Note: In these datasets, a person is defined as up to date if they have received at least one dose of an updated COVID-19 vaccine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that certain groups, including adults ages 65 years and older, receive additional doses.

Starting on July 13, 2022, the denominator for calculating vaccine coverage has been changed from age 5+ to all ages to reflect new vaccine eligibility criteria. Previously the denominator was changed from age 16+ to age 12+ on May 18, 2021, then changed from age 12+ to age 5+ on November 10, 2021, to reflect previous changes in vaccine eligibility criteria. The previous datasets based on age 12+ and age 5+ denominators have been uploaded as archived tables.

Starting June 30, 2021, the dataset has been reconfigured so that all updates are appended to one dataset to make it easier for API and other interfaces. In addition, historical data has been extended back to January 5, 2021.

This dataset shows full, partial, and at least 1 dose coverage rates by zip code tabulation area (ZCTA) for the state of California. Data sources include the California Immunization Registry and the American Community Survey’s 2015-2019 5-Year data.

This is the data table for the LHJ Vaccine Equity Performance dashboard. However, this data table also includes ZTCAs that do not have a VEM score.

This dataset also includes Vaccine Equity Metric score quartiles (when applicable), which combine the Public Health Alliance of Southern California’s Healthy Places Index (HPI) measure with CDPH-derived scores to estimate factors that impact health, like income, education, and access to health care. ZTCAs range from less healthy community conditions in Quartile 1 to more healthy community conditions in Quartile 4.

The Vaccine Equity Metric is for weekly vaccination allocation and reporting purposes only. CDPH-derived quartiles should not be considered as indicative of the HPI score for these zip codes. CDPH-derived quartiles were assigned to zip codes excluded from the HPI score produced by the Public Health Alliance of Southern California due to concerns with statistical reliability and validity in populations smaller than 1,500 or where more than 50% of the population resides in a group setting.

These data do not include doses administered by the following federal agencies who received vaccine allocated directly from CDC: Indian Health Service, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Defense, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

For some ZTCAs, vaccination coverage may exceed 100%. This may be a result of many people from outside the county coming to that ZTCA to get their vaccine and providers reporting the county of administration as the county of residence, and/or the DOF estimates of the population in that ZTCA are too low. Please note that population numbers provided by DOF are projections and so may not be accurate, especially given unprecedented shifts in population as a result of the pandemic.

NOTE: This dataset has been retired and marked as historical-only. The recommended dataset to use in its place is https://data.cityofchicago.org/Health-Human-Services/COVID-19-Vaccination-Coverage-Citywide/6859-spec. COVID-19 vaccinations administered to Chicago residents based on the reported race-ethnicity and age group of the person vaccinated, as provided by the medical provider in the Illinois Comprehensive Automated Immunization Registry Exchange (I-CARE). Vaccination Status Definitions: ·People with at least one vaccine dose: Number of people who have received at least one dose of any COVID-19 vaccine, including the single-dose Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine. ·People with a completed vaccine series: Number of people who have completed a primary COVID-19 vaccine series. Requirements vary depending on age and type of primary vaccine series received. ··People with an original booster dose: Number of people who have a completed vaccine series and have received at least one additional monovalent dose. This includes people who received a monovalent booster dose and immunocompromised people who received an additional primary dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Monovalent doses were created from the original strain of the virus that causes COVID-19. People with a bivalent dose: Number of people who received a bivalent (updated) dose of vaccine. Updated, bivalent doses became available in Fall 2022 and were created with the original strain of COVID-19 and newer Omicron variant strains. Weekly cumulative totals by vaccination status are shown for each combination of race-ethnicity and age group. Note that each age group has a row where race-ethnicity is "All" so care should be taken when summing rows. Vaccinations are counted based on the date on which they were administered. Weekly cumulative totals are reported from the week ending Saturday, December 19, 2020 onward (after December 15, when vaccines were first administered in Chicago) through the Saturday prior to the dataset being updated. Population counts are from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019 1-year estimates. For some of the age groups by which COVID-19 vaccine has been authorized in the United States, race-ethnicity distributions were specifically reported in the ACS estimates. For others, race-ethnicity distributions were estimated by the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) by weighting the available race-ethnicity distributions, using proportions of constituent age groups. Coverage percentages are calculated based on the cumulative number of people in each population subgroup (age group by race-ethnicity) who have each vaccination status as of the date, divided by the estimated number of Chicago residents in each subgroup. Actual counts may exceed population estimates and lead to >100% coverage, especially in small race-ethnicity subgroups of each age group. All coverage percentages are capped at 99%. All data are provisional and subject to change. Information is updated as additional details are received and it is, in fact, very common for recent dates to be incomplete and to be updated as time goes on. At any given time, this dataset reflects data currently known to CDPH. Numbers in this dataset may differ from other public sources due to when data are reported and how City of Chicago boundaries are defined. CDPH uses the most complete data available to estimate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among Chicagoans, but there are several limitations that impact our estimates. Data reported in I-CARE only include doses administered in Illinois and some doses administered outside of Illinois reported historically by Illinois providers. Doses administered by the federal Bureau of Prisons and Department of Defense are also not currently reported in I-CARE. The Veterans Health Administration began reporting doses in I-CARE beginning September 2022. Due to people receiving vaccinations that are not recorded in I-CARE that c

NOTE: This dataset has been retired and marked as historical-only.

Weekly rates of COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths among people living in Chicago by vaccination status and age.

Rates for fully vaccinated and unvaccinated begin the week ending April 3, 2021 when COVID-19 vaccines became widely available in Chicago. Rates for boosted begin the week ending October 23, 2021 after booster shots were recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for adults 65+ years old and adults in certain populations and high risk occupational and institutional settings who received Pfizer or Moderna for their primary series or anyone who received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.

Chicago residency is based on home address, as reported in the Illinois Comprehensive Automated Immunization Registry Exchange (I-CARE) and Illinois National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (I-NEDSS).

