Do the choices of city leaders matter for local economic conditions? While existing literature focuses on how the preferences of local officials influence city policy, we argue that the managerial skill of local leaders should condition their ability to achieve their goals. We conduct an original phone survey of over 300 mayors and city managers across the U.S. to learn about their management practices. Using a two-way fixed effects design that holds fixed a rich battery of individual and city-level characteristics, we examine how changes in leadership affect economic growth, a common goal for local officials. We find that when local leaders employ the "best practices" of organizational management, their cities grow across a range of indicators. These results are strongest for the subset of leaders who mention a growth-related goal for their time in office, suggesting that managerial skill allows local leaders to more effectively achieve their objectives.

Journal of Political Economy Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - The Journal of Political Economy is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press. Established by James Laurence Laughlin in 1892, it covers both theoretical and empirical economics. In the past, the journal published quarterly from its introduction through 1905, ten issues per volume from 1906 through 1921, and bimonthly from 1922 through 2019. The editor-in-chief is Magne Mogstad (University of Chicago). Abstract & Indexing Articles that appear in the Journal of Political Economy are indexed in the following abstracting and indexing services: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory (Print) Ulrichsweb (Online) J-Gate HINARI Association for Asian Studies Bibliography of Asian Studies (Online) Business Index CABI Abstracts on Hygiene and Communicable Diseases (Online) Agricultural Economics Database CAB Abstracts (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux) Dairy Science Abstracts (Online) Environmental Impact Global Health Leisure Tourism Database Nutrition and Food Sciences Database Rural Development Abstracts (Online) Soil Science Database Soils and Fertilizers (Online) Tropical Diseases Bulletin (Online) World Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Abstracts (Online) Clarivate Analytics Current Contents Social Sciences Citation Index Web of Science De Gruyter Saur Dietrich's Index Philosophicus IBZ - Internationale Bibliographie der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Zeitschriftenliteratur Internationale Bibliographie der Rezensionen Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlicher Literatur EBSCOhost America: History and Life ATLA Religion Database (American Theological Library Association) Biography Index: Past and Present (H.W. Wilson) Book Review Digest Plus (H.W. Wilson) Business Source Alumni Edition (Full Text) Business Source Complete (Full Text) Business Source Corporate (Full Text) Business Source Corporate Plus (Full Text) Business Source Elite (Full Text) Business Source Premier (Full Text) Business Source Ultimate (Full Text) Current Abstracts EBSCO MegaFILE (Full Text) EBSCO Periodicals Collection (Full Text) EconLit with Full Text (Full Text) ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) GeoRef Historical Abstracts (Online) Humanities & Social Sciences Index Retrospective: 1907-1984 (H.W. Wilson) Humanities Index Retrospective: 1907-1984 (H.W. Wilson) Humanities Source Humanities Source Ultimate Index to Legal Periodicals Retrospective: 1908-1981 (H.W. Wilson) Legal Source Library & Information Science Source MLA International Bibliography (Modern Language Association) OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson) Poetry & Short Story Reference Center Political Science Complete Public Affairs Index Readers' Guide Retrospective: 1890-1982 (H.W. Wilson) Russian Academy of Sciences Bibliographies Social Sciences Abstracts Social Sciences Full Text (H.W. Wilson) Social Sciences Index Retrospective: 1907-1983 (H.W. Wilson) SocINDEX SocINDEX with Full Text TOC Premier Women's Studies International Elsevier BV GEOBASE Scopus ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) Gale Academic ASAP Academic OneFile Advanced Placement Government and Social Studies Book Review Index Plus Business & Company ProFile ASAP Business ASAP Business ASAP International Business Collection Business Insights: Essentials Business Insights: Global Business, Economics and Theory Collection Expanded Academic ASAP General Business File ASAP General OneFile General Reference Center Gold General Reference Centre International InfoTrac Custom InfoTrac Student Edition MLA International Bibliography (Modern Language Association) Popular Magazines US History Collection H.W. Wilson Social Sciences Index National Library of Medicine PubMed OCLC ArticleFirst Periodical Abstracts Sociological Abstracts (Online), Selective Ovid EconLit ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) GeoRef ProQuest ABI/INFORM Collection ABI/INFORM Global (American Business Information) ABI/INFORM Research (American Business Information) Business Premium Collection EconLit ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) GeoRef Health Management Database Health Research Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, Core MLA International Bibliography (Modern Language Association) PAIS Archive Professional ABI/INFORM Complete Professional ProQuest Central ProQuest 5000 ProQuest 5000 International ProQuest Central ProQuest Pharma Collection Research Library Social Science Database Social Science Premium Collection Sociological Abstracts (Online), Selective Worldwide Political Science Abstracts, Selective SCIMP (Selective Cooperative Index of Management Periodicals) Taylor & Francis Educational Research Abstracts Online Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia Asian - Pacific Economic Literature (Online)

