Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Money Supply M2 in the United States increased to 21942 USD Billion in May from 21862.40 USD Billion in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Money Supply M0 in the United States decreased to 5648600 USD Million in May from 5732900 USD Million in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M0 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Operation Committed with Federal Securities data was reported at 113,074.640 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 103,266.242 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Operation Committed with Federal Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 29,866.033 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 218,686.067 BRL mn in Mar 2016 and a record low of 0.000 BRL mn in Jul 1999. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Operation Committed with Federal Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100927
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Money Supply M1 in the United States increased to 18712.60 USD Billion in May from 18667.60 USD Billion in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M1 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domainhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domain
Graph and download economic data for Monetary Base: Total (BOGMBASE) from Jan 1959 to May 2025 about monetary base and USA.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: Federal Securities data was reported at 945,884.462 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 915,024.308 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: Federal Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 159,917.679 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 945,884.462 BRL mn in Jun 2018 and a record low of 18,217.380 BRL mn in Dec 1994. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: Federal Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100947
https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
****Dataset Overview**** This dataset contains historical macroeconomic data, featuring key economic indicators in the United States. It includes important metrics such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI), Retail Sales, Unemployment Rate, Industrial Production, Money Supply (M2), and more. The dataset spans from 1993 to the present and includes monthly data on various economic indicators, processed to show their rate of change (either percentage or absolute difference, depending on the indicator).
provenance
The data in this dataset is sourced from the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) database, hosted by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. FRED provides access to a wide range of economic data, including key macroeconomic indicators for the United States. My work involved calculating the rate of change (ROC) for each indicator and reorganizing the data into a more usable format for analysis. For more information and access to the full database, visit FRED's website.
Purpose and Use for the Kaggle Community:
This dataset is a valuable resource for data scientists, economists, and analysts interested in understanding macroeconomic trends, performing time series analysis, or building predictive models. With the rate of change included, users can quickly assess the growth or contraction in these indicators month-over-month. This dataset can be used for:
****Column Descriptions****
Year: The year of the observation.
Month: The month of the observation (1-12).
Industrial Production: Monthly data on the total output of US factories, mines, and utilities.
Manufacturers' New Orders: Durable Goods: Measures the value of new orders placed with manufacturers for durable goods, indicating future production activity.
Consumer Price Index (CPIAUCSL): A measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services.
Unemployment Rate: The percentage of the total labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment.
Retail Sales: The total receipts of retail stores, indicating consumer spending and economic activity.
Producer Price Index: Measures the average change over time in the selling prices received by domestic producers for their output.
Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE): A measure of the prices paid by consumers for goods and services, used in calculating inflation.
National Home Price Index: A measure of changes in residential real estate prices across the country.
All Employees, Total Nonfarm: The number of nonfarm payroll employees, an important indicator of the labor market.
Labor Force Participation Rate: The percentage of the working-age population that is either employed or actively looking for work.
Federal Funds Effective Rate: The interest rate at which depository institutions lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight.
Building Permits: The number of building permits issued for residential and non-residential buildings, a leading indicator of construction activity.
Money Supply (M2): The total money supply, including cash, checking deposits, and easily convertible near money.
Personal Income: The total income received by individuals from all sources, including wages, investments, and government transfers.
Trade Balance: The difference between a country's imports and exports, indicating the net trade flow.
Consumer Sentiment: The index reflecting consumer sentiment and expectations for the future economic outlook.
Consumer Confidence: A measure of how optimistic or pessimistic consumers are regarding their expected financial situation and the economy.
Notes on Interest Rates Please note that for the Federal Funds Effective Rate (FEDFUNDS), the dataset includes the absolute change in basis points (bps), not the rate of change. This means that the dataset reflects the direct change in the interest rate rather than the percentage change month-over-month. The change is represented in basis points, where 1 basis point equals 0.01%.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Money Supply M2 In the Euro Area increased to 15736672 EUR Million in May from 15696283 EUR Million in April of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Euro Area Money Supply M2 - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Savings Deposit data was reported at 751,486.708 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 744,039.511 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Savings Deposit data is updated monthly, averaging 170,037.040 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 751,486.708 BRL mn in Jun 2018 and a record low of 41,816.679 BRL mn in Jul 1994. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Savings Deposit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100847
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Private Securities data was reported at 1,470,186.908 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,454,302.855 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Private Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 295,678.686 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,470,186.908 BRL mn in Jun 2018 and a record low of 44,242.284 BRL mn in Jul 1994. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Private Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100897