Outcomes: • Cases: People with a positive molecular (PCR) or antigen COVID-19 test result from an FDA-authorized COVID-19 test that was reported into I-NEDSS. A person can become re-infected with SARS-CoV-2 over time and so may be counted more than once in this dataset. Cases are counted by week the test specimen was collected. • Hospitalizations: COVID-19 cases who are hospitalized due to a documented COVID-19 related illness or who are admitted for any reason within 14 days of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Hospitalizations are counted by week of hospital admission. • Deaths: COVID-19 cases who died from COVID-19-related health complications as determined by vital records or a public health investigation. Deaths are counted by week of death.

Vaccination status: • Fully vaccinated: Completion of primary series of a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-authorized or approved COVID-19 vaccine at least 14 days prior to a positive test (with no other positive tests in the previous 45 days). • Boosted: Fully vaccinated with an additional or booster dose of any FDA-authorized or approved COVID-19 vaccine received at least 14 days prior to a positive test (with no other positive tests in the previous 45 days). • Unvaccinated: No evidence of having received a dose of an FDA-authorized or approved vaccine prior to a positive test.

CLARIFYING NOTE: Those who started but did not complete all recommended doses of an FDA-authorized or approved vaccine prior to a positive test (i.e., partially vaccinated) are excluded from this dataset.

Incidence rates for fully vaccinated but not boosted people (Vaccinated columns) are calculated as total fully vaccinated but not boosted with outcome divided by cumulative fully vaccinated but not boosted at the end of each week. Incidence rates for boosted (Boosted columns) are calculated as total boosted with outcome divided by cumulative boosted at the end of each week. Incidence rates for unvaccinated (Unvaccinated columns) are calculated as total unvaccinated with outcome divided by total population minus cumulative boosted, fully, and partially vaccinated at the end of each week. All rates are multiplied by 100,000.

Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) are calculated by dividing the weekly incidence rates among unvaccinated people by those among fully vaccinated but not boosted and boosted people.

Overall age-adjusted incidence rates and IRRs are standardized using the 2000 U.S. Census standard population.

Population totals are from U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 1-year estimates for 2019.

All data are provisional and subject to change. Information is updated as additional details are received and it is, in fact, very common for recent dates to be incomplete and to be updated as time goes on. This dataset reflects data known to CDPH at the time when the dataset is updated each week.

Numbers in this dataset may differ from other public sources due to when data are reported and how City of Chicago boundaries are defined.

For all datasets related to COVID-19, see https://data.cityofchic

After October 13, 2022, this dataset will no longer be updated as the related CDC COVID Data Tracker site was retired on October 13, 2022.

NOTE: This dataset has been retired and marked as historical-only. The recommended dataset to use in its place is https://data.cityofchicago.org/Health-Human-Services/COVID-19-Vaccination-Coverage-ZIP-Code/2ani-ic5x. NOTE, 3/30/2023: We have added columns for bivalent (updated) doses to this dataset. We have also added age group columns for 0-17 and 18-64 and stopped updating the 5+ and 12+ columns, although previously published values remain for those columns. COVID-19 vaccinations administered to Chicago residents based on the home ZIP Code of the person vaccinated, as provided by the medical provider in the Illinois Comprehensive Automated Immunization Registry Exchange (I-CARE). The ZIP Code where a person lives is not necessarily the same ZIP Code where the vaccine was administered. Definitions: ·People with at least one vaccine dose: Number of people who have received at least one dose of any COVID-19 vaccine, including the single-dose Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine. ·People with a completed vaccine series: Number of people who have completed a primary COVID-19 vaccine series. Requirements vary depending on age and type of primary vaccine series received. ·People with a bivalent dose: Number of people who received a bivalent (updated) dose of vaccine. Updated, bivalent doses became available in Fall 2022 and were created with the original strain of COVID-19 and newer Omicron variant strains. ·Total doses administered: Number of all COVID-19 vaccine doses administered. Data Notes: Daily counts are shown for the total number of doses administered, number of people with at least one vaccine dose, number of people who have a completed vaccine series, and number of people who have received a bivalent dose. Cumulative totals for each measure as of that date are also provided. Vaccinations are counted based on the day the vaccine was administered. Coverage percentages are calculated based on cumulative number of people who have received at least one vaccine dose, cumulative number of people who have a completed vaccine series, and cumulative number of people who have received a bivalent dose in each ZIP Code. Population counts are from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2015-2019 5-year estimates and can be seen in the ZIP Code, 2019 rows of the Chicago Population Counts dataset (https://data.cityofchicago.org/d/85cm-7uqa). Actual counts may exceed population estimates and lead to >100% coverage, especially in areas with small population sizes. Additionally, the medical provider may report a work address or incorrect home address for the person receiving the vaccination which may lead to over or under estimates of vaccination coverage by geography.  All data are provisional and subject to change. Information is updated as additional details are received and it is, in fact, very common for recent dates to be incomplete and to be updated as time goes on. At any given time, this dataset reflects data currently known to CDPH. Numbers in this dataset may differ from other public sources due to when data are reported and how City of Chicago boundaries are defined. For all datasets related to COVID-19, see https://data.cityofchicago.org/browse?limitTo=datasets&sortBy=alpha&tags=covid-19. Data Source: Illinois Comprehensive Automated Immunization Registry Exchange (I-CARE), U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

A. SUMMARY This dataset represents the COVID-19 vaccinations given to residents of San Francisco over time. All vaccines given to SF residents are included, no matter where the vaccination took place (the vaccine may have been administered in San Francisco or outside of San Francisco). The data are broken down by multiple demographic stratifications. This dataset also includes COVID-19 vaccinations given to SF residents by the San Francisco Department of Public Health (SFDPH) over time.

Data provides counts for residents who have received at least one dose, residents who have completed a primary vaccine series, residents who have received one or two monovalent (not bivalent) booster doses, and residents who have received a bivalent booster dose. A primary vaccine series is complete after an individual has received all intended doses of the initial series. There are one, two, and three dose primary vaccine series.