Political scientists have long sought to understand power dynamics across the Global South, but efforts to systematically capture political power have been limited, and existing datasets have faced conceptual and measurement challenges. The Political Settlements dataset was developed to address these issues. This original expert survey-based dataset includes over 100 political economy variables coded for 42 countries from 1946 or independence to 2018 (totalling 2,718 country years). It allows for a detailed mapping of countries' power configurations, capturing information on the relative size, power and social composition of competing political blocs in society, as well as their internal cohesion, accountability relations and distribution of benefits. The dataset is expected to enable more direct and rigorous analyses of power differentials in the Global South and their impact on political and economic developments. This letter describes how the dataset was constructed, discusses its validity, and highlights some of its key features.

This STATA DTA file contains an unbalanced panel of maximun 73 countries observed over a maximum of 20 years used for the analysis conducted in the paper "How Family Ties Affect Underground Economy Tax Morale and Trust" by Mauro Marè, Antonello Motroni e Francesco Porcelli.

Government spending in the United States was last recorded at 39.7 percent of GDP in 2024 . This dataset provides - United States Government Spending To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

It is argued that ethnic competition, triggers for ethnic mobilization, and political institutions together affect changes in government-imposed political and economic restrictions on ethnic groups worldwide. Due to the fact that the only existing comparative data set on ethnic discrimination, produced by the Minorities at Risk project, uses discrimination as a criterion for including ethnic groups, a new data set of 620 additional groups has been created to predict the selection process through a full-information, maximum-likelihood Heckman probit model, but selection bias is found not to affect the results. Discrimination is modeled as a dynamic Markov process, and central and regional government institutions, economic conditions, and minority group characteristics are found to influence the initiation and continuation of discriminatory policies.

Analysis of ‘USA Key Economic Indicators’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/calven22/usa-key-macroeconomic-indicators on 28 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Context

Domino’s Pizza, like many other restaurant chains, is getting pinched by higher food costs. The company’s chief executive, Richard Allison, anticipates “unprecedented increases” in the company’s food costs, which could jump by 8-10%. He said that is three to four times what the pizza chain would normally expect in a year.

This leads to the paramount issue of inflation which affects every aspects of the economy, from consumer spending, business investment and employment rates to government programs, tax policies, and interest rates. The recent release of consumer inflation data showed prices rose at the fastest pace since 1982. Inflation forecasting is key in the conduct of monetary policy and can be used in many other ways such as preserving asset values. This dataset is a consolidated macroeconomic official statistics from 1981 to 2021, containing data available in month and quarterly format.

Content

The Core Consumer Price Index (ccpi) measures the changes in the price of goods and services, excluding food and energy due to their volatility. It measures price change from the perspective of the consumer. It is a often used to measure changes in purchasing trends and inflation.

Do note there are some null values in the dataset.

Acknowledgements

All data belongs to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis official release, and are retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.

Inspiration

What are some noticeable patterns or seasonality of the economy? What are the current trends of the economy? Which indicators has an effect on Core CPI or vice-versa based on predictive power or influence?

Quarterly data and monthly data can be merged with forward-fill or interpolation methods.

What is the forecast of Core CPI in 2022?

