A dataset to advance the study of life-cycle interactions of biomedical and socioeconomic factors in the aging process. The EI project has assembled a variety of large datasets covering the life histories of approximately 39,616 white male volunteers (drawn from a random sample of 331 companies) who served in the Union Army (UA), and of about 6,000 African-American veterans from 51 randomly selected United States Colored Troops companies (USCT). Their military records were linked to pension and medical records that detailed the soldiers������?? health status and socioeconomic and family characteristics. Each soldier was searched for in the US decennial census for the years in which they were most likely to be found alive (1850, 1860, 1880, 1900, 1910). In addition, a sample consisting of 70,000 men examined for service in the Union Army between September 1864 and April 1865 has been assembled and linked only to census records. These records will be useful for life-cycle comparisons of those accepted and rejected for service. Military Data: The military service and wartime medical histories of the UA and USCT men were collected from the Union Army and United States Colored Troops military service records, carded medical records, and other wartime documents. Pension Data: Wherever possible, the UA and USCT samples have been linked to pension records, including surgeon''''s certificates. About 70% of men in the Union Army sample have a pension. These records provide the bulk of the socioeconomic and demographic information on these men from the late 1800s through the early 1900s, including family structure and employment information. In addition, the surgeon''''s certificates provide rich medical histories, with an average of 5 examinations per linked recruit for the UA, and about 2.5 exams per USCT recruit. Census Data: Both early and late-age familial and socioeconomic information is collected from the manuscript schedules of the federal censuses of 1850, 1860, 1870 (incomplete), 1880, 1900, and 1910. Data Availability: All of the datasets (Military Union Army; linked Census; Surgeon''''s Certificates; Examination Records, and supporting ecological and environmental variables) are publicly available from ICPSR. In addition, copies on CD-ROM may be obtained from the CPE, which also maintains an interactive Internet Data Archive and Documentation Library, which can be accessed on the Project Website. * Dates of Study: 1850-1910 * Study Features: Longitudinal, Minority Oversamples * Sample Size: ** Union Army: 35,747 ** Colored Troops: 6,187 ** Examination Sample: 70,800 ICPSR Link: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/06836

This dataset tracks annual black student percentage from 2013 to 2023 for New Orleans Military & Maritime Academy School District vs. Louisiana

This dataset tracks annual black student percentage from 2019 to 2023 for Oakland Military Institute College Preparatory Academy vs. California and Oakland Military Inst College Prep Acad School District

In 2003, the GSA, Northeast and Caribbean Region, sought assistance from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District’s Mandatory Center of Expertise for the Curation and Management of Archaeological Collections (MCX) to assist with the archival processing of the associated records generated from investigations conducted at the New York African Burial Ground (ABG) in Manhattan, New York City. During the preliminary phases for the construction of a new building in 1991, archaeologists discovered a large historic cemetery used by African and African American slaves in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This site is of both national and international significance and has been the subject of much debate and controversy. The project resulted in the recovery of over four hundred individual burials of human remains and associated burial artifacts as well as other material remains unassociated with the historic cemetery (i.e., stratigraphically located above the cemetery levels). The MCX began the transferring materials to St. Louis for archival processing in 2004. Record groups were transferred as their creators completed their research on the African Burial Ground. In all, 13 record groups were transferred to St. Louis between 2004 and 2009. When the archival processing of these materials was completed, the collection was delivered to the New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, where the collection was legally transferred from GSA to the Schomburg Center on 30 September 2009.

Building successful collaboration between humans and robots requires efficient, effective, and natural communication. This dataset supports the study of RGB-based deep learning models for controlling robots through gestures (e.g., “follow me”). To address the challenge of collecting high-quality annotated data from human subjects, synthetic data was considered for this domain. This dataset of gestures includes real videos with human subjects and synthetic videos from our custom simulator. This dataset can be used as a benchmark for studying how ML models for activity perception can be improved with synthetic data.

Reference: de Melo C, Rothrock B, Gurram P, Ulutan O, Manjunath BS (2020) Vision-based gesture recognition in human-robot teams using synthetic data. In Proc. IROS 2020.

Methods For effective human-robot interaction, the gestures need to have clear meaning, be easy to interpret, and have intuitive shape and motion profiles. To accomplish this, we selected standard gestures from the US Army Field Manual, which describes efficient, effective, and tried-and-tested gestures that are appropriate for various types of operating environments. Specifically, we consider seven gestures: Move in reverse, instructs the robot to move back in the opposite direction; Halt, stops the robot; Attention, instructs the robot to halt its current operation and pay attention to the human; Advance, instructs the robot to move towards its target position in the context of the ongoing mission; Follow me, instructs the robot to follow the human; and, Move forward, instructs the robot to move forward.