B. HOW THE DATASET IS CREATED Information on doses administered to those who live in San Francisco is from the California Immunization Registry (CAIR2), run by the California Department of Public Health (CDPH). The information on individuals’ city of residence, age, race, and ethnicity are also recorded in CAIR and are self-reported at the time of vaccine administration.

In order to estimate the percent of San Franciscans vaccinated, we provide the 2016-2020 American Community Survey (ACS) population estimates for each demographic group.

C. UPDATE PROCESS Updated daily via automated process

D. HOW TO USE THIS DATASET San Francisco population estimates for race/ethnicity and age groups can be found in a view based on the San Francisco Population and Demographic Census dataset. These population estimates are from the 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey (ACS).

Before analysis, you must filter the dataset to the desired stratification of data using the "overall_segment" column.

For example, filtering "overall_segment" to "All SF Residents by Age Bracket, Administered by All Providers" will filter the data to residents whose vaccinations were administered by any provider. You can then further segment the data and calculate percentages by Age Brackets.

If you filter "overall_segment" to "All SF Residents by Race/Ethnicity, Administered by DPH Only", you will see the race/ethnicity breakdown for residents who received vaccinations from the San Francisco Department of Public Health (SFDPH).

If you filter "overall_segment" to "All SF Residents by Age Group, Administered by All Providers" you will see vaccination counts of various age eligibility groups that were administered by any provider.

To count the number of individuals vaccinated (with any primary series dose) for the first time on a given day, use the "new_recipients" column. To count the number of individuals who have completed their primary vaccine series on a given day, use the "new_series_completed" column. To count the number of primary series doses administered on a day (1st, 2nd, 3rd, or single doses), use the "new_primary_series_doses" column.

To count the number of individuals who received their first or second monovalent (not bivalent) booster dose on a given day, use the "new_booster_recipients" and "new_2nd_booster_recipients" columns. To count the number of individuals who received their first bivalent booster dose on a given day, use the "new_bivalent_booster_recipients" column. To count the number of monovalent (not including bivalent) or bivalent booster doses administered on a given day, use the "new_booster_doses" or "new_bivalent_booster_doses" columns.

To count the number of individuals who have received a vaccine up to a certain date, use the columns beginning with "cumulative_..."

E. ARCHIVED DATA A previous version of this dataset

NOTE: This dataset has been retired and marked as historical-only. The recommended dataset to use in its place is https://data.cityofchicago.org/Health-Human-Services/COVID-19-Vaccination-Coverage-Citywide/6859-spec.

COVID-19 vaccinations administered to Chicago residents based on home address, as reported by medical providers in the Illinois Comprehensive Automated Immunization Registry Exchange (I-CARE). I-CARE includes doses administered in Illinois and some doses administered outside of Illinois and reported in I-CARE by Illinois providers.

Definitions: ·People with at least one vaccine dose: Number of people who have received at least one dose of any COVID-19 vaccine, including the single-dose Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine.

·People with a completed vaccine series: Number of people who have completed a primary COVID-19 vaccine series. Requirements vary depending on age and type of primary vaccine series received.

·People with an original booster dose: Number of people who have a completed vaccine series and have received at least one additional monovalent dose. This includes people who received a monovalent booster dose and immunocompromised people who received an additional primary dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Monovalent doses were created from the original strain of the virus that causes COVID-19.

·People with a bivalent dose: Number of people who received a bivalent (updated) dose of vaccine. Updated, bivalent doses became available in Fall 2022 and were created with the original strain of COVID-19 and newer Omicron variant strains.

·Total doses administered: Number of all COVID-19 vaccine doses administered.

Daily counts are shown for the total number of doses administered, number of people with at least one vaccine dose, number of people who have a completed vaccine series, number of people with a monovalent booster dose, and number of people with a bivalent dose. Cumulative totals are also provided for each measure as of that date. Vaccinations are counted based on the day the vaccine was administered.

Coverage percentages for the City of Chicago are calculated based on cumulative number of people with that vaccination status.

Daily totals of all doses, number of people with at least one vaccine dose, number of people who have completed a vaccine series, number of people with a booster dose, and number of people with a bivalent dose are shown by age group, gender, and race/ethnicity.

Denominators are from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 1-year estimate for 2019 and can be seen in the Citywide, 2019 row of the Chicago Population Counts dataset (https://data.cityofchicago.org/d/85cm-7uqa).

The Chicago Department of Health (CDPH) uses the most complete data available to estimate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among Chicagoans, but there are several limitations that impact our estimates. Data reported in I-CARE only include doses administered in Illinois and some doses administered outside of Illinois reported historically by Illinois providers. Doses administered by the federal Bureau of Prisons and Department of Defense, are also not currently reported in I-CARE. The Veterans Health Administration began reporting doses in I-CARE beginning September 2022. Due to people receiving vaccinations that are not recorded in I-CARE that can be linked to their record, such as someone receiving a vaccine dose in another state, the number of people with a completed series or a booster dose is underestimated. Inconsistencies in records of separate doses administered to the same person, such as slight variations in dates of birth, can result in duplicate first dose records for a person and overestimate of the number of people with at least one dose and underestimate the number of people with a completed series or booster dose.

All data are provisional and subject to change. Information is updated as additional details are received and it is, in fact, very common for recent dates to be incomplete and to be updated as time goes on. At any given time, this dataset reflects data currently known to CDPH.

Numbers in this dataset may differ from other public sources due to when data are reported and how vaccination statuses and City of Chicago boundaries are defined.

For all datasets related to COVID-19, see https://data.cityofchicago.org/browse?limitTo=datasets&sortBy=alpha&tags=covid-19.

Data Source: Illinois Comprehensive Automated Immunization Registry Exchange (I-CARE), U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

As of 10/27/2022, this dataset will no longer update. To continue to access updated vaccination metrics given to SF residents, including newly added bivalent boosters, please navigate to the following page: COVID-19 Vaccinations Given to SF Residents by Geography.