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Abstract of associated article: We present a theory of endogenous political regimes that emphasizes foreign direct investment as a motive for foreign governments to either induce regime transitions or promote regime consolidations. We characterize different forms of foreign intervention and identify the conditions under which they occur. We highlight new channels through which economic factors affect political regime choices. Foreign intervention is most likely to originate from countries where the government has a substantial pro-investor bias and to be directed at destinations where FDI is highly profitable and where income inequality is high. Foreign-sponsored coups d'état are more likely to be directed at democratic governments of poor countries. In destinations where FDI is highly profitable but the domestic elite is weak, foreign intervention tends to be aimed at stabilizing dictatorships. We relate the analysis to evidence on foreign intervention from around the world.

This 6MB download is a zip file containing 5 pdf documents and 2 xlsx spreadsheets. Presentation on COVID-19 and the potential impacts on employment

May 2020Waka Kotahi wants to better understand the potential implications of the COVID-19 downturn on the land transport system, particularly the potential impacts on regional economies and communities.

To do this, in May 2020 Waka Kotahi commissioned Martin Jenkins and Infometrics to consider the potential impacts of COVID-19 on New Zealand’s economy and demographics, as these are two key drivers of transport demand. In addition to providing a scan of national and international COVID-19 trends, the research involved modelling the economic impacts of three of the Treasury’s COVID-19 scenarios, to a regional scale, to help us understand where the impacts might be greatest.

Waka Kotahi studied this modelling by comparing the percentage difference in employment forecasts from the Treasury’s three COVID-19 scenarios compared to the business as usual scenario.

The source tables from the modelling (Tables 1-40), and the percentage difference in employment forecasts (Tables 41-43), are available as spreadsheets.

Arataki - potential impacts of COVID-19 Final Report

Employment modelling - interactive dashboard

The modelling produced employment forecasts for each region and district over three time periods – 2021, 2025 and 2031. In May 2020, the forecasts for 2021 carried greater certainty as they reflected the impacts of current events, such as border restrictions, reduction in international visitors and students etc. The 2025 and 2031 forecasts were less certain because of the potential for significant shifts in the socio-economic situation over the intervening years. While these later forecasts were useful in helping to understand the relative scale and duration of potential COVID-19 related impacts around the country, they needed to be treated with care recognising the higher levels of uncertainty.

The May 2020 research suggested that the ‘slow recovery scenario’ (Treasury’s scenario 5) was the most likely due to continuing high levels of uncertainty regarding global efforts to manage the pandemic (and the duration and scale of the resulting economic downturn).

The updates to Arataki V2 were framed around the ‘Slower Recovery Scenario’, as that scenario remained the most closely aligned with the unfolding impacts of COVID-19 in New Zealand and globally at that time.

Find out more about Arataki, our 10-year plan for the land transport system

May 2021The May 2021 update to employment modelling used to inform Arataki Version 2 is now available. Employment modelling dashboard - updated 2021Arataki used the May 2020 information to compare how various regions and industries might be impacted by COVID-19. Almost a year later, it is clear that New Zealand fared better than forecast in May 2020.Waka Kotahi therefore commissioned an update to the projections through a high-level review of:the original projections for 2020/21 against performancethe implications of the most recent global (eg International monetary fund world economic Outlook) and national economic forecasts (eg Treasury half year economic and fiscal update)The treasury updated its scenarios in its December half year fiscal and economic update (HYEFU) and these new scenarios have been used for the revised projections.Considerable uncertainty remains about the potential scale and duration of the COVID-19 downturn, for example with regards to the duration of border restrictions, update of immunisation programmes. The updated analysis provides us with additional information regarding which sectors and parts of the country are likely to be most impacted. We continue to monitor the situation and keep up to date with other cross-Government scenario development and COVID-19 related work. The updated modelling has produced employment forecasts for each region and district over three time periods - 2022, 2025, 2031.The 2022 forecasts carry greater certainty as they reflect the impacts of current events. The 2025 and 2031 forecasts are less certain because of the potential for significant shifts over that time.

Data reuse caveats: as per license.

Additionally, please read / use this data in conjunction with the Infometrics and Martin Jenkins reports, to understand the uncertainties and assumptions involved in modelling the potential impacts of COVID-19.

