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This map displays earthquakes in Kansas that have occurred during the previous month. Data collected by the Kansas Geological Survey Exploration Services program. This map includes various tools like selections, filters, drawing, and printing that users can leverage to explore locations of earthquakes.

Earthquakes (USGS: Magnitude, Location, and Freq)

Magnitude, Location, and Frequency

By [source]

About this dataset

Earthquakes form an integral part of our planet’s geology. It is crucial to gain an understanding of the frequency and strength of these seismic activities, as this information is essential in both the cause and preventions of damaging earthquakes. Fortunately for us, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) captures comprehensive data on Earthquakes magnitude and location across the United States and its surrounding areas.

This dataset contains information such as time, latitude, longitude, depth, magnitude, type, gap between azimuthal gaps (gap), dmin which is minimum distance to nearest station (dmin), root mean square travel time residual (rms), Network which reported raised an incident report (net), updated date that was last updated or modified(updated) place horizonation uncertainty error - absolute value serves as 95% confidence interval radius(horizontalError)depth Horizonation uncertainty error - absolute value serve as 95% confidence interval radius(depthError)magHorizonation uncertainty error - absolute value serve as 95% confidence numberof seismic stations used to measure magnitude(magNst )Number statuses ie reviewed/reviewed_manual/automatic etc..status). This data can be a useful tool in building a more contextual picture around potential dangers posed by seismic activity

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How to use the dataset

This dataset can be incredibly useful in uncovering geophysical insights about earthquakes. It contains comprehensive data about the magnitude and location of seismic activity, which can help to better understand the cause and prevention of damaging quakes.

Research Ideas

• Generating earthquake hazard maps to indicate seismic activity and risk levels in different areas.
• Developing predictive models of earthquake magnitude and probability of occurrence on the basis of geographic characteristics, previous seismic history and observed patterns of activity.
• Conducting analysis to determine correlations between geological features, human activities, and seismic events in order to better understand the causes and effects of potentially damaging earthquakes

Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit the original authors. Data Source

License

License: CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) - Public Domain Dedication No Copyright - You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. See Other Information.

Columns

File: usgs_current.csv | Column name | Description | |:--------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | time | The time of the earthquake. (DateTime) | | latitude | The latitude of the earthquake. (Float) | | longitude | The longitude of the earthquake. (Float) | | depth | The depth of the earthquake. (Float) | | mag | The magnitude of the earthquake. (Float) | | magType | The type of magnitude measurement used. (String) | | nst | The number of seismic stations used to calculate the magnitude. (Integer) | | gap | The maximum angular distance between azimuthal gaps. (Float) | | dmin | The distance to the nearest station. (Float) | | rms | The root-mean-square travel time residual. (Float) | | net | The network detected. (String) | | updated | The time the earthquake was last updated. (DateTime) | | place | The location of the earthquake. (String) | | horizontalError | The horizontal error of the earthquake. (Float) | | depthError | The depth error of the earthquake. (Float) | | magError ...

Near-surface site characteristics are critical for accurately modeling ground motion, which in turn influences seismic hazard analysis and design of critical infrastructure. Currently there are many strong motion accelerometers within the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) that are missing this information. We use a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based framework to intersect the site coordinates of approximately 5,500 ANSS accelerometers located throughout the US and its territories with geology and velocity information. We consider: (1) surficial geology from digitized geologic maps, (2) measurements of the shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m (VS30) at seismic stations (McPhillips et al., 2020; Yong et al., 2016), (3) three different VS30 proxies based on geology (Wills et al., 2015), terrain (Yong et al., 2012; Yong, 2016), and a hybrid approach that utilizes regional VS30 map insets or topographic slope based proxy mosaics (Allen and Wald, 2007; Thompson et al., 2014; Heath et al., 2020)), (4) VS30 values utilizing a combination of measurements and proxies from the Next Generation of Ground-Motion Attenuation Models (i.e., NGA-West2, NGA-East, and NGA-Subduction (Seyhan et al., 2014; Goulet et al., 2018; Bozorgnia et al., 2020)) (5) Regional liquefaction, subsurface and seismic site class data as available. This compilation will help populate seismic station information webpages, like those of the Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data (strongmotioncenter.org), providing users the option to quickly obtain and utilize a variety of VS30 measurements, VS30 proxy-based estimates, and assigned National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) site classes. The collective availability of this information will improve our understanding of the ground motions recorded at ANSS accelerometers from both previous and future significant earthquakes. This additional station information will increase the usefulness of strong motion data and also improve ground motion models used in seismic hazard estimates.

Map data were provided by Dr. Jaiswal (U.S Geological Survey, USGS), leading author of the joint FEMA-USGS report “Hazus Estimated Annualized Earthquake Losses for the United States”. The report provides nationwide and state-by-state estimates of AELs based on the latest census and building stock data, as well as USGS earthquake hazard information.The AELs presented here are the estimated long-term value of earthquake losses to the general building stock in any single year in a specified geographic area (e.g., state, county, metropolitan area). They are economic losses from earthquake shaking-related building damage. They do not include losses from ground-failure effects such as landslide, liquefaction, surface fault rupture, or losses due to other secondary effects such as fires following earthquakes due to lack of a nationally consistent database. Building economic losses are direct economic losses including structural damage, non-structural damage, and content damage; as well as building damage-related economic losses, such as inventory loss, relocation cost, loss of proprietors’ income, and rental income loss. These do not include losses associated with business interruption. Replacement costs and loss valuations are based on 2023 dollars.

