The 1997 the Kyrgyz Republic Demographic and Health Survey (KRDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 3,848 women age 15-49. Fieldwork was conducted from August to November 1997. The KRDHS was sponsored by the Ministry of Health (MOH), and was funded by the United States Agency for International Development. The Research Institute of Obstetrics and Pediatrics implemented the survey with technical assistance from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program. The purpose of the KRDHS was to provide data to the MOH on factors which determine the health status of women and children such as fertility, contraception, induced abortion, maternal care, infant mortality, nutritional status, and anemia. Some statistics presented in this report are currently available to the MOH from other sources. For example, the MOH collects and regularly publishes information on fertility, contraception, induced abortion and infant mortality. However, the survey presents information on these indices in a manner which is not currently available, i.e., by population subgroups such as those defined by age, marital duration, education, and ethnicity. Additionally, the survey provides statistics on some issues not previously available in the Kyrgyz Republic: for example, breastfeeding practices and anemia status of women and children. When considered together, existing MOH data and the KRDHS data provide a more complete picture of the health conditions in the Kyrgyz Republic than was previously available. A secondary objective of the survey was to enhance the capabilities of institutions in the Kyrgyz Republic to collect, process, and analyze population and health data. MAIN FINDINGS FERTILITY Fertility Rates. Survey results indicate a total fertility rate (TFR) for all of the Kyrgyz Republic of 3.4 children per woman. Fertility levels differ for different population groups. The TFR for women living in urban areas (2.3 children per woman) is substantially lower than for women living in rural areas (3.9). The TFR for Kyrgyz women (3.6 children per woman) is higher than for women of Russian ethnicity (1.5) but lower than Uzbek women (4.2). Among the regions of the Kyrgyz Republic, the TFR is lowest in Bishkek City (1.7 children per woman), and the highest in the East Region (4.3), and intermediate in the North and South Regions (3.1 and3.9, respectively). Time Trends. The KRDHS data show that fertility has declined in the Kyrgyz Republic in recent years. The decline in fertility from 5-9 to 0-4 years prior to the survey increases with age, from an 8 percent decline among 20-24 year olds to a 38 percent decline among 35-39 year olds. The declining trend in fertility can be seen by comparing the completed family size of women near the end of their childbearing years with the current TFR. Completed family size among women 40-49 is 4.6 children which is more than one child greater than the current TFR (3.4). Birth Intervals. Overall, 30 percent of births in the Kyrgyz Republic take place within 24 months of the previous birth. The median birth interval is 31.9 months. Age at Onset of Childbearing. The median age at which women in the Kyrgyz Republic begin childbearing has been holding steady over the past two decades at approximately 21.6 years. Most women have their first birth while in their early twenties, although about 20 percent of women give birth before age 20. Nearly half of married women in the Kyrgyz Republic (45 percent) do not want to have more children. Additional one-quarter of women (26 percent) want to delay their next birth by at least two years. These are the women who are potentially in need of some method of family planning. FAMILY PLANNING Ever Use. Among currently married women, 83 percent report having used a method of contraception at some time. The women most likely to have ever used a method of contraception are those age 30-44 (among both currently married and all women). Current Use. Overall, among currently married women, 60 percent report that they are currently using a contraceptive method. About half (49 percent) are using a modern method of contraception and another 11 percent are using a traditional method. The IUD is by far the most commonly used method; 38 percent of currently married women are using the IUD. Other modern methods of contraception account for only a small amount of use among currently married women: pills (2 percent), condoms (6 percent), and injectables and female sterilization (1 and 2 percent, respectively). Thus, the practice of family planning in the Kyrgyz Republic places high reliance on a single method, the IUD. Source of Methods. The vast majority of women obtain their contraceptives through the public sector (97 percent): 35 percent from a government hospital, and 36 percent from a women counseling center. The source of supply of the method depends on the method being used. For example, most women using IUDs obtain them at women counseling centers (42 percent) or hospitals (39 percent). Government pharmacies supply 46 percent of pill users and 75 percent of condom users. Pill users also obtain supplies from women counseling centers or (33 percent). Fertility Preferences. A majority of women in the Kyrgyz Republic (45 percent) indicated that they desire no more children. By age 25-29, 20 percent want no more children, and by age 30-34, nearly half (46 percent) want no more children. Thus, many women come to the preference to stop childbearing at relatively young ages-when they have 20 or more potential years of childbearing ahead of them. For some of these women, the most appropriate method of contraception may be a long-acting method such as female sterilization. However, there is a deficiency of use of this method in the Kyrgyz Republic. In the interests of providing a broad range of safe and effective methods, information about and access to sterilization should be increased so that individual women can make informed decisions about using this method. INDUCED ABORTION Abortion Rates. From the KRDHS data, the total abortion rate (TAR)-the number of abortions a woman will have in her lifetime based on the currently prevailing abortion rates-was calculated. For the Kyrgyz Republic, the TAR for the period from mid-1994 to mid-1997 is 1.6 abortions per woman. The TAR for the Kyrgyz Republic is lower than recent estimates of the TAR for other areas of the former Soviet Union such as Kazakhstan (1.8), and Yekaterinburg and Perm in Russia (2.3 and 2.8, respectively), but higher than for Uzbekistan (0.7). The TAR is higher in urban areas (2.1 abortions per woman) than in rural areas (1.3). The TAR in Bishkek City is 2.0 which is two times higher than in other regions of the Kyrgyz Republic. Additionally the TAR is substantially lower among ethnic Kyrgyz women (1.3) than among women of Uzbek and Russian ethnicities (1.9 and 2.2 percent, respectively). INFANT MORTALITY In the KRDHS, infant mortality data were collected based on the international definition of a live birth which, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, is a birth that breathes or shows any sign of life (United Nations, 1992). Mortality Rates. For the five-year period before the survey (i.e., approximately mid-1992 to mid1997), infant mortality in the Kyrgyz Republic is estimated at 61 infant deaths per 1,000 births. The estimates of neonatal and postneonatal mortality are 32 and 30 per 1,000. The MOH publishes infant mortality rates annually but the definition of a live birth used by the MOH differs from that used in the survey. As is the case in most of the republics of the former Soviet Union, a pregnancy that terminates at less than 28 weeks of gestation is considered premature and is classified as a late miscarriage even if signs of life are present at the time of delivery. Thus, some events classified as late miscarriages in the MOH system would be classified as live births and infant deaths according to the definitions used in the KRDHS. Infant mortality rates based on the MOH data for the years 1983 through 1996 show a persistent declining trend throughout the period, starting at about 40 per 1,000 in the early 1980s and declining to 26 per 1,000 in 1996. This time trend is similar to that displayed by the rates estimated from the KRDHS. Thus, the estimates from both the KRDHS and the Ministry document a substantial decline in infant mortality; 25 percent over the period from 1982-87 to 1992-97 according to the KRDHS and 28 percent over the period from 1983-87 to 1993-96 according to the MOH estimates. This is strong evidence of improvements in infant survivorship in recent years in the Kyrgyz Republic. It should be noted that the rates from the survey are much higher than the MOH rates. For example, the KRDHS estimate of 61 per 1,000 for the period 1992-97 is twice the MOH estimate of 29 per 1,000 for 1993-96. Certainly, one factor leading to this difference are the differences in the definitions of a live birth and infant death in the KRDHS survey and in the MOH protocols. A thorough assessment of the difference between the two estimates would need to take into consideration the sampling variability of the survey's estimate. However, given the magnitude of the difference, it is likely that it arises from a combination of definitional and methodological differences between the survey and MOH registration system. MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH The Kyrgyz Republic has a well-developed health system with an extensive infrastructure of facilities that provide maternal care services. This system includes special delivery hospitals, the obstetrics and gynecology departments of general hospitals, women counseling centers, and doctor's assistant/midwife posts (FAPs). There is an extensive network of FAPs throughout the rural areas. Delivery. Virtually all births in the Kyrgyz Republic (96 percent) are delivered at health facilities: 95 percent in delivery hospitals and another 1 percent in either general hospitals

In order to assess the possible effects of lifestyle on fertility and pregnancy outcome, the PALS (Pregnancy and Lifestyle study) collected extensive data on a broad range of parameters termed 'lifestyle' from couples who were planning a natural (non-assisted) pregnancy in the coming months. There was no intervention. Participants were recruited over a six year period from 1988 to 1993 in response to extensive promotion in the local media. Male and female partners were interviewed independently and all interviews were conducted prospectively before the couple attempted to conceive. The result of each month of 'trying' was recorded and pregnancies were confirmed by urine tests and by ultrasound. The length of gestation of each pregnancy was recorded and pregnancies at term were classified with respect to weight. Multiple pregnancies and/or babies with congenital abnormalities have been excluded from the dataset. The data is stored as an xls file and each variable has a codename. For each of 582 couples there are 355 variables, the codes for which are described in a separate metadata file. The questionnaire based data includes information about households, occupation, chemical exposures at work and home, diet, smoking, alcohol use, hobbies, exercise and health. Recorded observations include monthly pregnancy tests and pregnancy outcomes.