A. SUMMARY This dataset represents the COVID-19 vaccinations given to SF residents summarized by the geographic region of their residential address. All vaccines given to SF residents are included, no matter where the vaccination took place (the vaccine may have been administered in San Francisco or outside of San Francisco). As of December 21, 2021, data provides counts for people who have received at least one dose, people who have completed a primary vaccine series, and people who have received a booster dose of the vaccine. A primary vaccine series is complete after an individual has received all intended doses of the series. As of May 2022, there were one, two, and three dose primary vaccine series.

B. HOW THE DATASET IS CREATED Information on doses administered to those who live in San Francisco is from the California Immunization Registry (CAIR), run by the California Department of Public Health (CDPH).

In order to estimate the percent of San Francisco residents vaccinated (as we do on the public dashboard at https://sf.gov/data/covid-19-vaccinations-neighborhood), we have included the 2019 5-year American Community Survey population estimate for each analysis neighborhood. (https://api.census.gov/data/2019/acs/acs5/groups/B01001.html)

C. UPDATE PROCESS Updated daily via automated process

D. HOW TO USE THIS DATASET This dataset contains counts of San Franciscans who have received at least one dose (count_vaccinated), as well as counts of San Franciscans who have received at least one dose from the SF Department of Public Health (count_vaccinated_by_dph). This dataset also contains counts of San Franciscans who have completed their vaccine series (count_series_completed) and counts of residents who have received a booster dose (count_received_booster). This data is grouped by San Franciscans’ analysis neighborhoods of residence.

Context

After observing many naive conversations about COVID-19, claiming that the pandemic can be blamed on just a few factors, I decided to create a data set, to map a number of different data points to every U.S. state (including D.C. and Puerto Rico).

Content

This data set contains basic COVID-19 information about each state, such as total population, total COVID-19 cases, cases per capita, COVID-19 deaths and death rate, Mask mandate start, and end dates, mask mandate duration (in days), and vaccination rates.

However, when evaluating a pandemic (specifically a respiratory virus) it would be wise to also explore the population density of each state, which is also included. For those interested, I also included political party affiliation for each state ("D" for Democrat, "R" for Republican, and "I" for Puerto Rico). Vaccination rates are split into 1-dose and 2-dose rates.

Also included is data ranking the Well-Being Index and Social Determinantes of Health Index for each state (2019). There are also several other columns that "rank" states, such as ranking total cases per state (ascending), total cases per capita per state (ascending), population density rank (ascending), and 2-dose vaccine rate rank (ascending). There are also columns that compare deviation between columns: case count rank vs population density rank (negative numbers indicate that a state has more COVID-19 cases, despite being lower in population density, while positive numbers indicate the opposite), as well as per-capita case count vs density.

Acknowledgements

Several Statista Sources: * COVID-19 Cases in the US * Population Density of US States * COVID-19 Cases in the US per-capita * COVID-19 Vaccination Rates by State

Other sources I'd like to acknowledge: * Ballotpedia * DC Policy Center * Sharecare Well-Being Index * USA Facts * World Population Overview

Inspiration

I would like to see if any new insights could be made about this pandemic, where states failed, or if these case numbers are 100% expected for each state.

The donation and sale of vaccines are diplomatic tools that have impact well beyond health policies. May Chinese Covid-related vaccine diplomacy be understood beyond reactive terms vis-à-vis power disputes with the West, in particularly the United States? We then scrutinize the drivers of China’s vaccine diplomacy, assessing whether Beijing privileged the expansion of its diplomatic leverage in the Global South. By employing logit and tobit models in the analysis of a cross-sectional dataset covering 213 countries, we examine the probability of countries receiving vaccines from China. We find that low-income states, in particular, and middle-income ones and those with more Covid deaths were more likely to receive vaccines through either donations or purchases. For donations, states that integrate the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and/or oppose the United States at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) were also privileged. China’s vaccine diplomacy has therefore a twofold purpose. First, the expansion of the country’s soft power in the Global South. Second, the consolidation of the BRI bilateral ties and an anti-US allied network. Hence, current global health initiatives cannot be detached from debates on the contestation of the liberal international order (LIO) and China’s dual role as a responsible stakeholder and most successful emerging power that has the potential to challenge American hegemony. Moreover, the findings also suggest that bilateral donor-recipient flows may be less politicized than what prior works on development aid and health diplomacy have claimed.

Regarding all Vaccination Data The date of Last Update is 4/21/2023. Additionally on 4/27/2023 several COVID-19 datasets were retired and no longer included in public COVID-19 data dissemination.

See this link for more information https://imap.maryland.gov/pages/covid-data

Summary The cumulative number of COVID-19 vaccinations by race: American Indian or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; White; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; Other; Unknown

Description MD COVID-19 - Vaccinations by Race Distribution data layer is a collection of COVID-19 vaccinations that have been reported each day into ImmuNet.

Terms of Use The Spatial Data, and the information therein, (collectively the "Data") is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or statutory. The user assumes the entire risk as to quality and performance of the Data. No guarantee of accuracy is granted, nor is any responsibility for reliance thereon assumed. In no event shall the State of Maryland be liable for direct, indirect, incidental, consequential or special damages of any kind. The State of Maryland does not accept liability for any damages or misrepresentation caused by inaccuracies in the Data or as a result to changes to the Data, nor is there responsibility assumed to maintain the Data in any manner or form.

The Data can be freely distributed as long as the metadata entry is not modified or deleted. Any data derived from the Data must acknowledge the State of Maryland in the metadata.

This phase 3b study is designed to assess the safety of GlaxoSmithKline Biological's HPV vaccine GSK580299 in female subjects who took part in study 580299/008 and received the control vaccine (Hepatitis A vaccine).

