The consumer price of housing in urban areas of the United States increased by over four percent in 2024. 2022 and 2023 saw the largest price increases on a year-over-year basis since 2000. Meanwhile, 2010 was the only year in which housing prices decreased. One of the main reasons for that may have been the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007. During that period, the value of new residential construction put in place in the U.S. stagnated.

The number of home sales in the United States peaked in 2021 at almost ************* after steadily rising since 2018. Nevertheless, the market contracted in the following year, with transaction volumes falling to ***********. Home sales remained muted in 2024, with a mild increase expected in 2025 and 2026. A major factor driving this trend is the unprecedented increase in mortgage interest rates due to high inflation. How have U.S. home prices developed over time? The average sales price of new homes has also been rising since 2011. Buyer confidence seems to have recovered after the property crash, which has increased demand for homes and also the prices sellers are demanding for homes. At the same time, the affordability of U.S. homes has decreased. Both the number of existing and newly built homes sold has declined since the housing market boom during the coronavirus pandemic. Challenges in housing supply The number of housing units in the U.S. rose steadily between 1975 and 2005 but has remained fairly stable since then. Construction increased notably in the 1990s and early 2000s, with the number of construction starts steadily rising, before plummeting amid the infamous housing market crash. Housing starts slowly started to pick up in 2011, mirroring the economic recovery. In 2022, the supply of newly built homes plummeted again, as supply chain challenges following the COVID-19 pandemic and tariffs on essential construction materials such as steel and lumber led to prices soaring.

Portugal, Canada, and the United States were the countries with the highest house price to income ratio in 2024. In all three countries, the index exceeded 130 index points, while the average for all OECD countries stood at 116.2 index points. The index measures the development of housing affordability and is calculated by dividing nominal house price by nominal disposable income per head, with 2015 set as a base year when the index amounted to 100. An index value of 120, for example, would mean that house price growth has outpaced income growth by 20 percent since 2015. How have house prices worldwide changed since the COVID-19 pandemic? House prices started to rise gradually after the global financial crisis (2007–2008), but this trend accelerated with the pandemic. The countries with advanced economies, which usually have mature housing markets, experienced stronger growth than countries with emerging economies. Real house price growth (accounting for inflation) peaked in 2022 and has since lost some of the gain. Although, many countries experienced a decline in house prices, the global house price index shows that property prices in 2023 were still substantially higher than before COVID-19. Renting vs. buying In the past, house prices have grown faster than rents. However, the home affordability has been declining notably, with a direct impact on rental prices. As people struggle to buy a property of their own, they often turn to rental accommodation. This has resulted in a growing demand for rental apartments and soaring rental prices.

Purpose and brief description The house price index measures the inflation in the residential property market. The house price index reflects price developments for all residential properties purchased by households (apartments, terraced houses, detached houses), regardless of whether they are new or existing. Only market prices are taken into account, so self-build homes are excluded. The price of the land is included in the price of the properties. Population Real estate transactions involving residential properties Periodicity Quarterly. Release calendar Results available 3 months after the reference period Definitions House price index: The house price index measures changes in the prices of new or existing dwellings, regardless of their use or previous owner. Inflation - house price index: Inflation is defined as the ratio between the value of a given quarter and that of the same quarter of the previous year. Weighting - house price index: Weighting based on the national accounts (gross fixed capital formation in housing) and the total number of real estate transactions involving residential properties. Type of dwelling according to the classification set out in Regulation (EU) No 93/2013 on housing price indices. Technical information The house price index measures the price evolution of real estate prices on the market of private property. The index follows price changes of new or existing residential real estate purchased by households, irrespective of their purpose (letting or owner-occupying). Only market prices are taken into account. Houses built by their owners are therefore not included. The price of the building plot is included in the house price. The house price index is based on real estate transaction data from the General Administration of the Patrimonial Documentation of the FPS Finances. The prices used are those included in the deeds of sale. Given the time between the date on which the preliminary sales agreement is signed and the date on which the deed is executed (between three and four months), this index measures the price evolution with a delay compared to the actual date on which the sales price is set. This delay is inherent to the data source. The house price index is calculated by the European Union Member States, Norway and Iceland. Eurostat calculates the index for the Euro area (as well as for the European Union as a whole) using the harmonised indices of the Member States. Given the role of the housing market in the economic and financial crisis of 2008, the house price index was included in the indicators used in the procedure to prevent and correct macroeconomic imbalances in the European Union. The house price index is calculated under the European Regulation 2016/792 on harmonised indices of consumer prices and the house price index and 2023/1470 laying down the methodological and technical specifications as regards the house price index and the owner-occupied housing price index. Data are available from 2005 onward for Belgium as well as for the European Union and the majority of European countries. The house price index can be broken down by new houses and existing houses. The weights of these two items in the overall index are determined by the gross fixed capital formation in houses (for the new houses) and the total value of transactions of the previous year (for the existing houses). Until 2013, the house price index of new houses was roughly estimated based on the output price index in the construction sector. Since 2014, it is also based on real estate transaction data. House price index for existing houses is available per region since 2010. The data have therefore been completely reviewed when the results for the fourth quarter of 2023 were published in March 2024. Since the houses that are put up for sale differ from one quarter to another, the changes in characteristics are processed with hedonic regression models to eliminate price fluctuations due to changes in characteristics of the properties sold. These models aim to estimate the theoretical price based on the characteristics and location of the houses sold. The index is then calculated based on changes in the average prices observed and adjusted by a factor depending on the differences in quality observed between dwellings sold during the different periods.