Users can access data related to international women’s health as well as data on population and families, education, work, power and decision making, violence against women, poverty, and environment. Background World’s Women Reports are prepared by the Statistics Division of the United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). Reports are produced in five year intervals and began in 1990. A major theme of the reports is comparing women’s situation globally to that of men in a variety of fields. Health data is available related to life expectancy, cause of death, chronic disease, HIV/AIDS, prenatal care, maternal morbidity, reproductive health, contraceptive use, induced abortion, mortality of children under 5, and immunization. User functionality Users can download full text or specific chapter versions of the reports in color and black and white. A limited number of graphs are available for download directly from the website. Topics include obesity and underweight children. Data Notes The report and data tables are available for download in PDF format. The next report is scheduled to be released in 2015. The most recent report was released in 2010.

The Ukraine Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 6,841 women age 15-49 and 3,178 men age 15-49. Survey fieldwork was conducted during the period July through November 2007. The UDHS was conducted by the Ukrainian Center for Social Reforms in close collaboration with the State Statistical Committee of Ukraine. The MEASURE DHS Project provided technical support for the survey. The U.S. Agency for International Development/Kyiv Regional Mission to Ukraine, Moldova, and Belarus provided funding. The survey is a nationally representative sample survey designed to provide information on population and health issues in Ukraine. The primary goal of the survey was to develop a single integrated set of demographic and health data for the population of the Ukraine. The UDHS was conducted from July to November 2007 by the Ukrainian Center for Social Reforms (UCSR) in close collaboration with the State Statistical Committee (SSC) of Ukraine, which provided organizational and methodological support. Macro International Inc. provided technical assistance for the survey through the MEASURE DHS project. USAID/Kyiv Regional Mission to Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus provided funding for the survey through the MEASURE DHS project. MEASURE DHS is sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to assist countries worldwide in obtaining information on key population and health indicators. The 2007 UDHS collected national- and regional-level data on fertility and contraceptive use, maternal health, adult health and life style, infant and child mortality, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The survey obtained detailed information on these issues from women of reproductive age and, on certain topics, from men as well. The results of the 2007 UDHS are intended to provide the information needed to evaluate existing social programs and to design new strategies for improving the health of Ukrainians and health services for the people of Ukraine. The 2007 UDHS also contributes to the growing international database on demographic and health-related variables. MAIN RESULTS Fertility rates. A useful index of the level of fertility is the total fertility rate (TFR), which indicates the number of children a woman would have if she passed through the childbearing ages at the current age-specific fertility rates (ASFR). The TFR, estimated for the three-year period preceding the survey, is 1.2 children per woman. This is below replacement level. Contraception : Knowledge and ever use. Knowledge of contraception is widespread in Ukraine. Among married women, knowledge of at least one method is universal (99 percent). On average, married women reported knowledge of seven methods of contraception. Eighty-nine percent of married women have used a method of contraception at some time. Abortion rates. The use of abortion can be measured by the total abortion rate (TAR), which indicates the number of abortions a woman would have in her lifetime if she passed through her childbearing years at the current age-specific abortion rates. The UDHS estimate of the TAR indicates that a woman in Ukraine will have an average of 0.4 abortions during her lifetime. This rate is considerably lower than the comparable rate in the 1999 Ukraine Reproductive Health Survey (URHS) of 1.6. Despite this decline, among pregnancies ending in the three years preceding the survey, one in four pregnancies (25 percent) ended in an induced abortion. Antenatal care. Ukraine has a well-developed health system with an extensive infrastructure of facilities that provide maternal care services. Overall, the levels of antenatal care and delivery assistance are high. Virtually all mothers receive antenatal care from professional health providers (doctors, nurses, and midwives) with negligible differences between urban and rural areas. Seventy-five percent of pregnant women have six or more antenatal care visits; 27 percent have 15 or more ANC visits. The percentage is slightly higher in rural areas than in urban areas (78 percent compared with 73 percent). However, a smaller proportion of rural women than urban women have 15 or more antenatal care visits (23 percent and 29 percent, respectively). HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections : The currently low level of HIV infection in Ukraine provides a unique window of opportunity for early targeted interventions to prevent further spread of the disease. However, the increases in the cumulative incidence of HIV infection suggest that this window of opportunity is rapidly closing. Adult Health : The major causes of death in Ukraine are similar to those in industrialized countries (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and accidents), but there is also a rising incidence of certain infectious diseases, such as multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Women's status : Sixty-four percent of married women make decisions on their own about their own health care, 33 percent decide jointly with their husband/partner, and 1 percent say that their husband or someone else is the primary decisionmaker about the woman's own health care. Domestic Violence : Overall, 17 percent of women age 15-49 experienced some type of physical violence between age 15 and the time of the survey. Nine percent of all women experienced at least one episode of violence in the 12 months preceding the survey. One percent of the women said they had often been subjected to violent physical acts during the past year. Overall, the data indicate that husbands are the main perpetrators of physical violence against women. Human Trafficking : The UDHS collected information on respondents' awareness of human trafficking in Ukraine and, if applicable, knowledge about any household members who had been the victim of human trafficking during the three years preceding the survey. More than half (52 percent) of respondents to the household questionnaire reported that they had heard of a person experiencing this problem and 10 percent reported that they knew personally someone who had experienced human trafficking.

Abstract In order to analyze the knowledge and opinion of physicians about anencephaly, a cross-sectional study was performed, including 70 obstetrician-gynecologists and pediatricians of two hospitals in Goiania, Brazil. The interviewees answered a survey of 20 true or false closed questions. Their opinions were evaluated through a 5-subject questionnaire, with 31 affirmations with a Likert-type response scale. Most of the interviewees (70%) affirmed to have attended classes on anencephaly. The average of correct answers was 13.17. The assertive questions with the highest percentage of correct answers were on anencephalic pregnancy (80%) and the distinction between anencephaly and brain death (72%). The questions with the lowest number of correct answers were about the donation of anencephalic born alive babies’ organs (35%) and about the legislation that permits pregnancy termination when anencephaly had been unequivocally diagnosed (47.1%). Among those heard, 30.41% agreed on the fact that anencephalic babies have life. In conclusion, anencephaly is still a controversial topic and physicians need to acquire more knowledge on the subject.

Abstract: In the 2014 film “Be My Baby,” director Christina Schiewe tells the story of Nicole, a self-confident young woman with Down syndrome who wants to become a mother. Details: 18-year-old Nicole lives with her mother, Monique. Nicole’s mother attends university and works part-time as a cashier to earn enough money. Nicole’s grandmother supports Monique financially and occasionally watches Nicole while Monique goes to work. Nicole works at the vocational school for people with disabilities. At the university, Monique attends a lecture by faculty member Dr. Olaf Schnier. Olaf and Monique also meet privately outside the university and start a love affair. Contrary to what her mother assumes, Nicole has sexual needs. Her sexual interest becomes evident in various situations. For example, Nicole is interested in a brochure with sexual content at work or throws air kisses to her supposed steady boyfriend and work colleague, Mani. In addition, Nicole also wants to start a family of her own, ideally with the boy next door, Nick, who she is in love with. On the way to work, Nicole sees a woman on the bus with her, increasing Nicole’s desire to have a family. However, her mother thinks this a bad idea, as she continues to see Nicole as a child and not as a woman. Moreover, her grandmother wants to go one step further and sterilize Nicole. Nick, who has known Nicole for a long time, is just 15 years old and is currently studying for his high school diploma. He is an outsider and under constant pressure to please everyone, especially his father and friends. Nicole sees something special in Nick and gives him the affection and unconditional love he needs. Eventually, they sleep together, and Nicole gets pregnant accidentally. The pregnancy is first noticed when Nicole vomits several times for no supposed reason, and Monique takes her to the doctor. Surprised by this, Monique confronts Nicole in the presence of Nicole’s grandmother and demands to know the baby’s father. Nicole admits that the father is Nick. Nick does not want to know about Nicole’s pregnancy and denies being the father. But one thing is certain for Nicole: she wants to keep the baby and thus fights for her right to self-determination. While everyone is in favour of abortion, Nicole goes on a hunger strike until Nick stands by her and accepts his paternity. Nicole eventually gives birth to a healthy child, warmly welcomed by both families, including Nicole’s grandmother and Nick’s family.

Attitude to family planning. Topics: Description of the ideal family today and for the future; desire for children and planned children; attitude to birth planning (scale); use and judgement on the various contraceptives; extent to which informed about the effect of the contraceptive pill; usage rules and opportunities to obtain the pill; image of the pill and of the ´natural´ method of contraception (semantic differentials); attitude to sterilization and abortion (scale); possible and accepted reasons for an abortion; attitude to the law draft on reform of the abortion paragraph and extent to which informed about the current law; information on visits to the doctor and attitude regarding advice centers for family questions; assessment of the personality of a doctor who performs an abortion and of a woman who has an abortion; knowledge of abortions in one´s circle of friends; estimate of abortion figures and knowledge about the birthrate; participation in cancer check-ups; attitude to sexuality and sexual morals (scale); assessment of the change of the situation of women through personal measures of birth planning (scale); religiousness; party preference. Demography: age; sex; marital status; number of children; ages of children (classified); religious denomination; school education; vocational training; occupation; professional position; employment; household income; size of household; composition of household; head of household. Einstellung zur Familienplanung. Themen: Beschreibung der idealen Familie von heute und für die Zukunft; Wunsch nach Kindern und Wunschkinder; Einstellung zur Geburtenplanung (Skala); Anwendung und Beurteilung der verschiedenen Verhütungsmittel; Informiertheit über die Wirkung der Antibabypille; Einnahmeregeln und Möglichkeiten zur Beschaffung der Pille; Image der Pille und der "natürlichen" Empfängnisverhütungsmethoden (semantische Differentiale); Einstellung zur Sterilisation und zur Schwangerschaftsunterbrechung (Skala); mögliche und akzeptierte Gründe für einen Schwangerschaftsabbruch; Einstellung zu den Gesetzesvorlage zur Reform des Abtreibungsparagraphen und Informiertheit über das geltende Recht; Angaben über Arztbesuche und Einstellung gegenüber Beratungsstellen für Familienfragen; Einschätzung der Persönlichkeit eines Arztes, der einen Abbruch vornimmt und einer Frau, die einen Abbruch vornehmen läßt; Kenntnis von Schwangerschaftsabbrüchen im Bekanntenkreis; Schätzung der Abtreibungsziffern und Kenntnis der Geburtenziffern; Teilnahme an Krebsvorsorgeuntersuchungen; Einstellung zur Sexualität und zur Sexualmoral (Skala); Einschätzung der Veränderung der Situation der Frau durch eigene Maßnahmen der Geburtenplanung (Skala); Religiosität; Parteipräferenz. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Kinderzahl; Alter der Kinder (klassiert); Konfession; Schulbildung; Berufsausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Position; Berufstätigkeit; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltszusammensetzung; Haushaltungsvorstand.