IntroductionVaccine-preventable diseases continue to cause morbidity and mortality despite the introduction of childhood immunizations. Recent media reports from Canada and the United States of America (USA) have highlighted a rise in childhood illnesses like measles, which could have been prevented with vaccines. Parents play a pivotal role in ensuring their children receive timely vaccinations. Immunization reminders can help parents who forget or miss vaccination appointments. In the USA, current literature indicates that Black children have lower vaccination rates than other racialized children and vaccine reminders may improve measles vaccine uptake among Black parents. However, there is limited data in Canada on vaccine uptake in children of Black parents, with evidence suggesting vaccine hesitancy among the Black population.ObjectiveThis scoping review aims to map out existing literature on immunization reminder strategies among parents to identify their impact in improving childhood vaccination rates and promoting child health.Inclusion criteriaThe review will include studies conducted in Canada and the United States of America that focus on immunization reminders for parents who have children under six years and published in English between 2015 and 2025.MethodsDatabase and hand-searching of journals and gray literature will be carried out to retrieve pertinent articles. Studies that meet the inclusion criteria will be eligible for selection. The process of selecting eligible studies will then be summarized on a PRISMA-ScR chart. Collated in data-extraction tables will be authorship information, publication date, methods and findings. The findings, key arguments and themes will be analyzed using a thematic analysis and summarized using a narrative summary.ConclusionThis review will contribute to the existing knowledge on parental preferences for vaccine reminder strategies and their usefulness in increasing childhood vaccination rates. The findings will inform and improve public health strategies aimed at boosting vaccine uptake among children.

Tabulated individual data points for data reported in the associated publication: Spackman E, Suarez DL, Lee CW, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Lee SA, Youk S, Ibrahim S. Efficacy of inactivated and RNA particle vaccines against a North American Clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. Vaccine. 2023 Nov 30;41(49):7369-7376. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.070. Epub 2023 Nov 4. PMID: 37932132.Description of methodsVirusesThe highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) isolate A/turkey/Indiana/22-003707-003/2022 H5N1 (TK/IN/22) and A/Gyrfalcon/Washington/41088/2014 H5N8 (GF/WA/14) isolate were each propagated and titrated in embryonating specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken eggs using standard procedures and titers were determined using the Reed-Muench method.VaccinesAn in-house vaccine was produced by de novo synthesizing the HA gene of TK/IN/22 that was modified to be low pathogenic (LP) and placing it in a PR8 backbone using rg methods as described . The vaccine (SEP-22-N9) contained 6 genes from PR8 and a de novo synthesized N9 NA from A/blue winged teal/Wyoming/AH0099021/2016 (H7N9). The rg virus was inactivated by treatment with 0.1% beta-propiolactone. Vaccines were produced with Montanide ISA 71 VG (Seppic Inc., Fairfield, NJ) adjuvant at ambient temperature in a L5M-A high shear mixer (Silverson Machines, Inc., East Longmeadow, MA) for 30sec at 1,000rpm, then for 3min at 4,000rpm using an emulsifying screen in accordance with the adjuvant manufacturer’s instructions.Sham vaccine was prepared in-house using sterile phosphate buffered saline as described above.Commercial vaccines were supplied by the manufacturers. The commercial inactivated vaccine (1057.R1 serial 590088) (rgH5N1) (Zoetis Inc., Parsippany, NJ) was produced with the GF/WA/14 (clade 2.3.4.4c HA gene) and the remaining 7 gene segments including the NA from PR8 (1). The Sequivity vaccine (serial V040122NCF) (RP) (Merck and Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ) is an updated version of their replication restricted alphavirus vector vaccine that expresses the TK/IN/22 H5 HA (modified to be low pathogenic LP).Challenge study designThree-week-old, mixed sex, SPF white leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were obtained from in-house flocks and were randomly assigned to vaccine groups.All vaccines were administered by the subcutaneous route at the nape of the neck. Commercial vaccines were given at the volumes instructed by the manufacturer (0.5ml each). In-house vaccine was given at a dose of 512 hemagglutination units per bird in 0.5ml. Three weeks post vaccination chickens were challenged with 6.7 log10 50% egg infectious doses (EID50) of TK/IN/22 in 0.1ml by the intrachoanal route.Oropharyngeal (OP) and cloacal (CL) swabs were collected from all birds at 2-, 4-, and 7-days post challenge (DPC). Swabs were also collected from dead and euthanized sham vaccinates at 1DPC.To evaluate antibody-based DIVA-VI tests, blood for serum was collected from the RP and SEP-22-N9 vaccinated groups at 7, 10 and 14DPC because the SEP-22-N9 vaccine does not elicit antibodies to N1 and the RP vaccine does not elicit antibodies to the N1 or NP proteins.Mortality and morbidity were recorded for 14DPC after which time the remaining birds were euthanized. If birds were severely lethargic or had neurological signs they were euthanized and were counted as mortality at the next observation time for mean death time calculations.Evaluation of antibody titers based on prime-boost order with the RP and inactivated vaccinesTo determine if there was a difference in antibody levels based on the order of vaccination with the RP vaccine and an inactivated vaccine, groups of 20 chickens (hatch-mates of the chickens in the challenge study) were given one dose of each vaccine three weeks apart (Supplementary Table 1). The first dose was administered at three weeks of age using the RP or SEP-22-N9 vaccine as described above. Then a second dose of either the same vaccine or the other vaccine was administered three weeks later (six weeks of age). All birds were bled for serum three weeks after the second vaccination (nine weeks of age). Antibody was quantified by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay as described below using the homologous antigen (TK/IN/22).Quantitative rRT-PCR (qRRT-PCR)RNA was extracted from OP and CL swabs using the MagMax (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) magnetic bead extraction kit with the modifications described by Das et al., (2). Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was conducted as described previously (3) on a QuantStudio 5 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). A standard curve was generated from a titrated stock of TK/IN/22 and was used to calculate titer equivalents using the real time PCR instrument’s software.Hemagglutination inhibition assayHemagglutination inhibition assays were run in accordance with standard procedures. All pre-challenge sera were tested against the challenge virus. Sera from birds vaccinated with the rgH5N1 vaccine were also tested against the vaccine antigen, GF/WA/14. Titers of 8 or below were considered non-specific binding, therefore negative.Commercial ELISAPre-vaccination sera from 30 chickens were tested to confirm the absence of antibodies to AIV with a commercial AIV antibody ELISA (IDEXX laboratories, Westbrook, ME) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Pre- and post-challenge sera from the RP vaccine group (the only vaccine utilized here that does not induce antibodies to the NP) were also tested with this ELISA to characterize the detection of anti-NP antibodies post-challenge.Enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) to detect N1 antibody in serum from challenged chickensThe ELLA assay was performed in accordance with a previously published protocol with minor modifications (4). Absorbance data were fit to a non-linear regression curve with Prism 9.5 (GraphPad Software LLC, Boston, MA) to determine the effective concentration, and the 98% effective concentration (EC98) of the N1 source virus was subsequently used for NI assays.To detect N1 antibody with the optimized N1 NA concentrations, serum samples from the sham, SEP-22-N9, and RP vaccinated groups collected pre-challenge, 7, 10 and 14DPC, were heat inactivated at 56°C for one hour and diluted 1:20 and 1:40 using sample dilution buffer. Equal volumes of the N1 NA source virus at a concentration of 2X EC98 was added to each of the diluted serum samples. Then 100µl of the serum-virus mixture was added to the fetuin coated plates after the fetuin plates were washed as described above for the NA assay. Fetuin plates with the serum-virus mixture were then incubated overnight (approximately 17-19hr) at 37°C. The NA assay protocol described above was followed for the remaining NI assay steps.The percent NI activity of individual serum samples was determined by subtracting percent NA activity from 100. To calculate the percent NA activity, the average background absorbance value was subtracted from the sample absorbance value. The result was then divided by the average value of the NA source virus only (no serum) wells then multiplying by 100. A cut-off value for NI activity for positive detection of N1 antibody from chickens post-challenge was calculated by adding three standard deviations to the mean value obtained from pre-challenge sera of corresponding vaccine group for each dilution tested (1:20 and 1:40).References1. Kapczynski DR, Sylte MJ, Killian ML, Torchetti MK, Chrzastek K, Suarez DL. Protection of commercial turkeys following inactivated or recombinant H5 vaccine application against the 2015U.S. H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2017;191:74-9. Epub 2017/09/13. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.08.001.2. Das A, Spackman E, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Suarez DL. Removal of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) inhibitors associated with cloacal swab samples and tissues for improved diagnosis of Avian influenza virus by RT-PCR. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2009;21(6):771-8.3. Spackman E, Senne DA, Myers TJ, Bulaga LL, Garber LP, Perdue ML, et al. Development of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for type A influenza virus and the avian H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtypes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002;40(9):3256-60.4. Bernard MC, Waldock J, Commandeur S, Strauss L, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, et al. Validation of a Harmonized Enzyme-Linked-Lectin-Assay (ELLA-NI) Based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Quantification of N1 Influenza Antibodies and the Use of a Calibrator to Improve the Reproducibility of the ELLA-NI With Reverse Genetics Viral and Recombinant Neuraminidase Antigens: A FLUCOP Collaborative Study. Front Immunol. 2022;13:909297. Epub 2022/07/06.