The Spain residential real estate market size was USD 145.18 Billion in 2022 and is likely to reach USD 264.67 Billion by 2031, expanding at a CAGR of 6.9% during 2023–2031. The growth of the market is attributed to the increase in construction as well as population.

Spain’s real estate market is posting a positive trend, especially in terms of demand. The revival in house sales was high in 2021. For instance, 468,000 transactions were completed by October 2021, a growth of 35.9% compared to 2020 and up by 8.3% on 2019. The activity in the residential sector was highest since 2008. A large part of this revival in demand has come from a reduction in pent-up demand and the forced savings accumulated during the months of lockdown and severely restricted travel, combined with highly favorable financing conditions, which make it more attractive to buy and invest in real estate assets. The residential sector is therefore on track to close 2021 with 545,000 sales in the year as a whole.

Before the pandemic began, the residential real estate market in Spain was growing at a healthy pace, which was then dented by Covid-19 as the construction of housing units came down. However, in 2021, the market was back on track with increase in construction.



As per the latest data from the Appraisal Society, it indicates that the price of new housing has remained stable, in a context of increased sales and improvement in economic indicators. The average price of new homes has grown 0.4% in Spain over the last 12 months to Euro 2,482 (approximately USD 2812) per square meter. This slight increase has been generalized and has been registered in 16 of the 17 autonomous communities.



The economic consequences of the Covid crisis made a dent in the real estate market, and has reflected in the 16.7% collapse of sales in Spain in 2020 to 419,898 transactions. As a result, experimental ways of life are introduced into the real estate market to compensate for the lack of social interaction between people.

Spain Residential Real Estate Market Trends, Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities

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Housing Index in China remained unchanged at -2.20 percent in October. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - China Newly Built House Prices YoY Change - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The Housing Affordability Index value in the United States plummeted in 2022, surpassing the historical record of ***** index points in 2006. In 2024, the housing affordability index measured **** index points, making it the second-worst year for homebuyers since the start of the observation period. What does the Housing Affordability Index mean? The Housing Affordability Index uses data provided by the National Association of Realtors (NAR). It measures whether a family earning the national median income can afford the monthly mortgage payments on a median-priced existing single-family home. An index value of 100 means that a family has exactly enough income to qualify for a mortgage on a home. The higher the index value, the more affordable a house is to a family. Key factors that drive the real estate market Income, house prices, and mortgage rates are some of the most important factors influencing homebuyer sentiment. When incomes increase, consumer power also increases. The median household income in the United States declined in 2022, affecting affordability. Additionally, mortgage interest rates have soared, adding to the financial burden of homebuyers. The sales price of existing single-family homes in the U.S. has increased year-on-year since 2011 and reached ******* U.S. dollars in 2023.