The 1996 Uzbekistan Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 4,415 women age 15-49. Fieldwork was conducted from June to October 1996. The UDHS was sponsored by the Ministry of Health (MOH), and was funded by the United States Agency for International Development. The Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology implemented the survey with technical assistance from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program. The 1996 UDHS was the first national-level population and health survey in Uzbekistan. It was implemented by the Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan. The 1996 UDHS was funded by the United States Agency for International development (USAID) and technical assistance was provided by Macro International Inc. (Calverton, Maryland USA) through its contract with USAID. OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The purpose of the 1996 Uzbekistan Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) was to provide an information base to the Ministry of Health for the planning of policies and programs regarding the health of women and their children. The UDHS collected data on women's reproductive histories, knowledge and use of contraception, breastfeeding practices, and the nutrition, vaccination coverage, and episodes of illness among children under the age of three. The survey also included, for all women of reproductive age and for children under the age of three, the measurement of the hemoglobin level in the blood to assess the prevalence of anemia and measurements of height and weight to assess nutritional status. A secondary objective of the survey was to enhance the capabilities of institutions in Uzbekistan to collect, process and analyze population and health data so as to facilitate the implementation of future surveys of this type. MAIN RESULTS Fertility Rates. Survey results indicate a total fertility rate (TFR) for all of Uzbekistan of 3.3 children per woman. Fertility levels differ for different population groups. The TFR for women living in urbml areas (2.7 children per woman) is substantially lower than for women living in rural areas (3.7). The TFR for Uzbeki women (3.5 children per woman) is higher than for women of other ethnicities (2.5). Among the regions of Uzbekistan, the TFR is lowest in Tashkent City (2.3 children per woman). Family Planning. Knowledge. Knowledge of contraceptive methods is high among women in Uzbekistan. Knowledge of at least one method is 89 percent. High levels of knowledge are the norm for women of all ages, all regions of the country, all educational levels, and all ethnicities. However, knowledge of sterilization was low; only 27 percent of women reported knowing of this method. Fertility Preferences. A majority of women in Uzbekistan (51 percent) indicated that they desire no more children. Among women age 30 and above, the proportion that want no more children increases to 75 percent. Thus, many women come to the preference to stop childbearing at relatively young ages when they have 20 or more potential years of childbearing ahead of them. For some of these women, the most appropriate method of contraception may be a long-acting method such as female sterilization, However, there is a deficiency of both knowledge and use of this method in Uzbekistan. In the interest of providing couples with a broad choice of safe and effective methods, information about this method and access to it should be made available so that informed choices about its suitability can be made by individual women and couples. Induced Aboration : Abortion Rates. From the UDHS data, the total abortion rate (TAR)the number of abortions a woman will have in her lifetime based on the currently prevailing abortion rateswas calculated. For Uzbekistan, the TAR for the period from mid-1993 to mid-1996 is 0.7 abortions per woman. As expected, the TAR for Uzbekistan is substantially lower than recent estimates of the TAR for other areas of the former Soviet Union such as Kazakstan (1.8), Romania (3.4 abortions per woman), and Yekaterinburg and Perm in Russia (2.3 and 2.8, respectively). Infant mortality : In the UDHS, infant mortality data were collected based on the international definition of a live birth which, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, is a birth that breathes or shows any sign of life (United Nations, 1992). Mortality Rates. For the five-year period before the survey (i.e., approximately mid- 1992 to mid- 1996), infant mortality in Uzbekistan is estimated at 49 infant deaths per 1,000 births. The estimates of neonatal and postneonatal mortality are 23 and 26 per 1,000. Maternal and child health : Uzbekistan has a well-developed health system with an extensive infrastructure of facilities that provide maternal care services. This system includes special delivery hospitals, the obstetrics and gynecology departments of general hospitals, women's consulting centers, and doctor's assistant/midwife posts (FAPs). There is an extensive network of FAPs throughout rural areas. Nutrition : Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is almost universal in Uzbekistan; 96 percent of children born in the three years preceding the survey are breastfed. Overall, 19 percent of children are breastfed within an hour of delivery and 40 percent within 24 hours of delivery. The median duration of breastfeeding is lengthy (17 months). However, durations of exclusive breastfeeding, as recommended by WHO, are short (0.4 months). Prevalence of anemia : Testing of women and children for anemia was one of the major efforts of the 1996 UDHS. Anemia has been considered a major public health problem in Uzbekistan for decades. Nevertheless, this was the first anemia study in Uzbekistan done on a national basis. The study involved hemoglobin (Hb) testing for anemia using the Hemocue system. Women. Sixty percent of the women in Uzbekistan suffer from some degree of anemia. The great majority of these women have either mild (45 percent) or moderate anemia (14 percent). One percent have severe anemia.

Acute leukemia during pregnancy (P-AL) is a rare disease with limited data regarding the management and outcomes of mothers and fetuses. We retrospectively analyzed the characteristics, pregnancy outcomes and maternal and neonatal prognoses of 52 patients with P-AL collected from January 2013 to December 2020 in our center. Seventeen (32.7%) patients received chemotherapy during pregnancy (exposed cohort), while 35 (67.3%) received chemotherapy after abortion/delivery (nonexposed cohort). Twenty-six (50.0%) pregnancies ended with abortion, and 26 (50.0%) babies were born through spontaneous delivery or cesarean section. Seven infants (26.9%) were born in the exposed cohort, while 19 infants (73.1%) were born in the nonexposed cohort. Fetuses in the exposed cohort had lower gestational ages (P=0.030) and birth weights (P=0.049). Considering the safety of the fetus, seven patients in the exposed cohort received low-dose chemotherapy, one patient received all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and one patient only received corticosteroids as induction therapy. Patients received low-dose chemotherapy as induction therapy had a lower complete remission (CR) rate (P=0.041), and more patients in this group received HSCT (P=0.010) than patients received intensive chemotherapy. Patients who delayed chemotherapy in the nonexposed cohort experienced a trend toward a higher mortality rate than patients who received timely chemotherapy (P=0.191). The CR (P = 0.488), OS (P=0.655), and DFS (P=0.453) were similar between the exposed and nonexposed cohorts. Overall, the 4-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were estimated at 49.1% and 57.8%, respectively. All newborns were living, without deformities, or developmental and intellectual disabilities. Our study indicated that P-AL patients in the first trimester might tend to receive chemotherapy after abortion. Both the status of disease and patients’ willingness should be taken into consideration when clinicians were planning treatment strategies in the second or third trimester. Low-dose or delayed chemotherapy might decrease the efficacy of induction therapy and survival rate of patients, but HSCT could improve the prognosis.

IntroductionAlthough the European Medicines Agency (EMA) encourage coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in pregnant women, the scientific evidence supporting the use of COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy is still limited.AimWe aimed to investigate adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy.MethodsWe retrieved Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) related to the use of COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy from the EudraVigilance database for the year 2021. We analyzed AEFI related to the mother and fetus/newborn. The reporting odds ratio (ROR) was computed to compare the reporting probability of spontaneous abortion between COVID-19 vaccines.ResultsDuring the study period, among 1,315,315 ICSRs related to COVID-19 vaccines, we retrieved 3,252 (0.25%) reports related to the use in pregnancy. More than half (58.24%) of ICSRs were submitted by non-healthcare professionals. Although the majority (87.82%) of ICSRs concerned serious AEFI, their outcomes were mostly favorable. In this study, 85.0% of total ICSRs referred to pregnant women (n = 2,764), while 7.9% referred to fetuses/newborns (n = 258). We identified 16,569 AEFI. Moreover, 55.16% were AEFI not related to pregnancy (mostly headache, pyrexia, and fatigue), while 17.92% were pregnancy-, newborn-, or fetus-related AEFI. Among pregnancy-related AEFI, the most reported was spontaneous abortion. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines had a lower reporting probability of spontaneous abortion than viral vector-based vaccines (ROR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69–0.93). Moderna and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines had a higher reporting probability of spontaneous abortion (ROR 1.2, 95% CI 1.05–1.38 and ROR 1.26, 95% CI 1.08–1.47, respectively), while a lower reporting probability was found for Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine compared with all other COVID-19 vaccines (ROR 0.73, 95% CI 0.64–0.84). In addition, 5.8% of ICSRs reported a fatal outcome.ConclusionsNo strong insight of unknown AEFI associated with COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant women was observed. Considering the high risk associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, our analysis suggests that the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy outweigh the possible risks. However, it is important to continue monitoring the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines in this subpopulation.