The Shaking Layers tool produces maps of ground shaking minutes after an earthquake of magnitude 3.5 or above has occurred in New Zealand. These maps combine strong motion measurements recorded at seismic stations with ground motion modelling to estimate shaking intensity anywhere in the country. As more data and scientific information become available, Shaking Layers maps are updated and therefore can change over time (from minutes to days to months) following an earthquake. The maps provide information on macroseismic intensity, peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity and spectral acceleration at several periods. Outputs include a dynamic map (GeoNet website) and several types of outputs on the Shaking Layers webpages, including static maps, json files and GIS layers.

Read more about Shaking Layers maps (https://www.geonet.org.nz/about/earthquake/shakinglayers).

Science is a collaborative effort. Shaking Layers is a GNS Science (https://www.gns.cri.nz/) product supported by GeoNet (https://www.geonet.org.nz/) and the Rapid Characterisation of Earthquakes and Tsunami (RCET) programme (https://www.gns.cri.nz/research-projects/rcet/).

For data access: https://shakinglayers.geonet.org.nz/ For dynamic map access: https://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake For data format: https://shakinglayers.geonet.org.nz/html/guidelines#input-data For Shaking Layers tool: Horspool, N., T. Goded, A. Kaiser, J. Andrews, J. Groom, D. Charlton, M. Chadwick and J. Houltham (2023). GeoNet’s Shaking Layer Tool: generation of near real-time ground shaking maps for post-event response Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering Technical Conference 2023. Auckland (New Zealand), April 2023, Paper 91, 10 pp.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21420/J856-2J84

Cite as:
GNS Science, Shaking Layers Dataset. https://doi.org/10.21420/J856-2J84

Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (1972) and the Seismic Hazards Mapping Act (1990) direct the State Geologist to delineate regulatory "Zones of Required Investigation" to reduce the threat to public health and safety and to minimize the loss of life and property posed by earthquake-triggered ground failures. Cities and counties affected by the zones must regulate certain development "projects" within them. These Acts also require sellers of real property (and their agents) within a mapped hazard zone to disclose at the time of sale that the property lies within such a zone.

NOTE: Fault Evaluation Reports are available for those areas covered by a Regulatory Map however there are reports available for areas outside the Regulatory map boundary. For a complete set of maps available for purchase on CD please contact the CGS Library.

The tectonic earthquake data are primarily from a Uniform Moment Magnitude Earthquake Catalog developed for Utah and its surrounding region by Arabasz and others (2016) for the time period 1850 through September 2012. For the map, we extended the catalog through December 2016 and expanded it to include earthquakes smaller than magnitude 2.9. MIS was excluded from the compilation of Arabasz and others (2016) but has been added to the map to show its significance in east-central Utah. Data for the seismic events plotted on the map are listed in two separate catalogs in the form of an ArcGIS feature class within a file geodatabase. The catalog files are available in the Utah Geospatial Resource Center (UGRC) State Geographic Information Database (SGID, https://gis.utah.gov/data/geoscience/) and at https://ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/open_file_reports/ofr-667/ofr-667.zip. The primary catalog used for the map, termed the Earthquake Catalog (EQ Catalog, Utah_EQcat_1850_2016), comprises tectonic earthquakes located within the “Utah Region” (lat. 36.75° to 42.50° N, long. 108.75° to 114.25° W) from 1850 through 2016. This region is the standard region used by the University of Utah Seismograph Stations (UUSS) for the compilation and reporting of earthquakes within and surrounding Utah. Note that the map covers most, but not all, of the Utah Region. The map delineates two areas in east-central Utah that are characterized by predominantly (more than 90%) MIS. All seismic events (including both MIS and tectonic earthquakes) located in these two areas are listed in a separate catalog, termed the Coal-Mining-Region Catalog (CMR Catalog)(Utah_CMRcat_1928_2016), which extends from 1928 (the year of the first located event) through 2016. The EQ and CMR catalogs are mutually exclusive. The EQ Catalog does not include tectonic earthquakes located within the two delineated areas of predominantly MIS. More information about the earthquake epicenter data is contained in UGS OFR 667 (https://ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/open_file_reports/ofr-667/ofr-667.pdf).

Map data were provided by Dr. Jaiswal (U.S Geological Survey, USGS), leading author of the joint FEMA-USGS report “Hazus Estimated Annualized Earthquake Losses for the United States”. The report provides nationwide and state-by-state estimates of AELs based on the latest census and building stock data, as well as USGS earthquake hazard information.The AELs presented here are the estimated long-term value of earthquake losses to the general building stock in any single year in a specified geographic area (e.g., state, county, metropolitan area). They are economic losses from earthquake shaking-related building damage. They do not include losses from ground-failure effects such as landslide, liquefaction, surface fault rupture, or losses due to other secondary effects such as fires following earthquakes due to lack of a nationally consistent database. Building economic losses are direct economic losses including structural damage, non-structural damage, and content damage; as well as building damage-related economic losses, such as inventory loss, relocation cost, loss of proprietors’ income, and rental income loss. These do not include losses associated with business interruption. Replacement costs and loss valuations are based on 2023 dollars.