China's large population, the accelerating urbanization process, rising household disposable incomes, and strong economic expansion have all contributed to the development of the real estate market. As a result, demand for real estate agents in China has been rising to meet the expanding market volumes and requirements for higher transaction efficiency.Over the five years through 2025, industry revenue is anticipated to decrease at a CAGR of 3.3%, including a decline of 2.2% in 2025. A competitive market has led to speculation and inflated housing prices in recent years. As a result, the Chinese government has implemented property-purchasing and loan limitations, price restrictions, and housing tax reforms to regulate industry development and limit speculation. Since 2022, consumers' demand for real estate has declined due to the COVID-19 epidemic and economic downturn. In 2023, the newly constructed area of real estate decreased by 20.9% year-on-year, which was narrower than that in 2022, while the completed area of real estate in this year increased by 15.8%.Over the five years through 2030, ACMR-IBISWorld forecasts that China's Real Estate Agents industry will recover, with revenue increasing at a CAGR of 1.9%. Due to intensifying competition, the separation of real estate development and sales will continue. Outsourcing real estate sales operations will improve the operational efficiency of real estate developers and offer new opportunities for real estate intermediary service providers in the industry.

Housing Index in the United Kingdom increased to 517.10 points in October from 514.20 points in September of 2025. This dataset provides - United Kingdom House Price Index - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of new houses sold in the United States took a big hit during the financial crisis, dropping from a high of around *** million houses sold in 2005 to a low of *** thousand homes sold in 2011 – around a ** percent decrease. While the economy has largely recovered since the crisis, consumers remained hesitant when it comes to buying homes. In 2020, demand for housing surged and house sales volumes spiked to *******. Housing construction remains suppressed One of the main challenges in the U.S. housing market is the insufficient number of new homes built. During the financial crisis, construction slowed dramatically, and has still struggled to recover. Construction costs, on the other hand, have risen notably, making homeownership increasingly pricier. House prices on the rise Unsurprisingly, the median sales price of new homes has risen substantially. In 2024, the U.S. Case Shiller National Home Price Index, reached *** index points, suggesting the price of a home tripled since 2000, the base year of the index.

The foreclosure rate in the United States has experienced significant fluctuations over the past two decades, reaching its peak in 2010 at **** percent following the financial crisis. Since then, the rate has steadily declined, with a notable drop to **** percent in 2021 due to government interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2024, the rate stood slightly higher at **** percent but remained well below historical averages, indicating a relatively stable housing market. Impact of economic conditions on foreclosures The foreclosure rate is closely tied to broader economic trends and housing market conditions. During the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the share of non-performing mortgage loans climbed significantly, with loans 90 to 180 days past due reaching *** percent. Since then, the share of seriously delinquent loans has dropped notably, demonstrating a substantial improvement in mortgage performance. Among other things, the improved mortgage performance has to do with changes in the mortgage approval process. Homebuyers are subject to much stricter lending standards, such as higher credit score requirements. These changes ensure that borrowers can meet their payment obligations and are at a lower risk of defaulting and losing their home. Challenges for potential homebuyers Despite the low foreclosure rates, potential homebuyers face significant challenges in the current market. Homebuyer sentiment worsened substantially in 2021 and remained low across all age groups through 2024, with the 45 to 64 age group expressing the most negative outlook. Factors contributing to this sentiment include high housing costs and various financial obligations. For instance, in 2023, ** percent of non-homeowners reported that student loan expenses hindered their ability to save for a down payment.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of house sales in the UK spiked, followed by a period of decline. In 2023 and 2024, the housing market slowed notably, and in January 2025, transaction volumes fell to 46,774. House sales volumes are impacted by a number of factors, including mortgage rates, house prices, supply, demand, as well as the overall health of the market. The economic uncertainty and rising unemployment rates has also affected the homebuyer sentiment of Brits. How have UK house prices developed over the past 10 years? House prices in the UK have increased year-on-year since 2015, except for a brief period of decline in the second half of 2023 and the beginning of 2024. That is based on the 12-month percentage change of the UK house price index. At the peak of the housing boom in 2022, prices soared by nearly 14 percent. The decline that followed was mild, at under three percent. The cooling in the market was more pronounced in England and Wales, where the average house price declined in 2023. Conversely, growth in Scotland and Northern Ireland continued. What is the impact of mortgage rates on house sales? For a long period, mortgage rates were at record-low, allowing prospective homebuyers to take out a 10-year loan at a mortgage rate of less than three percent. In the last quarter of 2021, this period came to an end as the Bank of England rose the bank lending rate to contain the spike in inflation. Naturally, the higher borrowing costs affected consumer sentiment, urging many homebuyers to place their plans on hold and leading to a decline in sales.