The adult population of the country 18 years old and older.

Abstract

The Armenia Demographic and Health Survey (ADHS) was a nationally representative sample survey designed to provide information on population and health issues in Armenia. The primary goal of the survey was to develop a single integrated set of demographic and health data, the first such data set pertaining to the population of the Republic of Armenia. In addition to integrating measures of reproductive, child, and adult health, another feature of the DHS survey is that the majority of data are presented at the marz level.

The ADHS was conducted by the National Statistical Service and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Armenia during October through December 2000. ORC Macro provided technical support for the survey through the MEASURE DHS+ project. MEASURE DHS+ is a worldwide project, sponsored by the USAID, with a mandate to assist countries in obtaining information on key population and health indicators. USAID/Armenia provided funding for the survey. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)/Armenia provided support through the donation of equipment.

The ADHS collected national- and regional-level data on fertility and contraceptive use, maternal and child health, adult health, and AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The survey obtained detailed information on these issues from women of reproductive age and, on certain topics, from men as well. Data are presented by marz wherever sample size permits.

The ADHS results are intended to provide the information needed to evaluate existing social programs and to design new strategies for improving the health of and health services for the people of Armenia. The ADHS also contributes to the growing international database on demographic and health-related variables.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-54

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sample was designed to provide estimates of most survey indicators (including fertility, abortion, and contraceptive prevalence) for Yerevan and each of the other ten administrative regions (marzes). The design also called for estimates of infant and child mortality at the national level for Yerevan and other urban areas and rural areas.

The target sample size of 6,500 completed interviews with women age 15-49 was allocated as follows: 1,500 to Yerevan and 500 to each of the ten marzes. Within each marz, the sample was allocated between urban and rural areas in proportion to the population size. This gave a target sample of approximately 2,300 completed interviews for urban areas exclusive of Yerevan and 2,700 completed interviews for the rural sector. Interviews were completed with 6,430 women. Men age 15-54 were interviewed in every third household; this yielded 1,719 completed interviews.

A two-stage sample was used. In the first stage, 260 areas or primary sampling units (PSUs) were selected with probability proportional to population size (PPS) by systematic selection from a list of areas. The list of areas was the 1996 Data Base of Addresses and Households constructed by the National Statistical Service. Because most selected areas were too large to be directly listed, a separate segmentation operation was conducted prior to household listing. Large selected areas were divided into segments of which two segments were included in the sample. A complete listing of households was then carried out in selected segments as well as selected areas that were not segmented.

The listing of households served as the sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage of sampling. Within each area, households were selected systematically so as to yield an average of 25 completed interviews with eligible women per area. All women 15-49 who stayed in the sampled households on the night before the interview were eligible for the survey. In each segment, a subsample of one-third of all households was selected for the men's component of the survey. In these households, all men 15-54 who stayed in the household on the previous night were eligible for the survey.

Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used in the ADHS: a Household Questionnaire, a Women’s Questionnaire, and a Men’s Questionnaire. The questionnaires were based on the model survey instruments developed for the MEASURE DHS+ program. The model questionnaires were adapted for use during a series of expert meetings hosted by the Center of Perinatology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology. The questionnaires were developed in English and translated into Armenian and Russian. The questionnaires were pretested in July 2000.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all usual members of and visitors to a household and to collect information on the physical characteristics of the dwelling unit. The first part of the household questionnaire collected information on the age, sex, residence, educational attainment, and relationship to the household head of each household member or visitor. This information provided basic demographic data for Armenian households. It also was used to identify the women and men who were eligible for the individual interview (i.e., women 15-49 and men 15-54). The second part of the Household Questionnaire consisted of questions on housing characteristics (e.g., the flooring material, the source of water, and the type of toilet facilities) and on ownership of a variety of consumer goods.

The Women’s Questionnaire obtained information on the following topics: - Background characteristics - Pregnancy history - Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care - Knowledge and use of contraception - Attitudes toward contraception and abortion - Reproductive and adult health - Vaccinations, birth registration, and health of children under age five - Episodes of diarrhea and respiratory illness of children under age five - Breastfeeding and weaning practices - Height and weight of women and children under age five - Hemoglobin measurement of women and children under age five - Marriage and recent sexual activity - Fertility preferences - Knowledge of and attitude toward AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections.

The Men’s Questionnaire focused on the following topics: - Background characteristics - Health - Marriage and recent sexual activity - Attitudes toward and use of condoms - Knowledge of and attitude toward AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections.

Cleaning operations

After a team had completed interviewing in a cluster, questionnaires were returned promptly to the National Statistical Service in Yerevan for data processing. The office editing staff first checked that questionnaires for all selected households and eligible respondents had been received from the field staff. In addition, a few questions that had not been precoded (e.g., occupation) were coded at this time. Using the ISSA (Integrated System for Survey Analysis) software, a specially trained team of data processing staff entered the questionnaires and edited the resulting data set on microcomputers. The process of office editing and data processing was initiated soon after the beginning of fieldwork and was completed by the end of January 2001.

Response rate

A total of 6,524 households were selected for the sample, of which 6,150 were occupied at the time of fieldwork. The main reason for the difference is that some of the dwelling units that were occupied during the household listing operation were either vacant or the household was away for an extended period at the time of interviewing. Of the occupied households, 97 percent were successfully interviewed.

In these households, 6,685 women were identified as eligible for the individual interview (i.e., age 15-49). Interviews were completed with 96 percent of them. Of the 1,913 eligible men identified, 90 percent were successfully interviewed. The principal reason for non-response among eligible women and men was the failure to find them at home despite repeated visits to the household. The refusal rate was low.

The overall response rates, the product of the household and the individual response rates, were 94 percent for women and 87 percent for men.

Note: See summarized response rates by residence (urban/rural) in Table 1.1 of the survey report.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2000 Armenia Demographic and Health Survey (ADHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the ADHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey

Abstract

The purpose of the RHS was to establish a complete statistical data set on fertility, infant mortality, family planning, maternal health related to antenatal care, pregnancy difficulties and delivery complications. Moreover, through this survey some data on child health, breastfeeding, women's and men's attitude towards family planning and AIDS were collected. This information is important firstly, for the evaluation of the current vital statistics on fertility and infant mortality; secondly, for understanding the factors that influence the reproductive health of women and the health and survival of infants and young children. The output of the survey can be used for policies and programs in relation to maternal and child health in Mongolia. In addition, the results of the survey may suggest some changes in the registration of infant deaths and in the reporting system, or in the use of statistical tools for the measuring of fertility and infant mortality levels in Mongolia.The survey findings are especially important now when the country is in the transition period, because it provides some information on awareness of people about family planning and AIDS. During the socialist period people did not have experiences of using family planning, and similarly, they did not know the danger of AIDS. Overall, the findings of RHS will become a useful source of information necessary for health care reform in Mongolia.

A further objective was to instill in the NSO the capacity to carry out large-scale, nationally representative and internationally comparable scientific surveys. It is expected that the survey will provide policy makers, health officials and researchers with data essential for informed policy-making, program execution, and further research.

The RHS has the following objectives: - Gather information on fertility, mortality and family planning at the national level; - Determine fertility, knowledge of contraceptives, and level of contraceptive use by region and rural-urban residence, age, educational level, and other background characteristics of women; - Gather information on specific health issues such as child health, breastfeeding practices, prenatal care, difficulties and complications during pregnancy, and abortion; - Disseminate Mongolian data on reproduction, health and family planning both within the country and internationally; - Provide policy makers and researchers with data essential for informed policy-making and further research.

Geographic coverage

The survey is nationally and regionally (5 regions - West, Central, East, South, Ulaanbaatar) representative and covers the whole of Mongolia.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women aged 15-49
• Husband of the women
• Children

Universe

All women between the ages of 15 and 49 , three husbands out of five married women and their children above 5 years old.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The survey was conducted using a two-stage sampling method, with equal probability of selection of households. The sample frame comprised the listings of households prepared annually in bags and horoos across the country. It was determined from experience of other countries that 25 households per cluster would provide an optimum representation in a country where no such survey has ever before been conducted. (The best cluster "take" depends upon the intra-cluster versus inter-cluster heterogeneity of the principal variables being measured; this can only be determined after carrying out a survey.) For the survey it was planned to select 6000 households, which is a 1,13 percent sample of all households in the country. This implied the selection of 240 clusters of households. Bags and horoos were the primary sampling units (PSUs). All 1684 PSUs were stratified implicitly by aimag and soum, and the selection of the 240 sample PSUs (or clusters) was done systematically with a random start, with probability proportional to the number of registered households. Households were then selected systematically with a random start within each PSU, using an interval directly proportional to the number of households in the PSU. Each registered household in Mongolia had an equal and known probability of being selected in the RHS sample. The selected households were interviewed using the household schedule. All women between the ages of 15 and 49, inclusive, who slept in the household's dwelling the night prior to interview were eligible to be interviewed using the women's interview schedule. Interviewing teams were also instructed to interview 6 husbands of interviewed women in each PSU.