The tectonic earthquake data are primarily from a Uniform Moment Magnitude Earthquake Catalog developed for Utah and its surrounding region by Arabasz and others (2016) for the time period 1850 through September 2012. For the map, we extended the catalog through December 2016 and expanded it to include earthquakes smaller than magnitude 2.9. MIS was excluded from the compilation of Arabasz and others (2016) but has been added to the map to show its significance in east-central Utah. Data for the seismic events plotted on the map are listed in two separate catalogs in the form of an ArcGIS feature class within a file geodatabase. The catalog files are available in the Utah Geospatial Resource Center (UGRC) State Geographic Information Database (SGID, https://gis.utah.gov/data/geoscience/) and at https://ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/open_file_reports/ofr-667/ofr-667.zip. The primary catalog used for the map, termed the Earthquake Catalog (EQ Catalog, Utah_EQcat_1850_2016), comprises tectonic earthquakes located within the “Utah Region” (lat. 36.75° to 42.50° N, long. 108.75° to 114.25° W) from 1850 through 2016. This region is the standard region used by the University of Utah Seismograph Stations (UUSS) for the compilation and reporting of earthquakes within and surrounding Utah. Note that the map covers most, but not all, of the Utah Region. The map delineates two areas in east-central Utah that are characterized by predominantly (more than 90%) MIS. All seismic events (including both MIS and tectonic earthquakes) located in these two areas are listed in a separate catalog, termed the Coal-Mining-Region Catalog (CMR Catalog)(Utah_CMRcat_1928_2016), which extends from 1928 (the year of the first located event) through 2016. The EQ and CMR catalogs are mutually exclusive. The EQ Catalog does not include tectonic earthquakes located within the two delineated areas of predominantly MIS. More information about the earthquake epicenter data is contained in UGS OFR 667 (https://ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/open_file_reports/ofr-667/ofr-667.pdf).

Map data that predict the varying likelihood of landsliding can help public agencies make informed decisions on land use and zoning. This map, prepared in a geographic information system from a statistical model, estimates the relative likelihood of local slopes to fail by two processes common to an area of diverse geology, terrain, and land use centered on metropolitan Oakland. The model combines the following spatial data: (1) 120 bedrock and surficial geologic-map units, (2) ground slope calculated from a 30-m digital elevation model, (3) an inventory of 6,714 old landslide deposits (not distinguished by age or type of movement and excluding debris flows), and (4) the locations of 1,192 post-1970 landslides that damaged the built environment. The resulting index of likelihood, or susceptibility, plotted as a 1:50,000-scale map, is computed as a continuous variable over a large area (872 km2) at a comparatively fine (30 m) resolution. This new model complements landslide inventories by estimating susceptibility between existing landslide deposits, and improves upon prior susceptibility maps by quantifying the degree of susceptibility within those deposits. Susceptibility is defined for each geologic-map unit as the spatial frequency (areal percentage) of terrain occupied by old landslide deposits, adjusted locally by steepness of the topography. Susceptibility of terrain between the old landslide deposits is read directly from a slope histogram for each geologic-map unit, as the percentage (0.00 to 0.90) of 30-m cells in each one-degree slope interval that coincides with the deposits. Susceptibility within landslide deposits (0.00 to 1.33) is this same percentage raised by a multiplier (1.33) derived from the comparative frequency of recent failures within and outside the old deposits. Positive results from two evaluations of the model encourage its extension to the 10-county San Francisco Bay region and elsewhere. A similar map could be prepared for any area where the three basic constituents, a geologic map, a landslide inventory, and a slope map, are available in digital form. Added predictive power of the new susceptibility model may reside in attributes that remain to be explored-among them seismic shaking, distance to nearest road, and terrain elevation, aspect, relief, and curvature.

Evansville, Indiana has a dense urban population near faults capable of producing major earthquakes. A high probability of a moderate earthquake in the near future (e.g., a 25–40% probability of a magnitude 6.0 or greater in the next 50 years) from the New Madrid seismic zone, and more moderate probability of a similar-sized earthquake in the Wabash Valley, coupled with relatively low regional attenuation (in other words, seismic waves have the potential to do damage and propagate over a greater geographic area in this region than for the same magnitude earthquake in the western U.S.) necessitates being prepared for earthquake hazards. This dataset provides maps of probabilistic and deterministic earthquake ground motions and liquefaction hazard for the Evansville, Indiana metropolitan area.