Homebuilders have endured considerable volatility. Immigration into Canada has led to unprecedented population growth, exacerbating an existing housing crisis. New housing starts haven't kept up with the population growth, making homebuilders more critical than ever to meet housing needs. Home shortages and changes in buying behaviour supported homebuilders during the COVID-19 pandemic early in the recent five year period. Still, the pandemic's disruption to global supply chains didn't spare contractors, with equipment and material costs reaching unprecedented highs. Interest rate hikes in 2022 and 2023 slowed new relevant housing construction, spurring apartment building construction as consumers increasingly sought out renting. Also, the First Time Homebuyer Incentive, which seemed like a potential boon to homebuilders, largely lacked success and was repealed. Industry-wide revenue has been declining at a CAGR of 0.1% over the past five years – totaling an estimated $30.3 billion in 2025 – when revenue will climb an estimated 1.6%. The Bank of Canada raising rates in 2022 and 2023 led to a massive slowdown for homebuilders, even as the Canadian government tried to ramp up the number of housing units constructed. Higher interest rates make developers cautious about new projects, drive up construction costs for builders and push potential homebuyers out of the market. The Bank of Canada has decreased rates in 2024 and 2025 for the first time since 2022, potentially providing a boost to homebuilders. Labour shortages for home builders have hiked wage costs and hindered profit. Homebuilders will enjoy solid growth over the next five years. Interest rate cuts and low housing supply will spur downstream homebuying activity. Still, labour shortages and material costs will continue to strain contractors' capacity. These challenges will impact the broader construction sector, incentivizing federal and provincial governments to fund workforce development and tech adoption programs. Government initiatives like the First-Time Home Buyers’ Tax Credit, the First Home Savings Account (FHSA) and the Home Buyers Plan (HBP) will support homebuilding. Homebuilders' revenue is forecast to expand at a CAGR of 1.7% to $33.0 billion through the end of 2030.

The average price per square foot of floor space in new single-family housing in the United States decreased after the great financial crisis, followed by several years of stagnation. Since 2012, the price has continuously risen, hitting ****** U.S. dollars per square foot in 2024. In 2024, the average sales price of a new home exceeded ******* U.S. dollars. Development of house sales in the U.S. One of the reasons for rising property prices is the gradual growth of house sales between 2011 and 2020. This period was marked by the gradual recovery following the subprime mortgage crisis and a growing housing sentiment. Another significant factor for the housing demand was the growing number of new household formations each year. Despite this trend, housing transactions plummeted in 2021, amid soaring prices and borrowing costs. In 2021, the average construction cost for single-family housing rose by nearly ** percent year-on-year, and in 2022, the increase was even higher, at close to ** percent. Financing a house purchase Mortgage interest rates in the U.S. rose dramatically in 2022 and remained elevated until 2024. In 2020, a homebuyer could lock in a 30-year fixed interest rate of under ***** percent, whereas in 2024, the average rate for the same mortgage type was more than twice higher. That has led to a decline in homebuyer sentiment, and an increasing share of the population pessimistic about buying a home in the current market.

The forecasted value of the real estate industry in Saudi Arabia for the year 2019 was about ***** billion U.S. dollars. The construction market was undergoing a comeback after a period of economic volatility that followed the collapse of the Dubai real estate market.

Following the drastic increase directly after the COVID-19 pandemic, the delinquency rate started to gradually decline, falling below *** percent in the second quarter of 2023. In the second half of 2023, the delinquency rate picked up but remained stable throughout 2024. In the second quarter of 2025, **** percent of mortgage loans were delinquent. That was significantly lower than the **** percent during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 or the peak of *** percent during the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007-2010. What does the mortgage delinquency rate tell us? The mortgage delinquency rate is the share of the total number of mortgaged home loans in the U.S. where payment is overdue by 30 days or more. Many borrowers eventually manage to service their loan, though, as indicated by the markedly lower foreclosure rates. Total home mortgage debt in the U.S. stood at almost ** trillion U.S. dollars in 2024. Not all mortgage loans are made equal ‘Subprime’ loans, being targeted at high-risk borrowers and generally coupled with higher interest rates to compensate for the risk. These loans have far higher delinquency rates than conventional loans. Defaulting on such loans was one of the triggers for the 2007-2010 financial crisis, with subprime delinquency rates reaching almost ** percent around this time. These higher delinquency rates translate into higher foreclosure rates, which peaked at just under ** percent of all subprime mortgages in 2011.