Distribution of the RHS Household Sampling by Aimag, Mongolia 1998

-- Aimag, Clusters, Number of Households 1) Arhangai, 1-12, 300 2) Bayan-Olgii, 13-20, 200 3) Bayanhongor, 21-30, 250 4) Bulgan, 31-37, 175 5) Gobi-Altai, 38-44, 175 6) Dornogobi, 45-49, 125 7) Dornod, 50-57, 200 8) Dundgobi, 58-63, 150 9) Zavhan, 64-73, 250 10) Selenge, 74-83, 250 11) Suhbaatar, 84-89, 150 12) Uvs, 90-99, 249 13) Tov, 100-110, 275 14) Ovorhangai, 111-124, 350 15) Omnogobi, 125-129, 125 16) Hovd, 130-137, 200 17) Hovsgol, 138-150, 325 18) Hentii, 151-158, 200 19) Darhan-Uul, 159-168, 250 20) Orhon, 169-174,149 21) Gobisumber, 175-176, 50 22) Ulaanbaatar, 177-240, 1607 Total number of households 6005

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

There were three questionnaires used in the RHS 1998.

The contents of the three questionnaires are outlined briefly below.
1. Household Questionnaire: The household questionnaire consists of questions on relationship to the household head, age, sex, educational level and marital status. The questions in the household questionnaire were asked concerning all members of the household, as well as visitors who spent the night before the survey in the household. The household questionnaire was developed in order to obtain general demographic information, information on household amenities and housing conditions, and as a tool for selecting women and husbands for individual interview.

1. Woman's Questionnaire: Background questions Reproduction Maternal health, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and child health Knowledge and use of contraceptive methods Marriage Fertility preferences and abortion Employment, and questions concerning the husband Knowledge about AIDS

3.Husband's Questionnaire: Background questions Reproduction Knowledge and use of contraceptive methods Knowledge about AIDS

All questionnaires are provided as external resources.

Cleaning operations

The computer data entry work was initiated on 20 October 1998 and terminated 1 February 1999. The editing of the computer files finished by the middle of February. The computer software package “Integrated System for Survey Analysis” (ISSA), created and distributed by Macro International, Inc. was used for data entry and data processing. From February 1999, output tables started to be produced, and this activity lasted for two months. Activities such as data entry, quality control and production of output tables were accomplished by the national staff under the supervision of the UN Technical Adviser and an adviser from the UNFPA Country Support Team in Bangkok. Similarly, the main report of RHS has been prepared through the cooperative work of national staff with the Technical Adviser. The tabulation plan follows closely the recommendations contained in Guidelines for the DHS-III Main Survey Report, published by Macro International.

Response rate

Results of the Household and Individual Interviews (Women and Husbands), Mongolia 1998

Number of Dwellings Sampled: Urban 2931, Rural 3074, and Total 6005 Number of Households Interviewed: Urban 2930, Rural 3073, and Total 6003 Household Response Rate: Urban 100.0, Rural 100.0, Total 100.0

Number of Eligible Women: Urban 3943, Rural 3610, and Total 7553 Number of Eligible Women Interviewed: Urban 3904, Rural 3557, and Total 7461 Eligible Women Response Rate: Urban 99.0, Rural 98.5, and Total 98.8

Number of Husbands Selected: Urban 794, Rural 766, and Total 1560 Number of Husbands Interviewed: Urban 793, Rural 764, and Total 1557 Husbands Response Rate: Urban 99.9, Rural 99.7, and Total 99.8

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors are presented in Tables B.02 - B.16 (refer final survey report) for variables considered to be of major interest. Results are presented for the whole country, for urban and rural areas separately, for each of four education groups, for each of five regions, and for each of three age groups. For each variable, the type of statistic (percentage, mean or rate) and the base population are given in Table B.01 (refer final survey report) . For each variable, Tables B.02 - B.16 (refer final survey report) present the value of the statistic (R), its standard error (SE), the number of cases (N) where relevant, the design effect (DEFT) where applicable, the relative standard error (SE/R), and the 95 percent confidence limits (R-2SE, R+2SE).

The confidence limits have the following interpretation. For the percentage of currently married women using the contraceptive intrauterine device (IUD), the overall value for the full sample is 32.2%, and its standard error is 0.8%. Therefore, to obtain the 95 percent confidence limits, one adds and subtracts twice the standard error to the sample estimate, which means that there is a high probability (95 percent) the true percentage currently using the IUD is between 30.6% and 33.8%.

The relative standard errors for most estimates for the country as a whole

Marriage, partnership and employment of women from the view of the man. Attitude to supporting women and equal opportunities for men and women. Topics: number of conversation partners and friends; frequency of conversations about selected topics of conversation; ideas about marriage and partnership (scale); attitude to employment or professional career of men or women in a partnership (scale); sex role orientation; attitude to feelings and sexuality in a partnership (scale); living together with a woman and, as appropriate, length of living together with partner; frequency of doing selected housework tasks; number of weekdays on which housework tasks are done; differences in occupation with housework an weekends or weekdays; time expended for weekly housework; perceived stress from housework; cleaning help in household; information on changes in sexual relations in the course of the partnership (scale); attitude to open expression of feelings to partner (scale); time worked each week and working days each week; length of daily absence from home due to work; shift work; job satisfaction (scale); information on working hours and job satisfaction of partner; attitude and evaluation of employment or housewive activity of partner (scale); comparison of personal occupational stress with that of partner (scale); ideas about ideal division of housework and raising of children in a family; preferred form of child care with employment of parents; most important tasks of a father in the family (scale); attitude to a personal existence as househusband (scale); attitude to marriage or partnership without marriage (scale); attitude to houses for women; estimated proportion of women beaten by men; knowledge of men who beat their wives; assumed reasons and judgement on selected situations as cause for violence against women; attitude to violence against women (scale); unemployed in circle of friends and acquaintances; most important problems from unemployment for a man and in comparison for a woman (scales); knowledge of women particularly successful in their profession; most important conditions for professional career of women; sex-specific assignment of selected occupations; proportion of women at one´s own place of work; judgement on equal opportunities for men and women at work; women as superior of respondent; assumed reasons for an imbalance of men in higher professional positions (scale); attitude to support for women and the role of women with increased unemployment of men; attitude to contraception; man or woman as responsible for contraception; knowledge of selected methods of contraception and information on one´s own experiences; method of contraception currently used by partner; reasons for lack of contraception; attitude to personal sterilization; knowledge about paragraph 218 and attitude to abortion (scale); personal experience of a situation in which decision about an abortion was necessary; judgement on the legal regulations on maternity leave; characterization of one´s own situation in life (scale); view of men (scale); satisfaction with life up to now (scale). The following additional questions were posed to men without steady partner: steady girl friend; interest in marriage; reasons for lack of interest in a steady partnership (scale). Demography for both respondent and wife or partner: age (classified); religious denomination; German citizenship; school education; vocational training; occupational position; income; household income; size of household; composition of household; number of children; ages of children (classified). Ehe, Partnerschaft und Berufstätigkeit der Frau aus der Sicht des Mannes. Einstellung zur Frauenförderung und Chancengleichheit von Mann und Frau. Themen: Anzahl der Gesprächspartner und Freunde; Häufigkeit der Gespräche über ausgewählte Gesprächsthemen; Vorstellungen über die Ehe und Partnerschaft (Skala); Einstellung zur Berufstätigkeit bzw. beruflichen Karriere von Mann oder Frau in einer Partnerschaft (Skala); Geschlechterrollenorientierung; Einstellung zu Gefühlen und Sexualität in der Partnerschaft (Skala); Zusammenleben mit einer Frau und gegebenenfalls Dauer des Zusammenlebens mit der Partnerin; Häufigkeit der Verrichtung ausgewählter Hausarbeiten; Anzahl der Wochentage, an denen Hausarbeiten verrichtet werden; Unterschiede in der Beschäftigung mit Hausarbeit an Wochenenden bzw. Werktagen; Zeitaufwand für die wöchentliche Hausarbeit; empfundene Belastung durch die Hausarbeit; Putzhilfe im Haushalt; Angaben über die Veränderungen in den sexuellen Beziehungen im Laufe der Partnerschaft (Skala); Einstellung zu offenen Gefühlsäußerungen gegenüber der Partnerin (Skala); Wochenarbeitszeit und Arbeitstage je Woche; Dauer der täglichen arbeitsbedingten Abwesenheit von zu Hause; Schichtarbeit; Arbeitszufriedenheit (Skala); Angaben über die Arbeitszeit und Arbeitszufriedenheit der Partnerin; Einstellung und Bewertung der Berufstätigkeit bzw. der Hausfrauentätigkeit der Partnerin (Skala); Vergleich der eigenen beruflichen Belastung mit der der Partnerin (Skala); Vorstellungen über die ideale Aufteilung der Hausarbeit und der Kindererziehung in einer Familie; präferierte Form der Kinderbetreuung bei Erwerbstätigkeit der Eltern; wichtigste Aufgaben eines Vaters in der Familie (Skala); Einstellung zu einer eigenen Existenz als Hausmann (Skala); Einstellung zur Ehe bzw. zu einer Partnerschaft ohne Trauschein (Skala); Einstellung zu Frauenhäusern; geschätzter Anteil der von Männern geschlagenen Frauen; Kenntnis von Männern, die ihre Frauen schlagen; vermutete Gründe und Beurteilung ausgewählter Situationen als Auslöser für Gewalt gegen Frauen; Einstellung zur Gewalt gegen Frauen (Skala); Arbeitslose im Freundes- und Bekanntenkreis; wichtigste Probleme, die durch Arbeitslosigkeit auf einen Mann und im Vergleich dazu auf eine Frau zukommen (Skalen); Kenntnis beruflich besonders erfolgreicher Frauen; wichtigste Bedingungen für die berufliche Karriere von Frauen; geschlechtsspezifische Zuordnung ausgewählter Berufe; Frauenanteil in der eigenen Arbeitsstätte; Beurteilung der Chancengleichheit von Mann und Frau im Betrieb; Frauen als Vorgesetzte des Befragten; vermutete Gründe für ein Übergewicht der Männer in höheren beruflichen Positionen (Skala); Einstellung zur Frauenförderung und Rolle der Frau bei erhöhter Arbeitslosigkeit der Männer; Einstellung zur Empfängnisverhütung; Mann oder Frau als verantwortlich für die Empfängnisverhütung; Kenntnis ausgewählter Methoden der Empfängnisverhütung und Angabe der eigenen Erfahrungen; derzeit angewandte Empfängnisverhütungsmethode der Partnerin; Gründe für fehlende Empfängnisverhütung; Einstellung zur eigenen Sterilisation; Kenntnis des § 218 und Einstellung zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch (Skala); eigene Erfahrung einer Situation, in der über einen Schwangerschaftsabbruch entschieden werden mußte; Beurteilung der gesetzlichen Regelungen zum Mutterschutz; Charakterisierung der eigenen Lebenssituation (Skala); Männerbild (Skala); Zufriedenheit mit dem bisherigen Leben (Skala). Männer ohne feste Partnerin wurden zusätzlich befragt: Feste Freundin; Heiratsinteresse; Gründe für fehlendes Interesse an einer festen Partnerschaft (Skala). Demographie für jeweils den Befragten und die Ehefrau bzw. Partnerin: Alter (klassiert); Konfession; deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit; Schulbildung; Berufsausbildung; berufliche Position; Einkommen; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltszusammensetzung; Kinderzahl; Alter der Kinder (klassiert).

