For more than three decades UCSUR has documented the status of older adults in the County along multiple life domains. Every decade we issue a comprehensive report on aging in Allegheny County and this report represents our most recent effort. It documents important shifts in the demographic profile of the population in the last three decades, characterizes the current status of the elderly in multiple life domains, and looks ahead to the future of aging in the County. This report is unique in that we examine not only those aged 65 and older, but also the next generation old persons, the Baby Boomers. Collaborators on this project include the Allegheny County Area Agency on Aging, the United Way of Allegheny County, and the Aging Institute of UPMC Senior Services and the University of Pittsburgh.

The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive analysis of aging in Allegheny County. To this end, we integrate survey data collected from a representative sample of older county residents with secondary data available from Federal, State, and County agencies to characterize older individuals on multiple dimensions, including demographic change and population projections, income, work and retirement, neighborhoods and housing, health, senior service use, transportation, volunteering, happiness and life satisfaction, among others. Since baby boomers represent the future of aging in the County we include data for those aged 55-64 as well as those aged 65 and older.

Support for Health Equity datasets and tools provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS) through their Health Equity Initiative.

This dataset is the most comprehensive look at volunteering and civic life in the 50 states and 51 cities across the country. Data include volunteer rates and rankings, civic engagement trends, and analysis.

The working-age population can be divided into two broad categories: the early-working age group (15-34) and the later working age group (35-64). The effect of fertility on the composition of these groups is obvious. The later working age group is largely composed of the baby-boomers (those born between 1946 and 1965), while the early working age group is composed of those born during the baby-bust period (1966-1974) and the children of baby-boomers. Thus, despite the fact that baby-boomers are now older, they still remain the largest group in the population. This is evident in the relatively large proportion (42.6%) of the population that belonged to the late working age group in 2006. The corresponding proportion was much smaller (31.3%) just 25 years ago in 1981. As a result of the entry into the working age group of the people born during the baby-bust period and the children of baby-boomers in 2006, only 26.0% of the population belonged to the 15 to 34 age group in 2006, compared with 36.5% in 1981.

In the past, a generation covered a larger span of time, having more members. However, today, thanks to the developments in technology and many other factors generations change frequently having less members and covering a few years. What matters now is the workforce itself and how these different generations work together. The current workforce has 3 generations working together while waiting for the fourth one. Soon, it is inevitable that 5 or 6 generations will be working at the same workplace. As a result, it is crucial to understand the type of leadership a generation prefers in business and academic life. The aim of this study was to find out how leadership style choice differs among four generations (Baby Boomers, Generations X, Generation Y, and Generation Z) of academics and prospective academics in Turkey. In the study, 265 participants from different generation rated the leadership attributes that contribute or impede effective leadership. The Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) Project research survey by House et al. (2004) was used to find out the leadership style choice of different generations. The statistical relationships were determined between the generation variable and the 16 primary leadership subscales through MANOVAs and ANOVAs. The results of the tests showed that significant differences exist among the four different generations in 3 of the 16 leadership subscales. These subscales are Charismatic 3: Self-sacrifice, Conflict-inducer, and Face saver.

This dataset is about books. It has 1 row and is filtered where the book is Boomer nation : the largest and richest generation ever, and how it changed America. It features 7 columns including author, publication date, language, and book publisher.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. This is a mixed methods data collection. The Boomers and Beyond: Intergenerational Consumption and the Mature Imagination project focused on the consumption practices of the first wave 'baby boom' generation (born 1945-1954). This group, representing 17% of the UK population, began their life at a time of austerity but entered adulthood during a period of relative prosperity, experiencing major changes over their life course. Previous research has viewed 'boomers' as having experiences that set them apart from previous generations. This research project provided an account of the lives of the boomer generation, examining the role of consumption in changing traditional approaches to adult ageing. Phase One of the research comprised semi-structured interviews conducted with 150 respondents born between 1945 and 1954, resident in the Greater Manchester area (115 of these transcripts are included in this collection). For Phase Two, further in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 respondents from the phase one group, based on open-ended questions derived from initial analysis of the structured interviews. A quantitative data file covering respondents' demographic characteristics is also included. Further information about the study methodology may be found in the study user guide. The study objectives were to:collect a new body of information on continuity/discontinuity in consumption patterns across the life course contribute to the development of research methods comparing social discourse/mid-life with personal experience/biographical narrativedevelop a particular theory around the material cultures for midlife and generational patterns of consumptioncontribute to national/international policy debatesFurther information can be found on the ESRC project award page and the Cultures of Consumption: Boomers and Beyond project web page. Main Topics: Topics covered in the Phase One interviews included:background and demographic information, such as age, gender, employment status, occupation, marital status, household information and income, and parents' occupations and income interests and activities, group membership, charitable donationsbodies and health, including physical wellbeing and care of appearancespending habits and finances, including household, leisure and clothing expenditureviews about age, including life course patterns, changes in spending habits, differences between respondents and previous/next generations, advantages/disadvantages to age, middle age, and awareness of the term 'baby boomer'Topics covered in the Phase One interviews included: The quantitative data file includes demographic and household characteristics and derived variables covering occupation, social class and other details.