COVID-19’s effect on industry and regional economic outcomes for NZ Transport Agency [PDF 620 KB]

Data quality statement: while the modelling undertaken is high quality, it represents two point-in-time analyses undertaken during a period of considerable uncertainty. This uncertainty comes from several factors relating to the COVID-19 pandemic, including:

a lack of clarity about the size of the global downturn and how quickly the international economy might recover differing views about the ability of the New Zealand economy to bounce back from the significant job losses that are occurring and how much of a structural change in the economy is required the possibility of a further wave of COVID-19 cases within New Zealand that might require a return to Alert Levels 3 or 4.

While high levels of uncertainty remain around the scale of impacts from the pandemic, particularly in coming years, the modelling is useful in indicating the direction of travel and the relative scale of impacts in different parts of the country.

Data quality caveats: as noted above, there is considerable uncertainty about the potential scale and duration of the COVID-19 downturn. Please treat the specific results of the modelling carefully, particularly in the forecasts to later years (2025, 2031), given the potential for significant shifts in New Zealand's socio-economic situation before then.

As such, please use the modelling results as a guide to the potential scale of the impacts of the downturn in different locations, rather than as a precise assessment of impacts over the coming decade.

The average for 2023 based on 193 countries was -0.07 points. The highest value was in Liechtenstein: 1.61 points and the lowest value was in Syria: -2.75 points. The indicator is available from 1996 to 2023. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Techsalerator's News Events Data for Greece: A Comprehensive Overview

Techsalerator's News Events Data for Greece is an essential resource for businesses, researchers, and media organizations. This dataset aggregates information on significant news events across Greece, drawing from diverse media sources such as news outlets, online publications, and social platforms. It offers valuable insights for those looking to track trends, analyze public sentiment, or monitor industry-specific developments.

Key Data Fields - Event Date: Captures the exact date of the news event, crucial for analysts monitoring trends over time or businesses responding to market shifts. - Event Title: A brief headline describing the event, allowing users to quickly categorize and assess news content based on relevance. - Source: Identifies the news outlet or platform where the event was reported, helping users track credible sources and assess the reach and influence of the event. - Location: Provides geographic information on where the event took place within Greece, valuable for regional analysis or localized marketing efforts. - Event Description: A detailed summary of the event, outlining key developments, participants, and potential impact. Researchers and businesses use this to understand the context and implications of the event.

Top 5 News Categories in Greece - Politics: Major news coverage on government decisions, political movements, elections, and policy changes affecting the national landscape. - Economy: Focuses on Greece’s economic indicators, inflation rates, international trade, and corporate activities influencing business and finance sectors. - Social Issues: News events covering protests, public health, education, and other societal concerns driving public discourse. - Sports: Highlights events in football, basketball, and other popular sports, often drawing widespread attention and engagement across the country. - Technology and Innovation: Reports on tech developments, startups, and innovations in Greece’s growing tech ecosystem, featuring companies like Vodafone Greece and up-and-coming startups.

Top 5 News Sources in Greece - Kathimerini: A major newspaper providing in-depth coverage of politics, economy, and social issues. - Ta Nea: A prominent source for news related to politics, business, and cultural events across Greece. - Mega Channel: A leading TV network offering real-time updates on current affairs, sports, and entertainment. - Protagon: A well-regarded online news platform known for its investigative journalism and analysis of political and social issues. - Ethnos: A key newspaper providing extensive coverage of national politics, economy, and public affairs.

Accessing Techsalerator’s News Events Data for Greece To access Techsalerator’s News Events Data for Greece, please contact info@techsalerator.com with your specific needs. We will provide a customized quote based on the data fields and records you require, with delivery available within 24 hours. Ongoing access options can also be discussed.

Included Data Fields - Event Date - Event Title - Source - Location - Event Description - Event Category (Politics, Economy, Sports, etc.) - Participants (if applicable) - Event Impact (Social, Economic, etc.)

Techsalerator’s dataset is an invaluable tool for tracking significant events in Greece. It aids in making informed decisions, whether for business strategy, market analysis, or academic research, offering a clear picture of the country’s news landscape.