In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within California’s State Waters. The program supports a large number of coastal-zone- and ocean-management issues, including the California Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) (California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2008), which requires information about the distribution of ecosystems as part of the design and proposal process for the establishment of Marine Protected Areas. A focus of CSMP is to map California’s State Waters with consistent methods at a consistent scale. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data (the undersea equivalent of satellite remote-sensing data in terrestrial mapping), acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow (to about 100 m) subsurface geology. It is emphasized that the more interpretive habitat and geology data rely on the integration of multiple, new high-resolution datasets and that mapping at small scales would not be possible without such data. This approach and CSMP planning is based in part on recommendations of the Marine Mapping Planning Workshop (Kvitek and others, 2006), attended by coastal and marine managers and scientists from around the state. That workshop established geographic priorities for a coastal mapping project and identified the need for coverage of “lands” from the shore strand line (defined as Mean Higher High Water; MHHW) out to the 3-nautical-mile (5.6-km) limit of California’s State Waters. Unfortunately, surveying the zone from MHHW out to 10-m water depth is not consistently possible using ship-based surveying methods, owing to sea state (for example, waves, wind, or currents), kelp coverage, and shallow rock outcrops. Accordingly, some of the data presented in this series commonly do not cover the zone from the shore out to 10-m depth. This data is part of a series of online U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) publications, each of which includes several map sheets, some explanatory text, and a descriptive pamphlet. Each map sheet is published as a PDF file. Geographic information system (GIS) files that contain both ESRI ArcGIS raster grids (for example, bathymetry, seafloor character) and geotiffs (for example, shaded relief) are also included for each publication. For those who do not own the full suite of ESRI GIS and mapping software, the data can be read using ESRI ArcReader, a free viewer that is available at http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcreader/index.html (last accessed September 20, 2013). The California Seafloor Mapping Program is a collaborative venture between numerous different federal and state agencies, academia, and the private sector. CSMP partners include the California Coastal Conservancy, the California Ocean Protection Council, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, the California Geological Survey, California State University at Monterey Bay’s Seafloor Mapping Lab, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Center for Habitat Studies, Fugro Pelagos, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, including National Ocean Service–Office of Coast Surveys, National Marine Sanctuaries, and National Marine Fisheries Service), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, the National Park Service, and the U.S. Geological Survey. These web services for the Punta Gorda to Point Arena map area includes data layers that are associated to GIS and map sheets available from the USGS CSMP web page at https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/mapping/csmp/index.html. Each published CSMP map area includes a data catalog of geographic information system (GIS) files; map sheets that contain explanatory text; and an associated descriptive pamphlet. This web service represents the available data layers for this map area. Data was combined from different sonar surveys to generate a comprehensive high-resolution bathymetry and acoustic-backscatter coverage of the map area. These data reveal a range of physiographic including exposed bedrock outcrops, large fields of sand waves, as well as many human impacts on the seafloor. To validate geological and biological interpretations of the sonar data, the U.S. Geological Survey towed a camera sled over specific offshore locations, collecting both video and photographic imagery; these “ground-truth” surveying data are available from the CSMP Video and Photograph Portal at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7J1015K. The “seafloor character” data layer shows classifications of the seafloor on the basis of depth, slope, rugosity (ruggedness), and backscatter intensity and which is further informed by the ground-truth-survey imagery. The “potential habitats” polygons are delineated on the basis of substrate type, geomorphology, seafloor process, or other attributes that may provide a habitat for a specific species or assemblage of organisms. Representative seismic-reflection profile data from the map area is also include and provides information on the subsurface stratigraphy and structure of the map area. The distribution and thickness of young sediment (deposited over the past about 21,000 years, during the most recent sea-level rise) is interpreted on the basis of the seismic-reflection data. The geologic polygons merge onshore geologic mapping (compiled from existing maps by the California Geological Survey) and new offshore geologic mapping that is based on integration of high-resolution bathymetry and backscatter imagery seafloor-sediment and rock samplesdigital camera and video imagery, and high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles. The information provided by the map sheets, pamphlet, and data catalog has a broad range of applications. High-resolution bathymetry, acoustic backscatter, ground-truth-surveying imagery, and habitat mapping all contribute to habitat characterization and ecosystem-based management by providing essential data for delineation of marine protected areas and ecosystem restoration. Many of the maps provide high-resolution baselines that will be critical for monitoring environmental change associated with climate change, coastal development, or other forcings. High-resolution bathymetry is a critical component for modeling coastal flooding caused by storms and tsunamis, as well as inundation associated with longer term sea-level rise. Seismic-reflection and bathymetric data help characterize earthquake and tsunami sources, critical for natural-hazard assessments of coastal zones. Information on sediment distribution and thickness is essential to the understanding of local and regional sediment transport, as well as the development of regional sediment-management plans. In addition, siting of any new offshore infrastructure (for example, pipelines, cables, or renewable-energy facilities) will depend on high-resolution mapping. Finally, this mapping will both stimulate and enable new scientific research and also raise public awareness of, and education about, coastal environments and issues. Web services were created using an ArcGIS service definition file. The ArcGIS REST service and OGC WMS service include all Punta Gorda to Point Arena map area data layers. Data layers are symbolized as shown on the associated map sheets.