For this nationwide, representative survey, 2,127 baby boomers were asked to rate their current levels of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with - and short-term goals for - seven major areas of their lives: physical health, work/career, personal finances, religious/spiritual life; friends and family; leisure; and mental health. Comparable data were collected from 781 younger adults (ages 18-37) and 758 older adults ( 57+). Telephone interviews were conducted from April 11 through June 15, 2002 by Princeton Survey Research Associates.

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research at https://doi.org/10.25940/ROPER-31086240. We highly recommend using the Roper Center version as they may make this dataset available in multiple data formats in the future.

Content

Drug Use By Age

This directory contains data behind the story How Baby Boomers Get High. It covers 13 drugs across 17 age groups.

Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Data Archive.

Context

This is a dataset from FiveThirtyEight hosted on their GitHub. Explore FiveThirtyEight data using Kaggle and all of the data sources available through the FiveThirtyEight organization page!

• Update Frequency: This dataset is updated daily.

Acknowledgements

This dataset is maintained using GitHub's API and Kaggle's API.

This dataset is distributed under the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.

Cover photo by Eric Muhr on Unsplash
Unsplash Images are distributed under a unique Unsplash License.

The working-age population can be divided into two broad categories: the early-working age group (15-34) and the later working age group (35-64). The effect of fertility on the composition of these groups is obvious. The later working age group is largely composed of the baby-boomers (those born between 1946 and 1965), while the early working age group is composed of those born during the baby-bust period (1966-1974) and the children of baby-boomers. Thus, despite the fact that baby-boomers are now older, they still remain the largest group in the population. This is evident in the relatively large proportion (42.6%) of the population that belonged to the late working age group in 2006. The corresponding proportion was much smaller (31.3%) just 25 years ago in 1981. As a result of the entry into the working age group of the people born during the baby-bust period and the children of baby-boomers in 2006, only 26.0% of the population belonged to the 15 to 34 age group in 2006, compared with 36.5% in 1981.