This dataset contains data from the experiment and python code for the project titled “Love or politics? Political views regarding the war in Ukraine in an online dating experiment”.

Paper abstract: Political views affect various behaviors, including relationship formation. This study conducts a field experiment on a large Russian dating site and gathers data from over 3,000 profile evaluations. The findings reveal significant penalties for those who express pro-war or anti-war positions on their dating profiles. Age emerges as the most polarizing factor: younger individuals are less likely to approach pro-war profiles but not anti-war ones, whereas older individuals are less likely to respond positively to profiles indicating anti-war views but not pro-war ones. The results align with survey evidence of a positive relationship between respondents' age and expressed support for the war in Russia, although the experiment indicates a higher degree of polarization. Overall, the experimental findings demonstrate that survey data can reveal trends and relationships between individuals' characteristics and their opinions, but may overstate the levels of support for government agendas in non-democratic states.

The experiment was conducted in October - November, 2022, on a large online dating site in Russia in three Russian regions: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Sverdlovskaya oblast. There are three separate data files, one for each region. Each file contains information on dating site users that have been liked by and/or have viewed the experimental profiles.

File ExperimentDataMainLikedUsers.csv contains data on the main sample of liked users. The hair color of these users was recorded from profile photos whenever possible. Weights have also been added to enable analysis with adjustment for differences in age distribution between dating site users and a subset of the Russian population that shares similar observable characteristics.

The folder also contains python code for data analysis.

The description of the study is available at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/120731/

Techsalerator's News Events Data for Guinea-Bissau: A Comprehensive Overview

Techsalerator's News Events Data for Guinea-Bissau offers a crucial resource for businesses, researchers, and media organizations. This dataset compiles information on significant news events across Guinea-Bissau, drawn from a wide range of media sources, including news outlets, online publications, and social platforms. It provides valuable insights for those looking to track trends, analyze public sentiment, or monitor industry-specific developments.

Key Data Fields - Event Date: Captures the exact date of the news event. This is important for analysts who need to monitor trends over time or for businesses responding to market shifts.

• Event Title: A brief headline describing the event. This allows users to quickly categorize and assess news content based on relevance to their interests.

• Source: Identifies the news outlet or platform where the event was reported. This helps users track credible sources and assess the reach and influence of the event.

• Location: Provides geographic information, indicating where the event took place within Guinea-Bissau. This is particularly valuable for regional analysis or localized marketing efforts.

• Event Description: A detailed summary of the event, outlining key developments, participants, and potential impact. Researchers and businesses use this to understand the context and implications of the event.

Top 5 News Categories in Guinea-Bissau - Politics: Major news coverage on government decisions, political movements, elections, and policy changes that affect the national landscape.

• Economy: Focuses on Guinea-Bissau’s economic indicators, international trade, and corporate activities influencing business and finance sectors.

• Social Issues: News events covering public health, education, protests, and other societal concerns driving public discourse.

• Culture and Heritage: Highlights significant events related to Guinea-Bissau’s rich cultural heritage, including music, arts, and traditional festivals.

• Sports: Features key updates on popular sports such as football, often attracting widespread attention and engagement throughout the country.

Top 5 News Sources in Guinea-Bissau - Lusa News Agency: A Portuguese-language news service that provides comprehensive coverage of political, economic, and social events in Guinea-Bissau.

• Rádio Difusão Nacional: The national broadcaster offering updates on current affairs, including politics, culture, and international relations.

• O Democrata: A local publication focusing on political developments, social issues, and economic activities within the country.

• ANG (Agência de Notícias da Guiné): A news agency providing real-time coverage of significant national events and developments in Guinea-Bissau.

• No Pintcha: A widely-read newspaper that covers sports, culture, and general news, with an emphasis on local events and happenings.

Accessing Techsalerator’s News Events Data for Guinea-Bissau To access Techsalerator’s News Events Data for Guinea-Bissau, please contact info@techsalerator.com with your specific needs. We will provide a customized quote based on the data fields and records you require, with delivery available within 24 hours. Ongoing access options can also be discussed.

Included Data Fields - Event Date - Event Title - Source - Location - Event Description - Event Category (Politics, Economy, Sports, etc.) - Participants (if applicable) - Event Impact (Social, Economic, etc.)

