In 2019, Overcrowding Rate in Italy was up 1.1points compared to a year earlier.

The share of people born outside of Denmark living in overcrowded households increased by more than 15 percentage points from 2015 to 2019, when 33.1 percent lived in overcrowded households. However, the share fell to 24 percent by 2022. By comparison, the rate among the Danish-born population also increased between 2012 and 2022, but was significantly lower, standing at 13 percent in 2022.

Space is an important dimension of housing quality. Several studies outline the negative effects of limitations in space and overcrowded dwellings on health, and particularly on child outcomes (OECD 2021, Measuring What Matters for Child Well-being and Policies). As discussed below, the COVID-19 pandemic has renewed such concerns, as preliminary evidence from some countries found that people living in overcrowded dwellings recorded higher infection rates of the virus (see OECD, 2021). This indicator uses (1) the average number of rooms per household member to illustrate how space constraints differ across countries as well as across households within countries, and (2) overcrowding as an alternative measure of dwelling space that takes into account household composition. Rooms refer to bedrooms, living and dining rooms and, in non-European countries, also kitchens (see the section on Data on Comparability Issues for further details). While the number of rooms available to household members highlights the importance of adequate space for housing quality, it makes no distinction between the different needs of households, depending on their composition. Yet, the space requirements for a couple-family with, for example, three toddlers may be quite different compared to those of a single-parent family with two sons aged 21 and 16 and a daughter aged 17. The overcrowding rate takes into account households' different personal space needs depending on household members’ age, gender and relationship.

Household characteristics by occupancy rating (bedrooms), for households with usual residents, England and Wales, Census 2021. Data are available at a national, country, region, local authority district level.

Abstract

The 2023/24 Kenya Housing Survey (2023/24 KHS) provides a comprehensive analysis of housing conditions, affordability and tenure across the country. The survey was conducted by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) in collaboration with the State Department for Housing and Urban Development, the State Department for Labour and Skills Development, the Kenya Space Agency, the Directorate of Resource Survey and Remote Sensing and the Central Bank of Kenya. The primary objective of the 2023/24 KHS was to provide up-to-date housing statistics to facilitate evidence-based planning and decision making in the housing sector. In addition, the survey addressed housing challenges in line with national development goals and international commitments such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Data collection was carried out from 7th March to 10th May 2024 in all the 47 counties and targeted both households and institutions. The survey collected data on various aspects of housing, including the stock of dwellings, household spending on housing, land and dwelling ownership, access to utilities, housing affordability, overcrowding, durability of construction materials, and economic and financial statistics related to housing. Additionally, it collected information on the age, size, and characteristics of dwellings. Satellite imagery analysis was also used to assess changes in built-up areas and green spaces in Nairobi City, Mombasa, Kisumu, and Nakuru counties. Different players in the housing sector including tenants and home owners, Housing Financiers, Developers, Water Service Providers, Built Environment Professionals and Housing Regulators (County Government Physical Planning Department, Lands Department and National Environmental Management Authority) were interviewed.

SURVEY DESIGN The survey employed a cross-sectional study design to collect data for estimating housing indicators at national, rural, urban and county levels. To achieve this, a hybrid data collection system was incorporated, targeting both households and institutions. The household component of the survey was designed independently from that of the institutions. A sample survey was conducted for the households, while a census was carried out for all identified institutions key in the housing sector.

SCOPE AND TARGET POPULATION The survey covered all 47 counties to ensure that the coverage was comprehensive and representative of the entire country. The household component targeted residential housing units in both urban and rural areas while the institutional component targeted housing developers, real estate firms, Water Service Providers, County Governments-Physical Planning Departments, NEMA and Land Administration Department. The professional component targeted members from Engineers Board of Kenya (EBK), Kenya Institute of Planners (KIPs) and Board of Registration of Architects and Quantity Surveyors (BORAQS).

DATA QUALITY The quality of data for the Housing Survey was ensured through a multi-step approach. This began with defining the survey's content and scope, designing survey instruments, conducting a pre-test and pilot survey, training survey personnel, and incorporating technology for data collection and transmission. Additionally, data validation, analysis, creation of final report tables, and stakeholder engagement were all integral parts of the process. A thorough process was undertaken to review and refine the survey instruments aimed at eliminating redundancies and ensuring the questions were accurate and relevant to the current housing development programs and addressed user needs. The data collection tools were integrated into CAPI with in-built checks and controls to ensure consistency and flag out any outliers in the data. A multilevel supervision of the data collection exercise also ensured that the probability of any errors going unnoticed was minimized significantly. To further support the data quality assurance, a dashboard based at the headquarters was also used to monitor the data as fieldwork continued. Upon completion of the data collection, edit specifications were developed by subject matter specialists to provide a basis for cleaning and editing of the data. The specifications were subsequently coded into programs using statistical applications and subjected on the raw data to derive a cleaned dataset that developed the tables in the report.

THE KENYA HOUSING SURVEY DATA COLLECTION TOOLS

I. Household Questionnaire The Household Questionnaire for the 2023/24 Kenya Housing Survey is structured into multiple sections, covering different aspects of housing and household characteristics. The key sections included; Information for Household Members; Household composition, age, gender, relationship to the head and the Socio-economic characteristics such as education and employment status. Household Amenities; Access to essential services (water, electricity, sanitation, internet), Cooking fuel and lighting sources. Dwelling Unit Characteristics; Type of dwelling unit (permanent, semi-permanent, informal), Construction materials (walls, floors, roofing), Number of rooms and occupancy. Environmental and Location Aspects; Waste disposal methods, Drainage and pollution concerns in the neighborhood. Transport and Infrastructure; Accessibility to roads, public transport, and major services (schools, hospitals, markets). Disability; the Accessibility of housing and services for persons with disabilities. Land Ownership and Tenure; Land ownership status, size, tenure system (freehold, leasehold, informal). Household Individual Integrated Module; Employment and economic activities of household members, Income sources and levels. Tenants' information; Rent payment details, lease agreements, landlord-tenant relationships. Owners' information; Mortgage details, home-ownership financing sources and common Challenges in acquiring housing.