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. The purpose of this survey was to collect data about parents' intentions about family size and family spacing, the factors that are related to these intentions and influences on their achievement or failure to achieve their intentions. Main Topics: Attitudinal/Behavioural Questions Ease of caring for child, most helpful person, source of advice about babycare, need for advice, space between new baby and previous live born child of same marriage, baby's place of birth, total number of other pregnancies, type of other pregnancies, desire for more children, reasons for any inability to produce more children, ideal number of children (smallest and largest number of children ever wanted). Attitude to wife's future pregnancies, whether abortion considered, disagreement between husband and wife over desired number of children, preferred sex of next child, ideal space between children, shortest/longest space considered reasonable, whether respondent/spouse pregnant now, opinion on whether a population problem exists in the country. Attitude to birth control and limiting size of families, experience of various methods of birth control, current method of birth control, duration of use, opinion of reliability, preference for other methods (criteria of health and pleasantness), whether more information required about any type of contraception, likelihood of change in method, knowledge of women's monthly variations in fertility. Reasons for not using pill, reasons for non-sterilization, whether birth control discussed with medical staff, social/professional workers or relatives or friends, person respondent found most helpful. Details of discussion about prescription for and symptoms or difficulties with pill. Reasons for discontinuation. Satisfaction with timing of pregnancy, whether birth control used at time of conception (type), length of time birth control not used before conception, whether pregnancy intended, discussion of sterilization, attitude to male and female sterilization. Opinion on effect of sterilisation on man's/woman's sex life, attitude to abortion. Whether house suitable for child-rearing, reasons for inadequacy, number of moves since marriage, number of jobs since one year before marriage, intention to remain with present employer, period of unemployment since marriage. Length of husband and wife's friendship before marriage, length of marriage at birth of baby, frequency of intercourse, whether woman had period in last 7 days. Effect of an extra $5 a week on desired number of children, largest number of children respondent feels capable of bringing up reasonably. Opinion on age at which children are most expensive, expectation of change in level of family income in five years, change in level of family income over last 18 months, comparison of standard of living with other families respondent knew well, adequacy of present family income, whether savings made. Most recent visit to parents/in-laws, length of journey. Number of siblings (actual and preferred), persons seen most/felt closest to. Child care from husband and help with domestic chores. Patterns of decision making in the family for general matters and for birth control, ease of discussion about sex with marital partner. Attitude to working mothers of children under school age. Woman's intentions to start work part or full-time. Age of respondent and spouse at baby's birth, age of woman at first pregnancy. Reasons for not wanting more children and circumstances which would alter decision. Reasons for sterilisation. Views about children when first married and reasons for any change of mind. Satisfaction with birth control method currently used (criteria of health and pleasantness), reasons for change in method, preferences for source of contraception (GP or clinic). Discussion of and attitude to abortion and sterilization. Particular items respondent had saved money for before marriage, reasons for starting/not starting a family straight away. Background Variables For respondent and spouse: age, sex, place of birth, multiple births, number of children, social class (General Registrar's Office 1966 classification of occupations), method of payment. Household composition, number of persons in household, number of rooms, persons per room, amenities (whether shared), garden. Tenure (date of first mortgage where appropriate), type of housing, level of dwelling (eg ground, basement). Further education, religion, church attendance. Baby's month of birth, whether another baby born since, birth interval. Simple random sample random sample of parents of legitimate births in 25 selected local authority areas Face-to-face interview 1973 ABORTION ADVICE AGE ATTITUDES BIRTH CONTROL CATHOLICISM CHILD CARE CHILDBIRTH CHILDREN CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES COSTS DECISION MAKING DOMESTIC RESPONSIBI... EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT HISTORY England and Wales FAMILY MEMBERS FAMILY PLANNING FAMILY ROLES FAMILY SIZE FATHERS FERTILITY FINANCIAL EXPECTATIONS FINANCIAL RESOURCES Family life and mar... GENDER GENERAL PRACTITIONERS HEALTH VISITORS HOME OWNERSHIP HOME SHARING HOUSEHOLDS HOUSING HOUSING FACILITIES HOUSING TENURE History INCOME INFANTS INTERPERSONAL COMMU... INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT INTERPERSONAL RELAT... JOB CHANGING KNOWLEDGE AWARENESS MARRIAGE MEDICAL CENTRES MENSTRUATION MOTHERS MULTIPLE BIRTHS PARENTAL ROLE PARENTS PHYSICIANS PLACE OF BIRTH POPULATION PROBLEMS PREGNANCY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN PRIVATE GARDENS RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION RELIGIOUS ATTENDANCE RENTED ACCOMMODATION RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY ROOM SHARING ROOMS SATISFACTION SAVINGS SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR SIBLINGS SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL SUPPORT SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS SPOUSE S PLACE OF B... SPOUSES STANDARD OF LIVING STERILIZATION MEDICAL UNEMPLOYED VISITS PERSONAL WORKING MOTHERS

The situation of women in occupation, household and public life. Topics: adequate time for political interests; memberships; gender role orientation and attitude to employment of women (scales); occupational control orientation; division of labor in the household; most important reasons for current employment; employment orientation; satisfaction with occupation; expected occupational development; desired future working hours; reason for discontinuing employment; satisfaction with housework; length of unemployment and receipt of unemployment support; actively looking for work; reason for future employment; career orientation (scale); plans for measures for further education; most important advantages of employment or family and household (rank order procedure); occupational breadth; living together with or separation from partner; number of marriages up to now and year of marriage; partnership contract concluded; professional position of partner; assets contributed and financial agreement on separation; distribution of tasks in the household (scale); description of partnership; probability of remaining together; decision-making authority in marriage (scale); number of children, desire for children; detailed information about age, place of residence, sex and status of all children; attitude to abortion; psychological self-characterization; attitude to quota ruling for women; knowledge of cases of rape; attitude to punishment for rape in marriage; attitude to pornography; checking accounts; savings accounts; life insurance policies completed; pensions or right to a pension; political interest; party preference (Sunday question); supporter of the women´s movement; participation in events of the women´s movement; ties to church; employment of mother when respondent was still a child; social origins; possession of a telephone. Interviewer rating: persons present during the interview; intervention by others in the interview; willingness of respondent to cooperate; reliability of information; length of interview; date of interview. Also encoded were: sex of interviewer and age of interviewer. Die Situation der Frau in Beruf, Haushalt und Öffentlichkeit. Themen: Ausreichend Zeit für politische Interessen; Mitgliedschaften; Geschlechtsrollenorientierung und Einstellung zur Berufstätigkeit von Frauen (Skalen); berufliche Kontrollorientierung; Arbeitsteilung im Haushalt; wichtigste Gründe für die gegenwärtige Berufstätigkeit; Berufsorientierung; Berufszufriedenheit; erwartete berufliche Entwicklung; gewünschte zukünftige Arbeitszeit; Grund für die Aufgabe der Tätigkeit; Zufriedenheit mit der Hausarbeit; Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit und Erhalt von Arbeitslosenunterstützung; aktive Stellensuche; Grund für zukünftige Erwerbstätigkeit; Karriereorientierung (Skala); Pläne für Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen; wichtigste Vorteile von Berufstätigkeit bzw. Familie und Haushalt (Rangordnungsverfahren); berufliche Reichweite; Zusammenleben mit oder Trennung vom Partner; Zahl der bisherigen Ehen und Heiratsjahr; abgeschlossener Partnerschaftsvertrag; berufliche Stellung des Partners; eingebrachte Vermögenswerte und finanzielle Regelung bei Trennung; Aufgabenverteilung im Haushalt (Skala); Partnerschaftsbeschreibung; Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Zusammenbleiben; Entscheidungsbefugnis in der Ehe (Skala); Kinderzahl, Kinderwunsch; detaillierte Angaben über Alter, Wohnort, Geschlecht und Status aller Kinder; Einstellung zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch; psychologische Selbstcharakterisierung; Einstellung zur Quotenregelung für Frauen; Kenntnis von Vergewaltigungsfällen; Einstellung zur Bestrafung von Vergewaltigung in der Ehe; Einstellung zur Pornographie; Kontenbesitz; Sparbuchbesitz; abgeschlossene Lebensversicherungen; Pensions- oder Rentenanspruch; politisches Interesse; Parteipräferenz (Sonntagsfrage); Anhänger der Frauenbewegung; Teilnahme an Veranstaltungen der Frauenbewegung; kirchliche Bindung; Berufstätigkeit der Mutter, als Befragte noch ein Kind war; soziale Herkunft; Telefonbesitz. Interviewerrating: Anwesende Personen während des Interviews; Eingriffe anderer in das Interview; Kooperationsbereitschaft des Befragten; Zuverlässigkeit der Angaben; Interviewdauer; Interviewdatum. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Konfession; Nettoeinkommen; Nettohaushaltseinkommen; Einkommensquellen; Haushaltszusammensetzung. Zusätzlich verkodet wurden Interviewergeschlecht und Intervieweralter. Multi-stage stratified random sample (ADM mastersample). In a supplemental sample 205 men were interviewed. Mehrstufig geschichtete Zufallsauswahl (ADM-Mastersample) der Frauen. In einer Zusatzstichprobe wurden 205 Männer befragt.

