In this study, we used typical and advanced population genetic analysis methods [principal component analysis (PCA), ADMIXTURE, FST, f3-statistics, f4-statistics, qpAdm/qpWave, qpGraph, ALDER (Admixture-induced Linkage Disequilibrium for Evolutionary Relationships) and TreeMix] to explore the genetic structure of 80 Han individuals from four different cities in Liaoning Province and reconstruct their demographic history based on the newly generated genome-wide data. We found that Liaoning Han people have genetic similarities with other northern Han people (Shandong, Henan, and Shanxi) and Liaoning Manchu people. Millet farmers in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) and the West Liao River Basin (WLRB) (57–98%) and hunter-gatherers in the Mongolian Plateau (MP) and the Amur River Basin (ARB) (40–43%) are the main ancestral sources of the Liaoning Han people. Our study further supports the “northern origin hypothesis”; YRB-related ancestry accounts for 83–98% of the genetic makeup of the Liaoning Han population. There are clear genetic influences of northern East Asian populations in the Liaoning Han people, ancient Northeast Asian-related ancestry is another dominant ancestral component, and large-scale population admixture has happened between Tungusic Manchu people and Han people. There are genetic differences among the Liaoning Han people, and we found that these differences are associated with different migration routes of Hans during the “Chuang Guandong” period in historical records.

Though archaeological and historical-document evidences for the cliff necropolises in ancient China were reported in literature, the bioarchaeological analysis for them is still absent. It is therefore the aim of this paper presents the first bioarchaeological analysis for the skeletal samples of cliff necropolises from the Iron Age in China. In this work, skeletal remains of 16 individuals (two males, three females, seven unsexed adults, one subadult, and three indeterminate sex and age individuals) of Wangyuancun site (on the border of the Chengdu Plain, China) were examined for the stature, dental pathologies, linear enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, degenerative osteoarthritis of the vertebrae and major joints, periostitis, trauma and other evidence of disease. The demographic structure of Wangyuancun site is characterized by a younger mean age at death and a low mortality rate for infants and children. The stature estimates show that these Iron Age people were similar in size compared with the people live in contemporary southwestern region of China. Most of the samples lacked indications of stress, but a few had cribra orbitalia, osteoarthritis, osteophytosis and various dental pathologies. Periosteal reactions were common, but the lesions are generally moderate or mild. These bioarchaeological results broaden our understanding of the health and lifestyle of the cliff tomb population of Chengdu Plain in the Iron Age. Our bioarchaeological examination of the skeletal samples of Wangyuancun site provides a rare opportunity to address questions concerning ancient people’s diet, health, disease and stress of population in the Iron Age of Chengdu Plain, Southwest China.