In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within California’s State Waters. The program supports a large number of coastal-zone- and ocean-management issues, including the California Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) (California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2008), which requires information about the distribution of ecosystems as part of the design and proposal process for the establishment of Marine Protected Areas. A focus of CSMP is to map California’s State Waters with consistent methods at a consistent scale. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data (the undersea equivalent of satellite remote-sensing data in terrestrial mapping), acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow (to about 100 m) subsurface geology. It is emphasized that the more interpretive habitat and geology data rely on the integration of multiple, new high-resolution datasets and that mapping at small scales would not be possible without such data. This approach and CSMP planning is based in part on recommendations of the Marine Mapping Planning Workshop (Kvitek and others, 2006), attended by coastal and marine managers and scientists from around the state. That workshop established geographic priorities for a coastal mapping project and identified the need for coverage of “lands” from the shore strand line (defined as Mean Higher High Water; MHHW) out to the 3-nautical-mile (5.6-km) limit of California’s State Waters. Unfortunately, surveying the zone from MHHW out to 10-m water depth is not consistently possible using ship-based surveying methods, owing to sea state (for example, waves, wind, or currents), kelp coverage, and shallow rock outcrops. Accordingly, some of the data presented in this series commonly do not cover the zone from the shore out to 10-m depth. These data are a part of a series of online U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) publications, each of which includes several map sheets, some explanatory text, and a descriptive pamphlet. Each map sheet is published as a PDF file. Geographic information system (GIS) files that contain both ESRI ArcGIS raster grids (for example, bathymetry, seafloor character) and geotiffs (for example, shaded relief) are also included for each publication. For those who do not own the full suite of ESRI GIS and mapping software, the data can be read using ESRI ArcReader, a free viewer that is available at http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcreader/index.html (last accessed September 20, 2013). The California Seafloor Mapping Program is a collaborative venture between numerous different federal and state agencies, academia, and the private sector. CSMP partners include the California Coastal Conservancy, the California Ocean Protection Council, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, the California Geological Survey, California State University at Monterey Bay’s Seafloor Mapping Lab, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Center for Habitat Studies, Fugro Pelagos, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, including National Ocean Service–Office of Coast Surveys, National Marine Sanctuaries, and National Marine Fisheries Service), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, the National Park Service, and the U.S. Geological Survey. These web services for the Offshore Pigeon Point map area includes data layers that are associated to GIS and map sheets available from the USGS CSMP web page at https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/csmp/OffshorePigeonPoint/data_catalog_OffshorePigeonPoint.html. Each published CSMP map area includes a data catalog of geographic information system (GIS) files; map sheets that contain explanatory text; and an associated descriptive pamphlet. This web service represents the available data layers for this map area. Data was combined from different sonar surveys to generate a comprehensive high-resolution bathymetry and acoustic-backscatter coverage of the map area. These data reveal a range of physiographic including exposed bedrock outcrops, large fields of sand waves, as well as many human impacts on the seafloor. To validate geological and biological interpretations of the sonar data, the U.S. Geological Survey towed a camera sled over specific offshore locations, collecting both video and photographic imagery; these “ground-truth” surveying data are available from the CSMP Video and Photograph Portal at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7J1015K. The “seafloor character” data layer shows classifications of the seafloor on the basis of depth, slope, rugosity (ruggedness), and backscatter intensity and which is further informed by the ground-truth-survey imagery. The “potential habitats” polygons are delineated on the basis of substrate type, geomorphology, seafloor process, or other attributes that may provide a habitat for a specific species or assemblage of organisms. Representative seismic-reflection profile data from the map area is also include and provides information on the subsurface stratigraphy and structure of the map area. The distribution and thickness of young sediment (deposited over the past about 21,000 years, during the most recent sea-level rise) is interpreted on the basis of the seismic-reflection data. The geologic polygons merge onshore geologic mapping (compiled from existing maps by the California Geological Survey) and new offshore geologic mapping that is based on integration of high-resolution bathymetry and backscatter imagery seafloor-sediment and rock samples, digital camera and video imagery, and high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles. The information provided by the map sheets, pamphlet, and data catalog has a broad range of applications. High-resolution bathymetry, acoustic backscatter, ground-truth-surveying imagery, and habitat mapping all contribute to habitat characterization and ecosystem-based management by providing essential data for delineation of marine protected areas and ecosystem restoration. Many of the maps provide high-resolution baselines that will be critical for monitoring environmental change associated with climate change, coastal development, or other forcings. High-resolution bathymetry is a critical component for modeling coastal flooding caused by storms and tsunamis, as well as inundation associated with longer term sea-level rise. Seismic-reflection and bathymetric data help characterize earthquake and tsunami sources, critical for natural-hazard assessments of coastal zones. Information on sediment distribution and thickness is essential to the understanding of local and regional sediment transport, as well as the development of regional sediment-management plans. In addition, siting of any new offshore infrastructure (for example, pipelines, cables, or renewable-energy facilities) will depend on high-resolution mapping. Finally, this mapping will both stimulate and enable new scientific research and also raise public awareness of, and education about, coastal environments and issues. Web services were created using an ArcGIS service definition file. The ArcGIS REST service and OGC WMS service include all Offshore Pigeon Point map area data layers. Data layers are symbolized as shown on the associated map sheets for USGS Open-File Report 2015-1232 (https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151232).

Events are symbolized by their Seismic Magnitude regardless of age.