Two commercially available vaccines based on the recombinant herpes virus of turkeys (rHVT) vector were tested against a recent North American clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI virus isolate: A/turkey/Indiana/22-003707-003/2022 H5N1 in specific pathogen free white leghorn (WL) chickens and commercial broiler chickens. One rHVT-H5 vaccine encodes a hemagglutinin (HA) gene designed by the computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen method (COBRA-HVT vaccine). The other encodes an HA gene of a clade 2.2 virus (2.2-HVT vaccine). There was 100% survival of both breeds in the COBRA-HVT vaccinated groups and in the 2.2-HVT vaccinated groups there was 94.8% and 90% survival of the WL and broilers respectively. Compared to the 2.2-HVT vaccinated groups, WL in the COBRA-HVT vaccinated group shed significantly lower mean viral titers by the cloacal route and broilers shed significantly lower titers by the oropharyngeal route than broilers. Virus titers detected in oral and cloacal swabs were otherwise similar among both vaccine groups and chicken breeds. To assess antibody-based tests to identify birds that have been infected after vaccination (DIVA-VI), sera collected after the challenge were tested with enzyme-linked lectin assay-neuraminidase inhibition (ELLA-NI) for N1 neuraminidase antibody detection and by commercial ELISA for detection of antibodies to the NP protein. As early as 7 days post challenge (DPC) 100% of the chickens were positive by ELLA-NI. ELISA was less sensitive with a maximum of 75% positive at 10DPC in broilers vaccinated with 2.2-HVT. Both vaccines provided protection from challenge to both breeds of chickens and ELLA-NI was sensitive at identifying antibodies to the challenge virus therefore should be evaluated further for DIVA-VI.MethodsViruses. All procedures using infectious material were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Biosafety Committee of US National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA. The HPAI virus isolate A/turkey/Indiana/22-003707-003/2022 H5N1 (TK/IN/22) was provided by Dr. Mia Torchetti, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA. The A/Vietnam/1203/2004 H5N1 HPAI virus (Viet/04), A/Whooper Swan/Mongolia/244/2005 H5N1 (WS/Mongolia/05) HPAI virus, and A/Flycatcher/CA/14875-1/1994 H7N1 low pathogenic avian influenza virus isolates were provided by the repository at the USNPRC. Virus isolates were propagated and titrated in SPF embryonating chicken eggs using standard procedures [1]. Titers were determined using the Reed-Muench method [2].Vaccines. Two commercial rHVT-H5 vaccines were selected because they are licensed in the US (and may be licensed elsewhere) and were supplied by the manufacturers: 2.2-HVT (Vectormune HVT AIV, Ceva Animal Health LLC, Lenexa, KS) (serial 395-134); and COBRA-HVT (Vaxxitek HVT+IBD+H5, Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Ridgefield, CT) (serial EW003). The amino acid similarity between the vaccine antigens and the challenge virus HA1 was 91.7% (COBRA-HVT) and 91.2% (2.2-HVT).Challenge study design. All animal work was reviewed and approved by the USNPRC Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Mixed sex, SPF WL chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were obtained at hatch from in-house flocks. Broiler chicken eggs were obtained from a commercial hatchery at 18 days of incubation prior to administration of any in ovo vaccines and were hatched on-site. All birds were randomly assigned to vaccine groups based on breed. Vaccine groups are shown in Table 1. All vaccines were prepared and administered on the day of hatch by the subcutaneous route at the nape of the neck in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions (0.2ml per chicken). Serum was collected from all chickens 25 days post vaccination to evaluate the antibody response to the vaccines.Four weeks post vaccination (four weeks of age) chickens were challenged with a target dose 6.0log10 50% egg infectious doses (EID50) per bird of TK/IN/22 in 0.1ml by the intrachoanal route (titration of the challenge virus after dilution confirmed the challenge dose to be 6.7log10 EID50 per bird). Oropharyngeal and CL swabs were collected from all birds at 2-, 4-, and 7-days post challenge (DPC). Swabs were also collected from dead and euthanized birds.To evaluate antibody-based DIVA-VI tests, serum was collected at 7-, 10- and 14DPC. Mortality and morbidity were recorded for 14DPC. Surviving birds were euthanized at 14DPC. If birds were severely lethargic or presented with neurological signs, they were euthanized and were counted as mortality at the next observation time for mean death time calculations. Euthanasia was performed by cervical dislocation in accordance with American Veterinary Medical Association guidelines.Quantitative rRT-PCR (qRRT-PCR). RNA was extracted from OP and CL swabs using the MagMax magnetic bead extraction kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) with the wash modifications as described by Das et al., [3]. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was conducted as described previously [4] on a QuantStudio 5 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) instrument. A standard curve was generated from a titrated stock of TK/IN/22 and was used to calculate titer equivalents using the real time PCR instrument’s software.Hemagglutination inhibition assay. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were run in accordance with standard procedures [5]. All pre-challenge sera collected at 25 days post vaccination were tested against the challenge virus and the closest isolates available to the vaccine antigens. The serum from the 2.2-HVT group was tested against WS/Mongolia/05 (99.3% similarity) and the serum from the COBRA-HVT group was tested against Viet/04 (98.2% similarity). Titers of eight or below were considered negative.Commercial ELISA. A commercial AIV antibody ELISA (AI Ab Test, IDEXX laboratories, Westbrook, ME) was used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Sera were tested to detect anti-NP antibodies pre-challenge (25days pos-vaccination) and at 7-, 10- and 14DPC.Enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) for detection of neuraminidase inhibition (NI) antibody. The ELLA was performed as previously described with minor modifications [6, 7]. Briefly, the NA activity of a beta-propiolactone inactivated H7N1 virus (A/Flycatcher/CA/14875-1/1994) was quantified to determine the effective concentration (EC) of antigen. The 98% EC (EC98) of antigen was subsequently used for the ELLA-NI assays. For ELLA-NI assay, the antigen and serum mixture was incubated overnight (approximately18hr) at 37°C and the NA activity was determined following the procedure as described in Spackman et al. [7]. The average background absorbance value was subtracted from the sample absorbance value then that value was divided by the average values of wells with only NA antigen. This value was multiplied by a factor of 100 to calculate the percent NA activity. The percent NI activity of individual serum samples was determined by subtracting the percent NA activity from 100%. A cut-off value for positive NI activity was determined by adding three standard deviations to the mean NI activity of pre-challenge sera (i.e., NA antibody negative sera) of each corresponding group of chickens at 7-, 10- and 14DPC. Each serum was tested at dilutions of 1:20 and 1:40.References.1. Spackman E, Killian ML. Avian Influenza Virus Isolation, Propagation, and Titration in Embryonated Chicken Eggs. Methods Mol Biol. 2020;2123:149-64. Epub 2020/03/15.2. Reed LJ, Muench H. A simple method for estimating fifty percent endpoints. American Journal of Hygiene. 1938;27:493-7.3. Das A, Spackman E, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Suarez DL. Removal of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) inhibitors associated with cloacal swab samples and tissues for improved diagnosis of Avian influenza virus by RT-PCR. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2009;21(6):771-8.4. Spackman E, Senne DA, Myers TJ, Bulaga LL, Garber LP, Perdue ML, et al. Development of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for type A influenza virus and the avian H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtypes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002;40(9):3256-60.5. Spackman E, Sitaras I. Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay. Methods Mol Biol. 2020;2123:11-28. Epub 2020/03/15.6. Bernard MC, Waldock J, Commandeur S, Strauss L, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, et al. Validation of a Harmonized Enzyme-Linked-Lectin-Assay (ELLA-NI) Based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Quantification of N1 Influenza Antibodies and the Use of a Calibrator to Improve the Reproducibility of the ELLA-NI With Reverse Genetics Viral and Recombinant Neuraminidase Antigens: A FLUCOP Collaborative Study. Front Immunol. 2022;13:909297. Epub 20220617.7. Spackman E, Suarez DL, Lee CW, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Lee SA, Youk S, Ibrahim S. Efficacy of inactivated and RNA particle vaccines against a North American Clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. Vaccine. 2023. Epub 20231104.