The human dataset consists of recordings for 14 subjects (4 females, 10 males). Subjects performed each gesture twice, once for each of eight camera orientations (0º, 45º, ..., 315º). Some gestures can only be performed with one repetition (halt, advance), whereas others can have multiple repetitions (e.g., move in reverse); in the latter case, we instructed subjects to perform the gestures with as many repetitions as it felt natural to them. The videos were recorded in open environments over four different sessions. The procedure for the data collection was approved by the US Army Research Laboratory IRB, and the subjects gave informed consent to share the data. The average length of each gesture performance varied from 2 to 5 seconds and 1,574 video segments of gestures were collected. The video frames were manually annotated using custom tools we developed. The frames before and after the gesture performance were labelled 'Idle'. Notice that since the duration of the actual gesture - i.e., non-idle motion - varied per subject and gesture type, the dataset includes comparable, but not equal, number of frames for each gesture.

To synthesize the gestures, we built a virtual human simulator using a commercial game engine, namely Unity. The 3D models for the character bodies were retrieved from Mixamo, the 3D models for the face were generated on FaceGen, and the characters were assembled using 3ds Max. The character bodies were already rigged and ready for animation. We created four characters representative of the domains we were interested in: male in civilian and camouflage uniforms, and female in civilian and camouflage uniforms. Each character can be changed to reflect a Caucasian, African-American, and East Indian skin color. The simulator also supports two different body shapes: thin and thick. The seven gestures were animated using standard skeleton-animation techniques. Three animations, using the human data as reference, were created for each gesture. The simulator supports performance of the gestures with an arbitrary number of repetitions and at arbitrary speeds. The characters were also endowed with subtle random motion for the body. The background environments were retrieved from the Ultimate PBR Terrain Collection available at the Unity Asset Store. Finally, the simulator supports arbitrary camera orientations and lighting conditions.

The synthetic dataset was generated by systematically varying the aforementioned parameters. In total, 117,504 videos were synthesized. The average video duration was between 3 to 5 seconds. To generate the dataset, we ran several instances of Unity, across multiple machines, over the course of two days. The labels for these videos were automatically generated, without any need for manual annotation.

This dataset tracks annual black student percentage from 2005 to 2023 for California Military Institute vs. California and Perris Union High School District

Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Investigations of one historic site (38SU62) were performed at Shaw Air Force Base in Sumter County, South Carolina. The work was accomplished by New South Associates, Inc, subcontractor for Geo-Marine Inc., for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District, and the U.S. Air Force, Shaw Air Force Base (AFB). Initially site 38SU62 was believed to represent an earlier occupation in the area. Artifacts recovered from surface collection during the previous work included decorated ceramics and olive green container glass, dating from the 1830s to the 1860s, as well as two prehistoric chert flakes. Artifacts recovered during Phase I/II testing and historical research indicate that site 38SU62 is an early twentieth-century historic scatter associated with a small farm owned and operated by Mathew Wiley. Historical documentation provides that Wiley is of African–American descent and owned the land between 1945 and 1974. Artifacts recovered from a small portion along the eastern boundary of the site are likely associated with an earlier occupation in the area. However, no intact midden was encountered in this area and an erosional gully passes through the area. It is likely that a majority of the nineteenth-century site was impacted by past construction of residential housing and the Wiley occupation. A large portion of the artifact assemblage is related to Wiley’s occupation. A possible posthole was recorded; however, no intact archaeological deposits or subsurface structures were encountered and evidence of mechanical ground disturbance was present. No prehistoric artifacts were encountered during initial subsurface testing and therefore, this component was not investigated during Phase II testing.

Although few sites related to African-American farm owners in the region have been studied, site 38SU62 lacks archaeological integrity and is recommended as not eligible for the National Register of Historical Places and no further work is needed.