In addition to displaying earthquakes by magnitude, this service also provide earthquake impact details. Impact is measured by population as well as models for economic and fatality loss. For more details, see: PAGER Alerts. Consumption Best Practices:As a service that is subject to very high usage, ensure peak performance and accessibility of your maps and apps by avoiding the use of non-cache-able relative Date/Time field filters. To accommodate filtering events by Date/Time, we suggest using the included "Age" fields that maintain the number of days or hours since a record was created or last modified, compared to the last service update. These queries fully support the ability to cache a response, allowing common query results to be efficiently provided to users in a high demand service environment.When ingesting this service in your applications, avoid using POST requests whenever possible. These requests can compromise performance and scalability during periods of high usage because they too are not cache-able. Update Frequency: Events are updated as frequently as every 5 minutes and are available up to 30 days with the following exceptions:Events with a Magnitude LESS than 4.5 are retained for 7 daysEvents with a Significance value, "sig" field, of 600 or higher are retained for 90 days In addition to event points, ShakeMaps are also provided. These have been dissolved by Shake Intensity to reduce the Layer Complexity.The specific layers provided in this service have been Time Enabled and include:Events by Magnitude: The event’s seismic magnitude value.Contains PAGER Alert Level: USGS PAGER (Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response) system provides an automated impact level assignment that estimates fatality and economic loss.Contains Significance Level: An event’s significance is determined by factors like magnitude, max MMI, ‘felt’ reports, and estimated impact.Shake Intensity: The Instrumental Intensity or Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) for available events. For field terms and technical details, see: ComCat Documentation Alternate SymbologiesVisit the Classic USGS Feature Layer item for a Rainbow view of Shakemap features. RevisionsAug 14, 2024: Added a default Minimum scale suppression of 1:6,000,000 on Shake Intensity layer. Jul 11, 2024: Updated event popup, setting "Tsunami Warning" text to "Alert Possible" when flag is present. Also included hyperlink to tsunami warning center. Feb 13, 2024: Updated feed logic to remove Superseded events This map is provided for informational purposes and is not monitored 24/7 for accuracy and currency. Always refer to USGS source for official guidance. If you would like to be alerted to potential issues or simply see when this Service will update next, please visit our Live Feed Status Page!

The 25 April 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake and its aftershocks triggered about 25,000 landslides over an area of more than 30,000 km2 in the Greater and Lesser Himalaya of Nepal and China. In order to understand the relation among landslide location, earthquake shaking, topography, tectonic geologic and climatic setting, earthquake-triggered landslides were mapped using high-resolution (<1m pixel resolution) pre- and post-event satellite imagery. Source and runout areas were differentiated and mapped separately. The data accompany an interpretive paper published in the journal Geomorphology. The published products are separate ESRI ArcMap 10.2.2 shapefiles that comprise: (i) mapped landslide source areas, (ii) mapped landslide full areas (source, transport and deposit area combined), (iii) the extent of geographic areas in which mapping was completed, (iv) obscured areas in which the mapping is incomplete because of the lack of clear, undistorted satellite data from post-earthquake dates, and (v) image quality designation for mapped regions. 24,915 landslide areas were mapped in the full20170209.shp file (full areas) compared to 24,795 landslide areas in the source20170209.shp file (source areas). This small discrepancy in total number arises because of image distortion and partial cloud cover. One hundred forty two of the full areas lack an identifiable source area. Additionally, 10 full areas have 2 corresponding source areas because the full area could not be divided into 2 separate runout areas due to image distortion; 12 other source areas do not have corresponding full areas. This work was supported by a National Science Foundation (NSF) RAPID award from the Geomorphology and Land Use Dynamics program to West (EAR-1546630) and Clark (EAR-1546631), partially supported by NSF Geomorphology and Land Use Dynamics program (EAR-1640894 to West and EAR-1640797 to Clark and Zekkos), University of Michigan internal award to Clark and Zekkos (MCubed 2.0 Project ID 917) and a Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Research Commission research grant (ETH-15 15-2) awarded to Gallen. We thank Paul Morin from the PGC (Polar Geospatial Center) for providing imagery access and support for acquiring satellite data through a NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) cooperative agreement with NSF. We also thank Kristen Cook, William Greenwood, Julie Bateman, Bibek Giri, Maarten Lupker and John Galetzka for their assistance during a 2015 field expedition to Nepal.