This feature layer provides access to OpenStreetMap (OSM) point data of medical facilities for North America, which is updated every 15 minutes with the latest edits. This hosted feature layer view is referencing a hosted feature layer of OSM point (node) data in ArcGIS Online that is updated with minutely diffs from the OSM planet file. This feature layer view includes amenity features defined as a query against the hosted feature layer where the amenity value is any of 'hospital', 'clinic', 'doctors', or 'pharmacy'.In OSM, amenities are useful and important facilities for visitors and residents, such as hospitals and clinics. These features are identified with an amenity tag. There are thousands of different tag values used in the OSM database. In this feature layer, unique symbols are used for the most common amenity tags used for medical facilities.Zoom in to large scales (e.g. Neighborhood level or 1:20k scale) to see the amenity features display. You can click on a feature to get the name of the amenity. The name of the amenity will display by default at very large scales (e.g. Building level of 1:2k scale). Labels can be turned off in your map if you prefer.Create New LayerIf you would like to create a more focused version of this medical facilities layer displaying just one or two amenity types, you can do that easily! Just add the layer to a map, copy the layer in the content window, add a filter to the new layer (e.g. amenity is hospital), rename the layer as appropriate, and save layer. You can also change the layer symbols or popup if you like. Esri will publish a few such layers (e.g. Places of Worship, Schools, and Parking) that are ready to use, but not for every type of amenity.Important Note: if you do create a new layer, it should be provided under the same Terms of Use and include the same Credits as this layer. You can copy and paste the Terms of Use and Credits info below in the new Item page as needed.