Central African Republic CF: Battle-Related Deaths: Number of People data was reported at 261.000 Person in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 675.000 Person for 2022. Central African Republic CF: Battle-Related Deaths: Number of People data is updated yearly, averaging 88.000 Person from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2023, with 17 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 906.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 27.000 Person in 2015. Central African Republic CF: Battle-Related Deaths: Number of People data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Central African Republic – Table CF.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Battle-related deaths are deaths in battle-related conflicts between warring parties in the conflict dyad (two conflict units that are parties to a conflict). Typically, battle-related deaths occur in warfare involving the armed forces of the warring parties. This includes traditional battlefield fighting, guerrilla activities, and all kinds of bombardments of military units, cities, and villages, etc. The targets are usually the military itself and its installations or state institutions and state representatives, but there is often substantial collateral damage in the form of civilians being killed in crossfire, in indiscriminate bombings, etc. All deaths--military as well as civilian--incurred in such situations, are counted as battle-related deaths.;Uppsala Conflict Data Program, http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/.;Sum;

This dataset tracks annual black student percentage from 2014 to 2023 for Washington Military Department School District vs. Washington

How does the design of military institutions affect who bears the costs of war? We answer this question by studying the transformative shift from segregated to integrated US military units during the Korean War. Combining new micro-level data on combat fatalities with archival data on the deployment and racial composition of military battalions, we show that Black and white soldiers died at similar rates under segregation. Qualitative and quantitative evidence provides one potential explanation for this counter-intuitive null finding: acute battlefield concerns necessitated deploying military units wherever soldiers were needed, regardless of their race. We next argue that the mid-war racial integration of units, which tied the fates of soldiers more closely together, should not alter the relative fatality rates. The evidence is consistent with this expectation. We finally demonstrate that, while aggregate fatality rates were equal across races, segregation enabled short-term casualty discrepancies. Under segregation there were high casualty periods for white units followed by high casualty periods for Black units. Integration eliminated this variability. The research note highlights how enshrining segregationist policies within militaries creates permissive conditions for either commander’s choices, or the dictates and variability of conflict, to shape who bears war’s costs.

Note: For information on data collection, confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see the 2020 Island Areas Censuses Technical Documentation..Due to operational changes for military installation enumeration, the 2020 Census of Guam data tables reporting housing, social, and economic characteristics do not include housing units or populations living on Guam's U.S. military installations in the table universe. As a result, impacted 2020 data tables should not be compared to 2010 and other past census data tables reporting the same characteristics. The Census Bureau advises data users to verify table universes are the same before comparing data across census years. For more information about operational changes and the impacts on Guam's data products, see the 2020 Island Areas Censuses Technical Documentation..Due to COVID-19 restrictions impacting data collection for the 2020 Census of Guam, data tables reporting social and economic characteristics do not include the group quarters population in the table universe. As a result, impacted 2020 data tables should not be compared to 2010 and other past census data tables reporting the same characteristics. The Census Bureau advises data users to verify table universes are the same before comparing data across census years. For more information about data collection limitations and the impacts on Guam's data products, see the 2020 Island Areas Censuses Technical Documentation..[1] "Other races" includes respondents who reported one race that is classified as Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, or Some Other Race..[2] "All Other Hispanic or Latino" includes people who reported Cuban, Spaniard, and other detailed Hispanic responses. It also includes people who reported "Hispanic" or "Latino" and other general terms..Explanation of Symbols: 1.An "-" means the statistic could not be computed because there were an insufficient number of observations. 2. An "-" following a median estimate means the median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution.3. An "+" following a median estimate means the median falls in the upper interval of an open-ended distribution.4. An "N" means data are not displayed for the selected geographic area due to concerns with statistical reliability or an insufficient number of cases.5. An "(X)" means not applicable..Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census, Guam.

This planning and protocol document describes the reconciliation and transfer of over 400 burials and associated artifacts excavated from an eighteenth-century African Burial Ground (ABG) in lower Manhattan in 1991. After 10 years of research on these remains and materials, their reburial is imminent. Numerous federal, city, and private organizations, as well as the media, will be involved in the reconciliation of the remains and artifacts (which involves a comparison of the original inventory of remains and artifacts to those that are currently present in the repository), the temporary transfer of these remains and objects out of federal control, and their reburial in the very place from which they were unearthed. A reburial of this size and complexity requires procedures and protocols that outline planning issues, specific protocols to be used during the actual reconciliation and transfer, individual and organizational roles and responsibilities, and issues to be resolved. This planning document will serve to fulfill the needs of transferring such collections and to provide a set of guidelines in a single document for all those involved in the reconciliation and transfer of the remains. Currently, the remains and artifacts are provided protection by the General Services Administration (GSA) under their cultural resource responsibilities as the land managing agency. These responsibilities are guided by several federal laws and regulations including the Antiquities Act of 1906, the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979, and 36 CFR Part 79 (Curation of Federally-Owned and Administered Archeological Collections). To the best of our knowledge, the majority of remains and artifacts are currently housed at Howard University, Washington, D.C.; Artex Fine Arts Services, Landover, Maryland; and the Bowling Green Customs House, New York City. Additionally, samples from the human remains and associated site records are housed in various facilities (see Table 1). Before transferring the remains and artifacts to the temporary custody of the Bronx Council on the Arts (BCA), and subsequently to government storage in New York City for reburial, certain procedures must be undertaken to ensure that GSA’s responsibilities under federal laws and regulations are met.