In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within California’s State Waters. The program supports a large number of coastal-zone- and ocean-management issues, including the California Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) (California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2008), which requires information about the distribution of ecosystems as part of the design and proposal process for the establishment of Marine Protected Areas. A focus of CSMP is to map California’s State Waters with consistent methods at a consistent scale. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data (the undersea equivalent of satellite remote-sensing data in terrestrial mapping), acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow (to about 100 m) subsurface geology. It is emphasized that the more interpretive habitat and geology data rely on the integration of multiple, new high-resolution datasets and that mapping at small scales would not be possible without such data. This approach and CSMP planning is based in part on recommendations of the Marine Mapping Planning Workshop (Kvitek and others, 2006), attended by coastal and marine managers and scientists from around the state. That workshop established geographic priorities for a coastal mapping project and identified the need for coverage of “lands” from the shore strand line (defined as Mean Higher High Water; MHHW) out to the 3-nautical-mile (5.6-km) limit of California’s State Waters. Unfortunately, surveying the zone from MHHW out to 10-m water depth is not consistently possible using ship-based surveying methods, owing to sea state (for example, waves, wind, or currents), kelp coverage, and shallow rock outcrops. Accordingly, some of the data presented in this series commonly do not cover the zone from the shore out to 10-m depth. This data is part of a series of online U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) publications, each of which includes several map sheets, some explanatory text, and a descriptive pamphlet. Each map sheet is published as a PDF file. Geographic information system (GIS) files that contain both ESRI ArcGIS raster grids (for example, bathymetry, seafloor character) and geotiffs (for example, shaded relief) are also included for each publication. For those who do not own the full suite of ESRI GIS and mapping software, the data can be read using ESRI ArcReader, a free viewer that is available at http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcreader/index.html (last accessed September 20, 2013). The California Seafloor Mapping Program is a collaborative venture between numerous different federal and state agencies, academia, and the private sector. CSMP partners include the California Coastal Conservancy, the California Ocean Protection Council, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, the California Geological Survey, California State University at Monterey Bay’s Seafloor Mapping Lab, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Center for Habitat Studies, Fugro Pelagos, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, including National Ocean Service–Office of Coast Surveys, National Marine Sanctuaries, and National Marine Fisheries Service), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, the National Park Service, and the U.S. Geological Survey. These web services for the Offshore of Ventura map area includes data layers that are associated to GIS and map sheets available from the USGS CSMP web page at https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/mapping/csmp/index.html. Each published CSMP map area includes a data catalog of geographic information system (GIS) files; map sheets that contain explanatory text; and an associated descriptive pamphlet. This web service represents the available data layers for this map area. Data was combined from different sonar surveys to generate a comprehensive high-resolution bathymetry and acoustic-backscatter coverage of the map area. These data reveal a range of physiographic including exposed bedrock outcrops, large fields of sand waves, as well as many human impacts on the seafloor. To validate geological and biological interpretations of the sonar data, the U.S. Geological Survey towed a camera sled over specific offshore locations, collecting both video and photographic imagery; these “ground-truth” surveying data are available from the CSMP Video and Photograph Portal at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7J1015K. The “seafloor character” data layer shows classifications of the seafloor on the basis of depth, slope, rugosity (ruggedness), and backscatter intensity and which is further informed by the ground-truth-survey imagery. The “potential habitats” polygons are delineated on the basis of substrate type, geomorphology, seafloor process, or other attributes that may provide a habitat for a specific species or assemblage of organisms. Representative seismic-reflection profile data from the map area is also include and provides information on the subsurface stratigraphy and structure of the map area. The distribution and thickness of young sediment (deposited over the past about 21,000 years, during the most recent sea-level rise) is interpreted on the basis of the seismic-reflection data. The geologic polygons merge onshore geologic mapping (compiled from existing maps by the California Geological Survey) and new offshore geologic mapping that is based on integration of high-resolution bathymetry and backscatter imagery seafloor-sediment and rock samplesdigital camera and video imagery, and high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles. The information provided by the map sheets, pamphlet, and data catalog has a broad range of applications. High-resolution bathymetry, acoustic backscatter, ground-truth-surveying imagery, and habitat mapping all contribute to habitat characterization and ecosystem-based management by providing essential data for delineation of marine protected areas and ecosystem restoration. Many of the maps provide high-resolution baselines that will be critical for monitoring environmental change associated with climate change, coastal development, or other forcings. High-resolution bathymetry is a critical component for modeling coastal flooding caused by storms and tsunamis, as well as inundation associated with longer term sea-level rise. Seismic-reflection and bathymetric data help characterize earthquake and tsunami sources, critical for natural-hazard assessments of coastal zones. Information on sediment distribution and thickness is essential to the understanding of local and regional sediment transport, as well as the development of regional sediment-management plans. In addition, siting of any new offshore infrastructure (for example, pipelines, cables, or renewable-energy facilities) will depend on high-resolution mapping. Finally, this mapping will both stimulate and enable new scientific research and also raise public awareness of, and education about, coastal environments and issues. Web services were created using an ArcGIS service definition file. The ArcGIS REST service and OGC WMS service include all Offshore of Ventura map area data layers. Data layers are symbolized as shown on the associated map sheets.

Contained within the 3rd Edition (1957) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows maps of earthquakes, magnetism and tides across Canada. The two larger upper maps on this plate show geomagnetism. Since the North Magnetic Pole is in a different position from the Geographical North Pole, and the lines of the earths magnetic forces are deflected by various agencies, the compass needle does not point toward the Geographical North Pole in most locations. The deflection of the compass needle from True North is called magnetic variation or declination. Thus, for example, where variation is west, north as indicated by the compass needle is west of True North by the number of degrees marked on the isogones, as illustrated by the upper left map on this plate. The upper right map indicates the average annual change of magnetic variation in minutes. The small inset map at the top of this plate, entitled Earthquake Probability, shows the damage which may result from earthquakes occurring in different parts of the country. The zones are graded from 0, where such earthquakes are likely to do no damage, to 3, where earthquakes are likely to do major damage. The small-type numbers indicate the magnitude of some recorded earthquakes. The index of magnitude is related to energy released rather than the damage done. A magnitude 5.6 is considered as the threshold at which damage begins. The four lower maps on this plate show co-tidal and co-range lines for/from the semi-diurnal and diurnal tides. A co-tidal line indicates the position of the crest of the tidal undulation at a given time. The hours marked on these lines are intervals in lunar time from that instant when the moon crosses the Greenwich meridian. A co-range line indicates the difference in level between the crest and the trough of the undulation.