The average resale house price in Canada was forecast to reach nearly ******* Canadian dollars in 2026, according to a January forecast. In 2024, house prices increased after falling for the first time since 2019. One of the reasons for the price correction was the notable drop in transaction activity. Housing transactions picked up in 2024 and are expected to continue to grow until 2026. British Columbia, which is the most expensive province for housing, is projected to see the average house price reach *** million Canadian dollars in 2026. Affordability in Vancouver Vancouver is the most populous city in British Columbia and is also infamously expensive for housing. In 2023, the city topped the ranking for least affordable housing market in Canada, with the average homeownership cost outweighing the average household income. There are a multitude of reasons for this, but most residents believe that foreigners investing in the market cause the high housing prices. Victoria housing market The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, where housing prices are also very high. The price of a single family home in Victoria's most expensive suburb, Oak Bay was *** million Canadian dollars in 2024.

The average price of Australian residential property has risen over the past ten years, and in June 2025, it reached over one million Australian dollars. Nonetheless, property experts in Australia have indicated that the country has been in a property bubble over the past decade, with some believing the market will collapse sometime in the near future. Property prices started declining in 2022; however, a gradual upward trend was witnessed throughout 2023, with minor fluctuations in 2024. Australian capital city price differences While the national average residential property price has exhibited growth, individual capital cities display diverse trends, highlighting the complexity of Australia’s property market. Sydney maintains its position as the most expensive residential property market across Australia's capital cities, with a median property value of approximately 1.19 million Australian dollars as of April 2025. Brisbane has emerged as an increasingly pricey capital city for residential property, surpassing both Canberra and Melbourne in median housing values. Notably, Perth experienced the most significant annual increase in its average residential property value, with a 10 percent increase from April 2024, despite being a comparably more affordable market. Hobart and Darwin remain the most affordable capital cities for residential properties in the country. Is the homeownership dream out of reach? The rise in property values coincides with the expansion of Australia's housing stock. In the June quarter of 2025, the number of residential dwellings reached around 11.37 million, representing an increase of about 53,600 dwellings from the previous quarter. However, this growth in housing supply does not necessarily translate to increased affordability or accessibility for many Australians. The country’s house prices remain largely disproportional to income, leaving the majority of low- and middle-income earners priced out of the market. Alongside this, elevated mortgage interest rates in recent years have made taking out a loan increasingly unappealing for many potential property owners, and the share of mortgage holders at risk of mortgage repayment stress has continued to climb.

The financial crisis in 2008 led to steep declines in the house price in France, followed by some large increases. Since 2024, the French property market has contracted again, with the inflation-adjusted home price declining by **** percent in the second quarter of 2025.

In 2023, the average price of real estate in China was approximately ****** yuan per square meter, representing a decrease from the previous year. Rising prices in the real estate market Since the 1998 housing reform, property prices in China have been rising continuously. Housing in the country is now often unaffordable, especially considering the modest per capita income of Chinese households. Shanghai and Beijing even have some of the most competitive real estate markets in the world. The rapid growth in housing prices has increased wealth among homeowners, while it also led to a culture of speculation among buyers and real estate developers. Housing was treated as investments, with owners expecting the prices to grow further every year. Risk factors The expectation of a steadily growing real estate market has created a property bubble and a potential debt crisis. As Chinese real estate giants, such as China Evergrande and Country Garden, operate by continuously acquiring land plots and initiating new projects, which often require substantial loans and investments, a slowdown in property demands or a decline in home prices can significantly affect the financial situation of these companies, putting China’s banks in a vulnerable position. In addition, due to a lack of regulations and monetary constraints, the long-term maintenance issues of high-rise apartments are also a concern to the sustainable development of China’s cities.