with the latter being adjusted for the net change in pension entitlements (D8net). Detailed data and methodology on site http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/sectoraccounts.

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Alternative Finance Market Size 2024-2028

The alternative finance market size is estimated to increase by USD 64.3 billion at a CAGR of 7.44% between 2023 and 2028. The key factor driving the market forward is the potential for higher returns for investors. Alternative finance channels offer significantly greater returns compared to traditional investment options like fixed deposits (FDs) or government bonds from conventional financial institutions. Another important contributor to market growth is the rapid expansion in the APAC region and the increasing focus on structured finance. Alternative finance platforms, such as P2P lending, crowdfunding, and invoice trading, are gaining traction in APAC, driven by the presence of numerous small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

What will be the Size of the Alternative Finance Market During the Forecast Period?

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Alternative Finance Market Segmentation

The alternative finance market research report provides comprehensive data (region wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD Billion' for the period 2024 to 2028, as well as historical data from 2018 to 2022 for the following segments.

Type Outlook 

  P2P lending
  Crowdfunding
  Invoice trading





End-User Outlook

  Individual
  Organization





Region Outlook

  North America

    The U.S.
    Canada





  Europe

    The U.K.
    Germany
    France
    Rest of Europe





  APAC

    China
    India


  South America

    Chile
    Argentina
    Brazil





  Middle East & Africa

    Saudi Arabia
    South Africa
    Rest of the Middle East & Africa

By Type

The alternative financing market share growth in the segment of P2P lending will be significant during the forecast period. The P2P consumer lending sub-segment holds a major share of the P2P lending segment due to the growth in the number of online consumer lending platforms and the increasing use of technology in financial transactions. Some popular P2P lending platforms include LendingClub, Zopa, Bondora Capital, Prosper Marketplace, and Upstart Network. However, P2P lending is associated with a high risk of defaults as the loans are unsecured. Therefore, large investors usually maintain a spread portfolio of their investments. P2P lending is also associated with challenges such as platform failures, the risk of fraud, hacking, and data theft. These factors are expected to augment the demand of the P2P lending segment hence driving the growth of the market in focus during the forecast period.

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The P2P lending segment was valued at USD 123.70 billion in 2018. In this segment, P2P lending is similar to credit obtained from financial institutions. However, the funds are raised from one or more independent investors. P2P borrowers must make weekly or monthly repayments of the principal amount with interest. P2P lending is usually carried out through online platforms. Investors directly select businesses to fund, or the lending platforms provide the terms of credit. Some variations in the model allow investors to bid on loan amounts and interest rates through an online auction. P2P lending is popular among individual borrowers and SMEs, as small to medium-scale loans can be obtained easily. Several individuals opt for P2P loans for debt consolidation, which allows them to pay debts accrued from credit cards or loans from financial institutions.

By Region

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North America is estimated to contribute 70% to the global alternative financing market during the forecast period. Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional market growth and trends that shape the market during the forecast period. The growth of P2P lending and crowdfunding has increased significantly in North America. The increasing number of students, growing awareness about clearing personal debt, rising Internet penetration, technological advances, the rise of online trading platforms and finance platforms, and the presence of prominent companies are the major factors driving the market in North America. The number of SMEs has grown significantly in North America. Therefore, a growing number of SMEs in this region are boosting the growth in North America.

Alternative Finance Market Dynamics

The market is reshaping the landscape traditionally dominated by conventional big banks and regulated banks. Instead of relying solely on traditional finance systems, entrepreneurs and investors are increasingly turning to alternative lenders and innovative financial services solutions. Online lenders offer streamlined access to capital, while reward-based crowdfunding and equity-based crowdfunding present opp

Analysis of ‘HFC15 - Household Debt’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/76bd2f79-8528-42ad-a105-0bb5ce13cf29 on 15 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Household Debt

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

The table presents the net flow of loans (F.4) for the sectors Non-Financial corporations (S.11), Households (S.14) and Non-Profit institutions serving households (S.15). The debt securities are negotiable financial instruments serving as evidence of debt. Data are presented in consolidated terms (meaning transactions within the same sector are not taken into account) and expressed in million units of national currency. Definitions regarding sectors and instruments are based on the ESA 2010.

Europe Crowdlending And Crowd Investing Market was valued at USD 13.62 Billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 15.36 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 1.7% from 2026 to 2032.

Europe Crowdlending And Crowd Investing Market: Definition/ Overview

In Europe, crowd lending and crowd investing are alternative financing strategies in which people or organizations use online platforms to support projects, enterprises, or personal loans. Crowd lending (also known as peer-to-peer lending) allows investors to lend money in return for interest, whereas crowd investing allows participants to obtain stock or a portion of the profits. Startups, small enterprises, and real estate developers employ these approaches to generate cash without depending on traditional banking institutions. They also provide investors with a wider range of choices and greater control over where their money goes.

The Europe crowd lending and crowd investing market appears to be promising, owing to digital innovation.

The monthly card payment statistics provide data in relation to credit and debit card transactions undertaken by Irish resident households. The data includes the monthly value and volume of transactions across both credit and debit cards by Irish households. The data is collected from issuers of credit and debit cards and specifically from reporting agents that are resident in Ireland (including established foreign branches).

The aggregate data is further broken down into, remote and non-remote card spending; contactless and mobile wallet card spending; sectoral card spending; domestic and non-domestic card spending; regional card spending in Ireland; and cash withdrawals. A breakdown of the number of credit & debit cards currently issued to Irish residents is also provided. Note, only Personal Cards are in scope for this reporting, business cards and cards issued to non-Irish residents are not included.

Additionally, data files uploaded here follow the SDMX –ML format where Series Key are the primary identifier for a reporting period (Date for which the data is reported is represented in the Reporting Period field). For example : PCI.M.IE.W2.PCS_ALL.11.PN is the series key and each element/dimension between the delimiter “.” is expanded with a description in subsequent columns ending with the subscript “DESC” to understand the meaning of each element/dimension. The Observation_free column represents the value (€ EUR) or Volume (PN) of transactions depending on the last element/dimension, EUR or PN.

For further information on the Payment Statistics Monthly, the reporting instructions in the Landing page link has additional details about the table and the column names used in this data collection.

This table shows the distribution of wealth of households. The figures in this table are broken down to components of wealth and different household characteristics.

Data available from: 2006. The population consists of all private households with income on January 1st of the reporting year.

Status of the figures: The figures for 2006 to 2022 are final. The figures for 2023 are preliminary.

The compilation of the figures has been changed in a number of parts from reporting year 2011 compared to previous years: From 2011, more complete information on bank and saving credits and securities is available. All small amounts are also observed from that moment on. As a result, there are more households with these assets. From 2011, more complete information on debts is available. Education loans and loans from banks are fully observed from that moment on. As a result, there are more households with other loans.

Changes as of 1 November 2024: Update with final figures for 2022 and provisional figures for 2023

When will new figures be published? New figures for 2024 will be published in the fall of 2025.