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Investment Deposit data was reported at 0.000 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Investment Deposit data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,254.129 BRL mn in Dec 2007 and a record low of 0.000 BRL mn in Jun 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Investment Deposit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. Banco Central do Brasil fez mudanças na metodologia de Dados de Crédito do Sistema Financeiro, em fevereiro de 2013 depois de 13 anos seguindo a mesma metodologia. Essas mudanças são fundamentais face a expansão do crédito, favorecido pela melhora dos indicadores de emprego e renda, redução contínua e acentuada das taxas de juro e por importantes avanços institucionais. É imprescindível a disponibilidade de novas informações, em particular, que possibilitem o acompanhamento mais detalhado das modalidades de crédito com recursos direcionados, sobretudo os financiamentos imobiliários, cujo dinamismo tem contribuído para a redução do déficit habitacional no País. A principal alteração compreende a cobertura dos dados relativos a concessões, taxas de juros, prazos e índices de inadimplência que passam a serem estendidos ao segmento de crédito direcionado e também se fez necessário aprofundar o detalhamento do arcabouço estatístico, de modo a possibilitar a identificação das modalidades mais relevantes, bem como reduzir a participação relativa das operações de crédito não classificadas – incorporadas em “outros créditos”.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Quotas of Fixed Income Funds data was reported at 3,338,465.350 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 3,331,842.832 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Quotas of Fixed Income Funds data is updated monthly, averaging 629,057.895 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,340,435.474 BRL mn in Apr 2018 and a record low of 18,817.305 BRL mn in Jul 1994. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Quotas of Fixed Income Funds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100917
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: State and Municipal Securities data was reported at 0.000 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: State and Municipal Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 30.679 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6,153.090 BRL mn in Aug 1996 and a record low of 0.000 BRL mn in Jun 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: State and Municipal Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. Banco Central do Brasil fez mudanças na metodologia de Dados de Crédito do Sistema Financeiro, em fevereiro de 2013 depois de 13 anos seguindo a mesma metodologia. Essas mudanças são fundamentais face a expansão do crédito, favorecido pela melhora dos indicadores de emprego e renda, redução contínua e acentuada das taxas de juro e por importantes avanços institucionais. É imprescindível a disponibilidade de novas informações, em particular, que possibilitem o acompanhamento mais detalhado das modalidades de crédito com recursos direcionados, sobretudo os financiamentos imobiliários, cujo dinamismo tem contribuído para a redução do déficit habitacional no País. A principal alteração compreende a cobertura dos dados relativos a concessões, taxas de juros, prazos e índices de inadimplência que passam a serem estendidos ao segmento de crédito direcionado e também se fez necessário aprofundar o detalhamento do arcabouço estatístico, de modo a possibilitar a identificação das modalidades mais relevantes, bem como reduzir a participação relativa das operações de crédito não classificadas – incorporadas em “outros créditos”.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Broad Money: M2: Quasi Money data was reported at 8,898,045,714.748 VEF th in Jul 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 6,067,448,514.479 VEF th for Jun 2018. Broad Money: M2: Quasi Money data is updated monthly, averaging 20,414,887.000 VEF th from Jan 1996 (Median) to Jul 2018, with 271 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8,898,045,714.748 VEF th in Jul 2018 and a record low of 2,244,888.000 VEF th in Jan 1996. Broad Money: M2: Quasi Money data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Venezuela. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Venezuela – Table VE.KA004: Money Supply: Bolivar Fuerte (Discontinued).
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
European Union Money Supply M2: Outstanding data was reported at 15,629.398 EUR bn in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 15,552.170 EUR bn for Feb 2025. European Union Money Supply M2: Outstanding data is updated monthly, averaging 4,768.158 EUR bn from Jan 1980 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 543 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15,659.360 EUR bn in Dec 2024 and a record low of 1,080.016 EUR bn in Feb 1980. European Union Money Supply M2: Outstanding data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by European Central Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s European Union – Table EU.KA002: European Central Bank: Money Supply: Outstanding.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Brazil Money Supply: M3: % of GDP data was reported at 91.882 % in May 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 91.266 % for Apr 2019. Brazil Money Supply: M3: % of GDP data is updated monthly, averaging 58.220 % from Jul 1994 (Median) to May 2019, with 299 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 92.678 % in Dec 2018 and a record low of 29.655 % in Jun 1995. Brazil Money Supply: M3: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Monetary – Table BR.KAA006: Money Supply: as Percentage of GDP.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Taiwan Changes in Money Supply M2 data was reported at -119,028.000 NTD mn in Sep 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 58,936.000 NTD mn for Aug 2018. Taiwan Changes in Money Supply M2 data is updated monthly, averaging 101,034.000 NTD mn from Jan 1997 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 261 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 559,494.000 NTD mn in Feb 2015 and a record low of -245,268.000 NTD mn in Sep 2014. Taiwan Changes in Money Supply M2 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of the Republic of China. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Taiwan – Table TW.KA001: Money Supply.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Yemen Money Supply: M2: Claims on Government: Net: Central Bank: Claims data was reported at 761,297.800 YER mn in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 756,645.200 YER mn for 2013. Yemen Money Supply: M2: Claims on Government: Net: Central Bank: Claims data is updated yearly, averaging 282,040.900 YER mn from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2014, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 783,102.300 YER mn in 2011 and a record low of 205.600 YER mn in 2003. Yemen Money Supply: M2: Claims on Government: Net: Central Bank: Claims data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Yemen. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Yemen – Table YE.KA002: Money Supply: Annual.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Brazil Money Supply: M4: % of GDP data was reported at 98.096 % in May 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 98.088 % for Apr 2019. Brazil Money Supply: M4: % of GDP data is updated monthly, averaging 66.644 % from Jul 1994 (Median) to May 2019, with 299 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 105.798 % in Jul 1994 and a record low of 34.549 % in Jun 1995. Brazil Money Supply: M4: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Monetary – Table BR.KAA006: Money Supply: as Percentage of GDP.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Kenya Money Supply: M3: M2: M1 data was reported at 2,110,790.000 KES mn in Feb 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,098,371.000 KES mn for Jan 2025. Kenya Money Supply: M3: M2: M1 data is updated monthly, averaging 514,793.000 KES mn from Dec 1995 (Median) to Feb 2025, with 351 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,126,429.243 KES mn in Jul 2023 and a record low of 71,492.000 KES mn in Jan 1996. Kenya Money Supply: M3: M2: M1 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Kenya. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kenya – Table KE.KA001: Money Supply.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Money Supply M2 in the United States increased to 21942 USD Billion in May from 21862.40 USD Billion in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.