Attitude of students to marriage and family. Topics: 1. questions on person: social surroundings of current housing situation; origin from rural area or conurbation; course of study; degree sought; organization memberships. 2. questions on childhood and youth: family constellation and marital status of parents during childhood; relative financial situation of family in comparison to school friends; employment of both parents; social origins; self-characterization of mood and family situation (scale); judgement on quality of parental marriage; most important socialization authorities during youth. 3. attitude to marriage and family: ideal way of life and accepted forms of living together of partners; importance of areas of life; personal life plan; most important indicators of a good marriage (scale); personal significance of marriage and preferred marriage age; most important reasons for marriage; preferred form of wedding ceremony; significance of sexual faithfulness in a partnership; difficulties for marriage; religious self-assessment and personal significance of religion and belief; most important authorities of religious socialization; significance of church marriage ceremony; significance and indicators of a good family (scale); reasons for difficulties of family development (scale); recommendations on improvement in the situation of the family; judgement on society as hostile to children; most important reasons for the desire for children or limitation; desired number of children; attitude to abortion (scale); opinions on compatibility of family and employment. Einstellung von Studenten zu Ehe und Familie. Themen: 1. Fragen zur Person: Soziales Umfeld der derzeitigen Wohnsituation; Herkunft aus ländlichem Gebiet oder Ballungsgebiet; Studienrichtung; angestrebter Studienabschluß; Vereinsmitgliedschaften. 2. Fragen zur Kindheit und Jugend: Familienkonstellation und Familienstand der Eltern während der Kindheit; relative Finanzsituation der Familie im Vergleich zu den Schulkameraden; Berufstätigkeit beider Elternteile; soziale Herkunft; Selbstcharakterisierung der Gemütslage und der familiären Situation (Skala); Beurteilung der Qualität der Elternehe; wichtigste Sozialisationsinstanzen während der Jugend. 3. Einstellung zu Ehe und Familie: Ideale Lebensform und akzeptierte Formen des Zusammenlebens von Partnern; Wichtigkeit der Lebensbereiche; persönlicher Lebensentwurf; wichtigste Kennzeichen einer guten Ehe (Skala); persönliche Bedeutung der Ehe und präferiertes Heiratsalter; wichtigste Heiratsgründe; präferierte Form der Eheschließung; Bedeutung sexueller Treue in der Partnerschaft; Erschwernisse für die Ehe; religiöse Selbsteinschätzung und persönliche Bedeutung von Religion und Glaube; wichtigste Instanzen religiöser Sozialisation; Bedeutung der kirchlichen Trauung; Bedeutung und Kennzeichen einer guten Familie (Skala); Gründe für Erschwernisse familiärer Entfaltung (Skala); Vorschläge zur Verbesserung der Situation der Familie; Beurteilung der Gesellschaft als kinderfeindlich; wichtigste Gründe für den Kinderwunsch bzw. deren Einschränkung; gewünschte Kinderzahl; Einstellung zum Schwangerschaftsabruch (Skala); Meinungen zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Self-administered questionnaire: PaperSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.Paper Selbstausgefüllter Fragebogen: PapierSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.Paper