This dataset tracks annual black student percentage from 1991 to 2023 for Military Magnet Academy vs. South Carolina and Charleston 01 School District

During the Second World War, the three Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Finland mobilized the largest share of their male population. For the Allies, the Soviet Union mobilized the largest share of men, as well as the largest total army of any country, but it was restricted in its ability to mobilize more due to the impact this would have on its economy. Other notable statistics come from the British Empire, where a larger share of men were drafted from Dominions than from the metropole, and there is also a discrepancy between the share of the black and white populations from South Africa.

However, it should be noted that there were many external factors from the war that influenced these figures. For example, gender ratios among the adult populations of many European countries was already skewed due to previous conflicts of the 20th century (namely WWI and the Russian Revolution), whereas the share of the male population eligible to fight in many Asian and African countries was lower than more demographically developed societies, as high child mortality rates meant that the average age of the population was much lower.

This dataset tracks annual black student percentage from 1993 to 2023 for Military Heights Elementary School vs. New Mexico and Roswell School District

In May of 1987, the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology was informed that human remains were being unearthed by road construction in a private residential development on Folly Island, South Carolina. This information led to a two year investigation of the 1863 winter camp of the Federal Army, used during its siege of Charleston. During the investigations a black military cemetery was salvaged (site 38CH920), and three areas of the Federal camp were examined as part of a data recovery project, and a later research effort (sites 38CH964, 38CH965, 38CH966). All of the sites were recommended as eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. This report presents the results of all archaeological and historical investigations of the winter camp conducted from May 1987 to May 1989. The cemetery contained the remains of at least 19 black soldiers, most likely from the 55th Massachusetts, 1st North Carolina Colored Infantry, and the 2nd U.S. Colored Infantry. The material culture from the camp sites represented refuse of several possible Federal military units, deposited in latrines, wells, and trash pits. In addition to the archaeological analysis, a detailed historical overview is presented.

Archaeological investigations were conducted at two previously recorded sites at Fort Lee (44PG179 and 44PG243) by MAAR Associates, Inc. (MAI) for the Norfolk District of the Army Corps of Engineers. The investigations were performed as a result of surface disturbances from unauthorized heavy equipment activity in order to determine if these disturbances impacted any potential cultural resources. Other than the initial inventory survey, site 44PG243 has never been subjected to archaeological investigations. Site 44PG179, however, was investigated further and was determined to contain potentially significant archaeological data. Archaeological and archival research determined that 44PG179 was occupied prehistorically during the Archaic period and historically during the Colonial period. Results of the present investigation indicated that a number of impacts have affected these sites. The southern and eastern portions of 44PG179 have been severely disturbed over time, primarily from road usage; the historic component of 44PG243 is actually redeposited fill containing artifacts from a historic site located elsewhere, possibly from site 44PG176 located to the south. Recommendations include changing the status of site 44PG243 and adjusting the site boundaries of 44PG179.

In 2007 Fort Lee, Virginia, drafted a Range Master Plan that identified plans for the existing ranges as well as future expansion. A Qualification Training Range (QTR) was included among those plans. The proposed QTR will comprise approximately 40 acres (161,874 square meters) and will be constructed immediately north of an existing range (Range 4) and east of Fort Lee’s existing impact area (See Appendix A). Because the project area lies adjacent to an impact area and had the potential to contain unexploded ordnance (UXO) previous archaeological surveys had not been conducted. For this reason the undertaking prompted Fort Lee Cultural Resource Management (CRM) to initiate an investigation into the possibility of unidentified cultural resources. In addition to the field work, background research was conducted in an attempt to track a chain of title and identify potential historic resources in the area. Research was undertaken at the Prince George County Courthouse, the Library of Virginia and the U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum, as well as with online resources such as the Library of Congress online catalog. The survey resulted in the identification of one new archaeological site, 44PG541. The site was identified by the remains of several in situ foundation stones and brick piles forming the outline of an approximately 20 x 20 foot structure with an adjoining 19 x 14 foot addition. Artifacts recovered date the site to the turn of the 20th century with documentary evidence suggesting the possibility of an African American occupation.

This dataset tracks annual black student percentage from 2017 to 2023 for Utah Military Academy vs. Utah and Utah Military Academy School District

This dataset tracks annual black student percentage from 1993 to 2023 for Franklin Military Academy vs. Virginia and Richmond City School District