Techsalerator’s dataset is an invaluable tool for tracking significant events in Guinea-Bissau. It aids in making informed decisions, whether for business strategy, market analysis, or academic research, providing a clear picture of the country’s news landscape.

The International Macroeconomic Data Set provides data from 1969 through 2030 for real (adjusted for inflation) gross domestic product (GDP), population, real exchange rates, and other variables for the 190 countries and 34 regions that are most important for U.S. agricultural trade. The data presented here are a key component of the USDA Baseline projections process, and can be used as a benchmark for analyzing the impacts of U.S. and global macroeconomic shocks.

In 2020, global gross domestic product declined by 6.7 percent as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak. In Latin America, overall GDP loss amounted to 8.5 percent.

The purpose of this dataset is to provide a systematic set of standardized contextual (economic, socio-political, cultural and legal) indicators in order to identify and measure on a comparative basis those contextual factors that have an (beneficial or inhibiting) impact on European, but not exclusively, responses to mass migration. Attention has been paid to existing socio-economic conditions and to national policies related to immigrants and asylum seekers. In this respect, the dataset comprises a set of both macro-level indicators measuring the socio-economic, political and institutional context of migration and cultural – or individual-level – indicators addressing ordinary citizens' subjective attitudes, behaviours and perceptions about migration related-phenomena (e.g. perceived discrimination on ethnic grounds; immigration being bad or good for a country's economy; a country's cultural life being undermined or enriched by immigration).

Datasetet har ursprungligen publicerats i DiVA och flyttades över till SND 2024.

We build our analysis upon previous work by Bloom et al. (Measuring the Effect of Political Uncertainty. Working Paper, Stanford University, 2012) and Baker et al. (Political Uncertainty: A New Indicator. CentrePiece 2012; 16(3): 21-23), who estimate the dynamic effects of a shock to a newly constructed surrogate measure of political uncertainty (PU) on the US economy. Comparable to their results we demonstrate that a shock to PU has pervasive effects on the dynamic evolution of the US economy. Using an estimated structural dynamic factor model we find that more globally integrated markets exhibit significantly more pronounced responses than other measures of real economic activity. Impulse responses reveal a small but statistically significant flight-to-safety effect, depressing government bond yields across the entire term structure following a shock to PU. Forecast error variance decompositions are predominantly composed of supply, demand, and PU shocks over all horizons, with PU shocks contributing less and supply shocks contributing more to forecast errors at longer horizons. Technology shocks, by contrast, are found to affect forecast accuracy closer to impact with quickly decaying contributions over extended forecast horizons.

Data estimating the direct, indirect and induced impacts of tourism receipts and visitor spending on gross domestic product, labour income and employment in Ontario.

From 2020 through 2021, the Assessment Capacities Project (ACAPS) Government Measures dataset tracked government responses to the pandemic over time using information compiled by ACAPS analysts and volunteers from the University of Copenhagen and University of Lund. Information was obtained from public sources, including governments, media, United Nations agencies, and other organizations, and are denoted in the dataset.

Government measures were grouped into five categories:

• Social distancing
• Movement restrictions
• Public health measures
• Social and economic measures
• Lockdowns

An ancillary dataset produced by the ACAPS Secondary Impacts Analytical Framework tracked secondary impacts across a wide range of relevant themes, such as economy, health, migration, and education.

This research note presents a new dataset on the speed of tariff liberalization in sixty-one preferential trade agreements (PTAs) signed by fifty states and regional economic organizations over the period 1995 to 2013. We use this dataset to test prominent arguments concerning the impact of intra-industry trade and global value chains on the political economy of trade. Our results indicate that the speed of tariff liberalization through PTAs is considerably faster for intermediate goods than for finished products. This is in line with the most prominent argument about how global value chains affect the political economy of trade liberalization. At the same time, we find mixed evidence for the impact of intra-industry trade on the ease of trade liberalization, which reflects strong cross-country variation. We conclude with a discussion on how the dataset can help tackle important questions in international political economy and inform ongoing debates on trade agreements.