II. Kenya Housing Survey Institutional Questionnaire The 2023/24 Kenya Housing Survey Institutional Questionnaire related to real estate development is structured into multiple sections. This Questionnaire was administered to developers and real estate firms and the key sections included: Types of real estate projects undertaken, Number of completed and ongoing projects, Challenges faced in real estate development, Information on specific housing projects (location, type, cost), Financing sources and ownership structure, Construction materials and environmental considerations, Details on commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings, Occupancy rates and rental/sale prices. Questions about market trends, demand, and pricing, Factors affecting property transactions, Prices, unit sizes, and buyer demand trends, Rental prices, occupancy rates, and tenancy duration, Market conditions for office spaces, retail, and mixed-use developments, Information on warehouse developments, rental prices, and usage.

III. County Government questionnaire This Questionnaire captured about basic details about Counties and Questions related to building applications and approvals (e.g., number of residential building applications received and approved in different years). Factors considered in approval of construction permits, such as existing use, visual impact, and emerging technologies. There are also Questions about urban planning and land use, including Number of urban centers classified as towns, municipalities, and cities. Finally, the number of approved and pending physical and land use development plans.

IV. Financiers' Questionnaire The 2023/24 KHS collected information on housing development financing with a focus on respondents within the housing development sector. These included commercial banks, microfinance banks, SACCOS and other institutions that provide finance for housing development, including financial details, funding information, and related metrics.

V. Lands Department Questionnaire This Questionnaire aimed at collecting data related to land administration and management. specific data related to land management, policies, financial data, or other related metrics.

VI. State Department for Housing and Urban Development Questionnaire This questionnaire was used to collect information from the State Department for Housing and Urban Development targeting policy housing and urban development issues.

VII. Built Environment Professionals Questionnaire This questionnaire collected information from built environment professionals involved in the planning, design, and construction of housing in Kenya. The data collected was be used to assess the state of the housing sector, challenges faced, and trends in building and urban development from the perspective of Built Environment Professionals Questionnaire. The Built Environment Professionals interviewed are Valuers, Architects, Planners, Engineers (Civil/Structural/Mechanical/Electrical), Building Surveyors, Land Surveyors, and Quantity Surveyors involved in the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of the built environment.

VIII. National Environment Management Authority Questionnaire This survey data collection tool targeted all the National Environment Management Authority offices (NEMA) to gather insights into their licensing process for housing development projects and related environmental regulations.

IX. Water Sewerage & Service Providers Questionnaire The Water Sewerage & Service Providers (WSSP) section - this was a structured data collection tool in the delivery of water and sanitation services and within the context of housing and urban development. The survey tool or a research questionnaire targeting WSSPs to collect data on Water and sewer connection applications, Types of developments being connected (residential vs. mixed-use), Sewer coverage percentages, Costs, timelines, and challenges in providing services and Plans for future infrastructure

Abstract

The Population and Housing census (PHC) like the previous censuses was a national exercise, it was the country's sixth completed census. The information presented in this census report was extracted from the abstracts prepared by the enumerators immediately after completion of the 2013 census count. The PHC covered characteristics such as population size, sex composition, density and household size at local government area and district levels. This report was followed by detail basic reports that gave information related to demographic, environmental, communication, agricultural and other socio-economic characteristics of the population and housing units. The provisional population estimates indicated that the population of The Gambia has steadily grown since the commencement of a complete census in 1963, rising from less than one-third million persons in 1963 to 1.4 million persons in 2003 and now 1.9 million persons in 2013.The PHC enumeration was successfully conducted from April 8th to 28th 2013. The census was carried out under the legal framework of the Statistical Act 2005 which empowered the Gambia Bureau of Statistics (GBoS) to conduct a population census in 2013 and every ten years thereafter. The specific objectives of the PHC included:

1. Counting all the people in the country and providing the government with their number in each Local Government Area (LGA) and district, by age, sex and several other characteristics. These figures are required for various aspects of economic and development planning. The ultimate aim of such planning is to provide a better way of life for the people of The Gambia and to conquer what is called the Five Giants: Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, Idleness and Want.
2. Planning for education requires knowledge of the number of children of school age who are likely to require schooling at various levels. The government will be informed on where to build the necessary schools or how many school teachers must be trained so that it knows where the need is greater in terms of the number of children who should be going to school.
3. Housing is a major problem particularly in urban areas where people are often living in terribly crowded conditions. If new houses are to be built in order to relieve this overcrowding, the government must know the number of people living in these conditions and who will be requiring such houses.
4. The government wishes to improve and extend the medical services of the country so as to eliminate diseases and to reduce the number of children dying in infancy and early childhood.
5. Knowing how fast the population is increasing so that the government can be informed on how many people there will be this year, in five years or in ten years' time.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

The Preliminary results of the 2013 Population and Housing Census show that 1,882,450 persons were enumerated in The Gambia. The pilot census covered a sample of 40 Enumeration Areas (EAs) selected all over the country using statistical techniques. All in all 40 enumerators and 8 supervisors were finally selected after the 2013 training.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The PHC was comprised of a set of survey instruments. These were the following questionnaires: 1. Form A Household Questionnaire - Part 1 2. Form B Group Quarters and Floating Population Questionnaire - Part 1 3. Form C Building & Compound Particulars