COVID-19 vaccination has significantly decreased morbidity, hospitalizations, and death during the pandemic. However, disparities in vaccination uptake threatens to stymie the progress made in safeguarding the health of Americans. Using a nationally representative adult (≥18 years old) sample from the 2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we aimed to explore disparities in COVID-19 vaccine and booster uptake by income levels. To reflect the nature of the survey, a weighted logistic regression analysis was used to explore factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine and booster uptake. A total of 241,645,704 (unweighted n=21,554) adults were included in the analysis. Average (SD) age of the population was 49 (18) years old, and 51% were female. There were disparities in COVID-19 vaccine and booster uptake by income groups. All other income groups were less likely to receive COVID-19 vaccines and booster shot than those in the high-income group. Those in the poor income group had 55% lower odds of being vaccinated for COVID-19 (aOR=0.45, p

An investigation of antigenic relationships between North American swine H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAV) and human seasonal vaccine strains was conducted to assess the zoonotic risk to humans. Human seasonal H3N2 vaccine strains isolated from 1973 to 2014 (n=20) were obtained from the World Health Organization Global Influenza Surveillance and Response Network through St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital to use for serological assays, such as hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. Human seasonal vaccine strains were cultured on MDCK cells or eggs and the HA gene was verified by sequencing on a Sanger method at National Animal Disease Center (NADC). A consensus HA sequence was generated using Geneious Software. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Consensus sequences of hemagglutinin (HA) gene segments. File Name: Vincent_H3N2 HuVac strains.rtfResource Description: The data set includes sequences of hemagglutinin (HA) gene of human seasonal influenza A vaccine strains used in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays as references to assess the zoonotic risk of North American swine H3N2 strains to humans. The text file lists the consensus sequence of HA gene segment from each human H3N2 influenza A vaccine strain.

Despite the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine in reducing mortality and illness severity, racial inequities in vaccination uptake persist. Among individuals with rheumatologic conditions who are often immunocompromised, the impact of disparities in preventive care threatens to widen existing inequities in adverse outcomes related to COVID-19 infection. There exists an urgent need to develop interventions that reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and promote vaccine uptake. We leveraged long-standing community-academic partnerships in two cities to develop a curriculum that will be part of an intervention to decrease COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy within Black communities. We describe the collaborative efforts that resulted in the creation of two interactive virtual curricula with similar core content but different theoretical lenses. One lens uses a racial justice approach to acknowledge the effects of historical and current structural racism on vaccine hesitancy, the other utilizes a traditional biomedical lens. In a future trial, we will compare the efficacy of these curricula to empower Black individuals identified as Popular Opinion Leaders (POLs), or trusted community members with large social networks, to disseminate health information to promote COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Strategies to reduce racial inequities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake must begin with accurately identifying and empathetically acknowledging the root causes of vaccine hesitancy, as well as addressing nuanced concerns that drive vaccine avoidance among Black individuals. Community engagement and collaboration are central in creating interventions to develop and test culturally relevant strategies, as observed with our curricula, that bridge scientific efforts with community concerns and practices.

In the United States, the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) largely eliminated vaccine serotypes (VT); non-vaccine serotypes (NVT) subsequently increased in carriage and disease. Vaccination also disrupts the composition of the pneumococcal pangenome, which includes mobile genetic elements and polymorphic non-capsular antigens important for virulence, transmission, and pneumococcal ecology. Antigenic proteins are of interest for future vaccines; yet, little is known about how the they are affected by PCV use. To investigate the evolutionary impact of vaccination, we assessed recombination, evolution, and pathogen demographic history of 937 pneumococci collected from 1998–2012 among Navajo and White Mountain Apache Native American communities. We analyzed changes in the pneumococcal pangenome, focusing on metabolic loci and 19 polymorphic protein antigens. We found the impact of PCV on the pneumococcal population could be observed in reduced diversity, a smaller pangenome, and changing frequencies of accessory clusters of orthologous groups (COGs). Post-PCV7, diversity rebounded through clonal expansion of NVT lineages and inferred in-migration of two previously unobserved lineages. Accessory COGs frequencies trended toward pre-PCV7 values with increasing time since vaccine introduction. Contemporary frequencies of protein antigen variants are better predicted by pre-PCV7 values (1998–2000) than the preceding period (2006–2008), suggesting balancing selection may have acted in maintaining variant frequencies in this population. Overall, we present the largest genomic analysis of pneumococcal carriage in the United States to date, which includes a snapshot of a true vaccine-naïve community prior to the introduction of PCV7. These data improve our understanding of pneumococcal evolution and emphasize the need to consider pangenome composition when inferring the impact of vaccination and developing future protein-based pneumococcal vaccines.