In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within California’s State Waters. The program supports a large number of coastal-zone- and ocean-management issues, including the California Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) (California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2008), which requires information about the distribution of ecosystems as part of the design and proposal process for the establishment of Marine Protected Areas. A focus of CSMP is to map California’s State Waters with consistent methods at a consistent scale. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data (the undersea equivalent of satellite remote-sensing data in terrestrial mapping), acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow (to about 100 m) subsurface geology. It is emphasized that the more interpretive habitat and geology data rely on the integration of multiple, new high-resolution datasets and that mapping at small scales would not be possible without such data. This approach and CSMP planning is based in part on recommendations of the Marine Mapping Planning Workshop (Kvitek and others, 2006), attended by coastal and marine managers and scientists from around the state. That workshop established geographic priorities for a coastal mapping project and identified the need for coverage of “lands” from the shore strand line (defined as Mean Higher High Water; MHHW) out to the 3-nautical-mile (5.6-km) limit of California’s State Waters. Unfortunately, surveying the zone from MHHW out to 10-m water depth is not consistently possible using ship-based surveying methods, owing to sea state (for example, waves, wind, or currents), kelp coverage, and shallow rock outcrops. Accordingly, some of the data presented in this series commonly do not cover the zone from the shore out to 10-m depth. This data is part of a series of online U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) publications, each of which includes several map sheets, some explanatory text, and a descriptive pamphlet. Each map sheet is published as a PDF file. Geographic information system (GIS) files that contain both ESRI ArcGIS raster grids (for example, bathymetry, seafloor character) and geotiffs (for example, shaded relief) are also included for each publication. For those who do not own the full suite of ESRI GIS and mapping software, the data can be read using ESRI ArcReader, a free viewer that is available at http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcreader/index.html (last accessed September 20, 2013). The California Seafloor Mapping Program is a collaborative venture between numerous different federal and state agencies, academia, and the private sector. CSMP partners include the California Coastal Conservancy, the California Ocean Protection Council, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, the California Geological Survey, California State University at Monterey Bay’s Seafloor Mapping Lab, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Center for Habitat Studies, Fugro Pelagos, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, including National Ocean Service–Office of Coast Surveys, National Marine Sanctuaries, and National Marine Fisheries Service), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, the National Park Service, and the U.S. Geological Survey. These web services for the Offshore of Tomales Point map area includes data layers that are associated to GIS and map sheets available from the USGS CSMP web page at https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/mapping/csmp/index.html. Each published CSMP map area includes a data catalog of geographic information system (GIS) files; map sheets that contain explanatory text; and an associated descriptive pamphlet. This web service represents the available data layers for this map area. Data was combined from different sonar surveys to generate a comprehensive high-resolution bathymetry and acoustic-backscatter coverage of the map area. These data reveal a range of physiographic including exposed bedrock outcrops, large fields of sand waves, as well as many human impacts on the seafloor. To validate geological and biological interpretations of the sonar data, the U.S. Geological Survey towed a camera sled over specific offshore locations, collecting both video and photographic imagery; these “ground-truth” surveying data are available from the CSMP Video and Photograph Portal at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7J1015K. The “seafloor character” data layer shows classifications of the seafloor on the basis of depth, slope, rugosity (ruggedness), and backscatter intensity and which is further informed by the ground-truth-survey imagery. The “potential habitats” polygons are delineated on the basis of substrate type, geomorphology, seafloor process, or other attributes that may provide a habitat for a specific species or assemblage of organisms. Representative seismic-reflection profile data from the map area is also include and provides information on the subsurface stratigraphy and structure of the map area. The distribution and thickness of young sediment (deposited over the past about 21,000 years, during the most recent sea-level rise) is interpreted on the basis of the seismic-reflection data. The geologic polygons merge onshore geologic mapping (compiled from existing maps by the California Geological Survey) and new offshore geologic mapping that is based on integration of high-resolution bathymetry and backscatter imagery seafloor-sediment and rock samplesdigital camera and video imagery, and high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles. The information provided by the map sheets, pamphlet, and data catalog has a broad range of applications. High-resolution bathymetry, acoustic backscatter, ground-truth-surveying imagery, and habitat mapping all contribute to habitat characterization and ecosystem-based management by providing essential data for delineation of marine protected areas and ecosystem restoration. Many of the maps provide high-resolution baselines that will be critical for monitoring environmental change associated with climate change, coastal development, or other forcings. High-resolution bathymetry is a critical component for modeling coastal flooding caused by storms and tsunamis, as well as inundation associated with longer term sea-level rise. Seismic-reflection and bathymetric data help characterize earthquake and tsunami sources, critical for natural-hazard assessments of coastal zones. Information on sediment distribution and thickness is essential to the understanding of local and regional sediment transport, as well as the development of regional sediment-management plans. In addition, siting of any new offshore infrastructure (for example, pipelines, cables, or renewable-energy facilities) will depend on high-resolution mapping. Finally, this mapping will both stimulate and enable new scientific research and also raise public awareness of, and education about, coastal environments and issues. Web services were created using an ArcGIS service definition file. The ArcGIS REST service and OGC WMS service include all Offshore of Tomales Point map area data layers. Data layers are symbolized as shown on the associated map sheets.