Attitudinal/Behavioural Questions A)Mothers Information about previous pregnancies. Details of recent pregnancy including: arrangements for the birth; ante-natal care; preparation classes; medical symptoms experienced; worries and anxieties; sources of information; desire for further knowledge; whether induction/pain relief discussed and attitude towards. Details of baby's birth including: whether labour spontaneous or induced; reasons for induction and feelings; whether labour was accelerated and reasons; whether received pain relief; whether baby's heart monitored; whether husband present; accessibility of doctor/nurse; opinion of help received. Length of post-natal stay, contact with baby, method of feeding, problems/feelings following birth and on returning home. Comparison of experience with previous pregnancies, attitude to future maternity care. Whether information offered about birth control, choice of contraceptive, whether more children desired, attitude to abortion. Additional information was collected separately from women who had their babies at home. Details included: post-natal hospital admissions; accessibility of doctor or midwife; whether left alone at any time; who attended the delivery. B)Obstetricians Perceived advantages and disadvantages of induction, whether induction would be recommended given certain circumstances, methods used, % of births induced or accelerated, % of births induced for non-medical reasons, who explains procedure to patient. Effect of induction on baby's health/mother-baby relationship/mother's health. Opinion of use of epidurals, % of women who receive one/are offered one and whether this makes induction more likely, estimated demand for induction/epidurals/home delivery if choice available. Whether foetal monitoring/ultra sound/amniocentesis available, % of deliveries needing an episiotomy. C)Midwives As for obstetricians with addition of questions on personal preference for induction, epidural and home delivery in the event of a future pregnancy. D)Medical Records A comparison was made between some of the medical information obtained from mothers with data available from medical records. Information included; hospital admissions during pregnancy, previous obstetric history, problems during pregnancy, gestation, Caesarean sections, induction and acceleration, anaesthesia, delivery, post-natal problems of mother and baby. Background Variables A)Mothers Age at baby's birth, age left school, further education or training, husband's occupation, respondent's occupation, stage of pregnancy at which stopped work, whether currently working, nationality. B)Obstetricians Sex, age, type of appointment. C)Midwives Position, marital status, number of children, age, length of time at hospital, whether full or part-time, whether duties include community work, nationality.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.BackgroundThe British Social Attitudes (BSA) survey series began in 1983. The series is designed to produce annual measures of attitudinal movements to complement large-scale government surveys that deal largely with facts and behaviour patterns, and the data on party political attitudes produced by opinion polls. One of the BSA's main purposes is to allow the monitoring of patterns of continuity and change, and the examination of the relative rates at which attitudes, in respect of a range of social issues, change over time. Some questions are asked regularly, others less often. Funding for BSA comes from a number of sources (including government departments, the Economic and Social Research Council and other research foundations), but the final responsibility for the coverage and wording of the annual questionnaires rests with NatCen Social Research (formerly Social and Community Planning Research). The BSA has been conducted every year since 1983, except in 1988 and 1992 when core funding was devoted to the British Election Study (BES).Further information about the series and links to publications may be found on the NatCen Social Research British Social Attitudes webpage. Main Topics:Each year, the BSA interview questionnaire contains a number of 'core' questions, which are repeated in most years. In addition, a wide range of background and classificatory questions is included. The remainder of the questionnaire is devoted to a series of questions (modules) on a range of social, economic, political and moral issues - some are asked regularly, others less often. Cross-indexes of those questions asked more than once appear in the reports. Multi-stage stratified random sample See documentation for each BSA year for full details. 1989 ABORTION ACID RAIN ADOLESCENTS ADOPTION ADVICE AGE AID AIDS DISEASE AIR POLLUTION AIR TRAFFIC NOISE ANIMAL PRODUCTS ARMED FORCES ARTIFICIAL INSEMINA... ASIANS ATTITUDES BLACK PEOPLE BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS BRITISH POLITICAL P... BROKEN FAMILIES BUSINESS ECONOMICS BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BUSINESSES CAPITALISM CAREER DEVELOPMENT CATHOLICISM CENSORSHIP CENTRAL GOVERNMENT CEREAL PRODUCTS CHANGING SOCIETY CHILD BENEFITS CHILD CARE CHILD DAY CARE CHILD MINDERS CHILD PROTECTION CHILDREN CIVIL DISTURBANCES CIVIL SERVICE CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS CLASS DIFFERENTIATION COHABITATION COMMUNITY CHARGE COMMUNITY IDENTIFIC... COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS CONDITIONS OF EMPLO... CONFECTIONERY CONSERVATIVE PARTY ... CONSUMER PROTECTION CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES COOKING COUNTRYSIDE COUNTRYSIDE CONSERV... CREDIT CRIMINALS CULTURAL INTEGRATION CURRICULUM DAIRY PRODUCTS DAY NURSERIES DEATH PENALTY DECENTRALIZED GOVER... DECISION MAKING DEFENCE DENTAL TREATMENT DENTISTS DISABLED PERSONS DISADVANTAGED GROUPS DISARMAMENT DISCRIMINATION DIVORCE DOMESTIC RESPONSIBI... DRUG ABUSE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC POWER EDIBLE FATS EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND EDUCATIONAL EXPENDI... EDUCATIONAL INTEGRA... ELDERLY EMERGENCY AND PROTE... EMIGRATION EMPLOYEES EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT HISTORY EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUN... EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRA... EPIDEMIOLOGY EQUAL EDUCATION EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EQUAL PAY EQUALITY BEFORE THE... ETHICS ETHNIC GROUPS EUROPEAN ECONOMIC C... EUTHANASIA EXAMINATIONS EXPECTATION FAITH SCHOOLS FAMILIES FAMILY COHESION FAMILY LIFE FAMILY MEMBERS FAMILY ROLES FAMILY SIZE FARMERS FARMING SYSTEMS FIELDS OF STUDY FINANCIAL EXPECTATIONS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL RESOURCES FISH AS FOOD FOOD FOOD AND NUTRITION FOOD PRODUCTION FORECASTING FOREST MANAGEMENT FRAUD FRINGE BENEFITS FRUIT FULL TIME EMPLOYMENT FUMES GENDER GENERAL PRACTITIONERS GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT POLICY GRANTS HEALTH HEALTH CONSULTATIONS HEALTH FOODS HEALTH PROFESSIONALS HEALTH RELATED BIOT... HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH VISITORS HOME BUYING HOME OWNERSHIP HOMICIDE HOMOSEXUALITY HOSPITAL OUTPATIENT... HOSPITAL SERVICES HOSPITAL VISITING HOSPITALIZATION HOURS OF WORK HOUSEHOLD BUDGETS HOUSEHOLDS HOUSING HOUSING FINANCE HOUSING TENURE HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN SETTLEMENT IDENTITY IMMIGRANTS IMMIGRATION IMMUNIZATION IMPORT CONTROLS IN VITRO FERTILIZATION INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION INDUSTRIES INFIDELITY INFLATION INNOVATION INTEREST FINANCE INTERNAL POLITICAL ... INTERNATIONAL RELAT... INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL INVESTMENT JOB CHANGING JOB DESCRIPTION JOB HUNTING JOB LOSSES JOB REQUIREMENTS JOB SATISFACTION JOB SHARING JOB VACANCIES JUDGMENTS LAW LABOUR MIGRATION LABOUR PARTY GREAT ... LABOUR RELATIONS LAW LAW ENFORCEMENT LAWFUL OPPOSITION LEGISLATION LEISURE TIME LEISURE TIME ACTIVI... LIBERAL DEMOCRATS G... LOCAL FINANCE LOCAL GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT MANUFACTURING INDUS... MARITAL STATUS MARRIAGE MARRIED WOMEN WORKERS MEAT MEDICAL CARE MEDICAL INSURANCE MEMBERSHIP MILITARY EXPENDITURE MILK MORAL BEHAVIOUR MORAL CONCEPTS MORTGAGES MOTHER TONGUE MOTOR VEHICLES NATIONAL CULTURES NATIONAL IDENTITY NATIONALITY NATIONALIZATION NATO NEIGHBOURHOODS NEWSPAPER READERSHIP NUCLEAR BASES NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS NUCLEAR REACTOR SAFETY NUCLEAR WARFARE NUCLEAR WEAPONS NURSES NURSING CARE NUTRIENTS OCCUPATIONAL PENSIONS OCCUPATIONAL QUALIF... OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY OCCUPATIONS ONE PARENT FAMILIES OVERTIME PARENT CHILD RELATI... PARENTAL DEPRIVATION PARENTS PART TIME EMPLOYMENT PARTICIPATION PARTNERSHIPS BUSINESS PATIENTS PEACE PERFORMANCE PERSONAL EFFICACY PETROLEUM PICKETING PLACE OF RESIDENCE PLAID CYMRU POLICE SERVICES POLITICAL ALLEGIANCE POLITICAL ATTITUDES POLITICAL INTEREST POLITICAL POWER POLITICAL UNIFICATION POLLUTANTS POLLUTION POOR PERSONS PORNOGRAPHY POVERTY PREJUDICE PREMARITAL SEX PRESCHOOL CHILDREN PRICE CONTROL PRICES PRISON SYSTEM PRIVATE EDUCATION PRIVATE SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATIZATION PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTIVITY PROFESSIONAL OCCUPA... PROFIT SHARING PROFITS PROMOTION JOB PROTESTANTISM PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC INFORMATION PUBLIC RELATIONS PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUNISHMENT QUALIFICATIONS QUALITY QUALITY OF EDUCATION QUALITY OF LIFE RACE RELATIONS RACIAL DISCRIMINATION RACIAL PREJUDICE RADIOACTIVE WASTES RECRUITMENT REGIONAL GOVERNMENT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION RELIGIOUS ATTENDANCE RELIGIOUS CONFLICT RELIGIOUS DISCRIMIN... RELIGIOUS SEGREGATION RENTED ACCOMMODATION RENTS RESEARCH FINANCE RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY RETAIL TRADE RETIREMENT RETRAINING RIGHT TO DIE RIGHT TO NON DISCRI... ROAD TRAFFIC ROADS ROLES RURAL DEVELOPMENT SATISFACTION SCHOOL DISCIPLINE SCOTTISH NATIONAL P... SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOLS SELECTIVE SCHOOLS SELF EMPLOYED SELF GOVERNMENT SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR SHARES SICK PERSONS SLIMMING DIETS SOCIAL ATTITUDES SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P... SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE SOCIAL HOUSING SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL ORIGIN SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL PROTEST SOCIAL SECURITY BEN... SOCIAL STRATIFICATION SOCIAL VALUES SOCIAL WELFARE SOCIAL WORKERS SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS SPOUSE S ECONOMIC A... SPOUSE S OCCUPATION SPOUSES STANDARD OF LIVING STATE AID STATE CONTROL STATE RESPONSIBILITY STATE RETIREMENT PE... STRIKES STUDENTS SUBSIDIARY EMPLOYMENT SUBSIDIES SUGAR SUPERVISION SUPERVISORS SURROGATE MOTHERS Social behaviour an... Social conditions a... TAX EVASION TAX RELIEF TAXATION TECHNICAL EDUCATION TENANTS HOME PURCHA... TERMINATION OF SERVICE TERRORISM TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP TRADE UNION OFFICIALS TRADE UNIONS TRAFFIC NOISE TRAINING TRANSMISSION OF DIS... TRAVEL TROPICAL FORESTS TRUST UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS VEGETABLES WAGE DETERMINATION WAGE INCREASES WAGES WAGES POLICY WATER POLLUTION WEALTHY PERSONS WORK ATTITUDE WORKERS PARTICIPATION WORKING CLASS WORKING CONDITIONS WORKING MOTHERS WORKING WOMEN WORKPLACE RELATIONS WORLD WAR YOUTH

Sociological aspects of infant mortality. Topics: Number of pregnancies, miscarriages and premature births; psychological and medical care as well as complaints during pregnancy; type and length of employment during pregnancy as well as relief with housework; mothers consultation; type of medical support in delivery; place of delivery; complications in delivery; sex and weight of child; illnesses of the child; nursing; cause of death and manner of death of the child; attitude to contraception and abortion; family planning; family size and housing situation; type of tenancy; geographic origins. Demography: age (classified); marital status; number of children; ages of children (classified); age and number of siblings; religious denomination; religiousness; school education; size of household; composition of household; social origins; regional origins; refugee status. Interviewer rating: willingness of respondent to cooperate; number of contact attempts; over-all impression of the residence of respondent. Soziologische Aspekte der Kindersterblichkeit. Themen: Zahl der Schwangerschaften, Fehlgeburten und Frühgeburten; psychische und ärztliche Versorgung sowie Beschwerden während der Schwangerschaft; Art und Dauer der Berufstätigkeit während der Schwangerschaft sowie Entlastung bei der Hausarbeit; Mütterberatung; Art des ärztlichen Beistands bei der Entbindung; Entbindungsort; Komplikationen bei der Entbindung; Geschlecht und Gewicht des Kindes; Erkrankungen des Kindes; Stillen; Todesursache und Todesart des Kindes; Einstellung zur Schwangerschaftsverhütung und Abtreibung; Familienplanung; Familiengröße und Wohnsituation; Art des Mietverhältnisses; geographische Herkunft; Religiosität. Demographie: Alter (klassiert); Familienstand; Kinderzahl; Alter der Kinder (klassiert); Alter und Anzahl der Geschwister; Konfession; Religiosität; Schulbildung; Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltszusammensetzung; soziale Herkunft; regionale Herkunft; Flüchtlingsstatus. Interviewerrating: Kooperationsbereitschaft der Befragten; Anzahl der Kontaktversuche; Gesamteindruck von der Wohnung des Befragten. Census of mothers whose children died in 1957 during the first year of life (483) as well as simple random selection of mothers whose children survived the first year in 1957 (487).