Moldova's first Demographic and Health Survey (2005 MDHS) is a nationally representative sample survey of 7,440 women age 15-49 and 2,508 men age 15-59 selected from 400 sample points (clusters) throughout Moldova (excluding the Transnistria region). It is designed to provide data to monitor the population and health situation in Moldova; it includes several indicators which follow up on those from the 1997 Moldova Reproductive Health Survey (1997 MRHS) and the 2000 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000 MICS). The 2005 MDHS used a two-stage sample based on the 2004 Population and Housing Census and was designed to produce separate estimates for key indicators for each of the major regions in Moldova, including the North, Center, and South regions and Chisinau Municipality. Unlike the 1997 MRHS and the 2000 MICS surveys, the 2005 MDHS did not cover the region of Transnistria. Data collection took place over a two-month period, from June 13 to August 18, 2005. The survey obtained detailed information on fertility levels, abortion levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and young children, childhood mortality, maternal and child health, adult health, and awareness and behavior regarding HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Hemoglobin testing was conducted on women and children to detect the presence of anemia. Additional features of the 2005 MDHS include the collection of information on international emigration, language preference for reading printed media, and domestic violence. The 2005 MDHS was carried out by the National Scientific and Applied Center for Preventive Medicine, hereafter called the National Center for Preventive Medicine (NCPM), of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection. ORC Macro provided technical assistance for the MDHS through the USAID-funded MEASURE DHS project. Local costs of the survey were also supported by USAID, with additional funds from the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and in-kind contributions from the NCPM. MAIN RESULTS CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS Ethnicity and Religion. Most women and men in Moldova are of Moldovan ethnicity (77 percent and 76 percent, respectively), followed by Ukrainian (8-9 percent of women and men), Russian (6 percent of women and men), and Gagauzan (4-5 percent of women and men). Romanian and Bulgarian ethnicities account for 2 to 3 percent of women and men. The overwhelming majority of Moldovans, about 95 percent, report Orthodox Christianity as their religion. Residence and Age. The majority of respondents, about 58 percent, live in rural areas. For both sexes, there are proportionally more respondents in age groups 15-19 and 45-49 (and also 45-54 for men), whereas the proportion of respondents in age groups 25-44 is relatively lower. This U-shaped age distribution reflects the aging baby boom cohort following World War II (the youngest of the baby boomers are now in their mid-40s), and their children who are now mostly in their teens and 20s. The smaller proportion of men and women in the middle age groups reflects the smaller cohorts following the baby boom generation and those preceding the generation of baby boomers' children. To some degree, it also reflects the disproportionately higher emigration of the working-age population. Education. Women and men in Moldova are universally well educated, with virtually 100 percent having at least some secondary or higher education; 79 percent of women and 83 percent of men have only a secondary or secondary special education, and the remainder pursues a higher education. More women (21 percent) than men (16 percent) pursue higher education. Language Preference. Among women, preferences for language of reading material are about equal for Moldovan (37 percent) and Russian (35 percent) languages. Among men, preference for Russian (39 percent) is higher than for Moldovan (25 percent). A substantial percentage of women and men prefer Moldovan and Russian equally (27 percent of women and 32 percent of men). Living Conditions. Access to electricity is almost universal for households in Moldova. Ninety percent of the population has access to safe drinking water, with 86 percent in rural areas and 96 percent in urban areas. Seventy-seven percent of households in Moldova have adequate means of sanitary disposal, with 91 percent of households in urban areas and only 67 percent in rural areas. Children's Living Arrangements. Compared with other countries in the region, Moldova has the highest proportion of children who do not live with their mother and/or father. Only about two-thirds (69 percent) of children under age 15 live with both parents. Fifteen percent live with just their mother although their father is alive, 5 percent live with just their father although their mother is alive, and 7 percent live with neither parent although they are both alive. Compared with living arrangements of children in 2000, the situation appears to have worsened. FERTILITY Fertility Levels and Trends. The total fertility rate (TFR) in Moldova is 1.7 births. This means that, on average, a woman in Moldova will give birth to 1.7 children by the end of her reproductive period. Overall, fertility rates have declined since independence in 1991. However, data indicate that fertility rates may have increased in recent years. For example, women of childbearing age have given birth to, on average, 1.4 children at the end of their childbearing years. This is slightly less than the total fertility rate (1.7), with the difference indicating that fertility in the past three years is slightly higher than the accumulation of births over the past 30 years. Fertility Differentials. The TFR for rural areas (1.8 births) is higher than that for urban areas (1.5 births). Results show that this urban-rural difference in childbearing rates can be attributed almost exclusively to younger age groups. CONTRACEPTION Knowledge of Contraception. Knowledge of family planning is nearly universal, with 99 percent of all women age 15-49 knowing at least one modern method of family planning. Among all women, the male condom, IUD, pills, and withdrawal are the most widely known methods of family planning, with over 80 percent of all women saying they have heard of these methods. Female sterilization is known by two-thirds of women, while periodic abstinence (rhythm method) is recognized by almost six in ten women. Just over half of women have heard of the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM), while 40-50 percent of all women have heard of injectables, male sterilization, and foam/jelly. The least widely known methods are emergency contraception, diaphragm, and implants. Use of Contraception. Sixty-eight percent of currently married women are using a family planning method to delay or stop childbearing. Most are using a modern method (44 percent of married women), while 24 percent use a traditional method of contraception. The IUD is the most widely used of the modern methods, being used by 25 percent of married women. The next most widely used method is withdrawal, used by 20 percent of married women. Male condoms are used by about 7 percent of women, especially younger women. Five percent of married women have been sterilized and 4 percent each are using the pill and periodic abstinence (rhythm method). The results show that Moldovan women are adopting family planning at lower parities (i.e., when they have fewer children) than in the past. Among younger women (age 20-24), almost half (49 percent) used contraception before having any children, compared with only 12 percent of women age 45-49. MATERNAL HEALTH Antenatal Care and Delivery Care. Among women with a birth in the five years preceding the survey, almost all reported seeing a health professional at least once for antenatal care during their last pregnancy; nine in ten reported 4 or more antenatal care visits. Seven in ten women had their first antenatal care visit in the first trimester. In addition, virtually all births were delivered by a health professional, in a health facility. Results also show that the vast majority of women have timely checkups after delivering; 89 percent of all women received a medical checkup within two days of the birth, and another 6 percent within six weeks. CHILD HEALTH Childhood Mortality. The infant mortality rate for the 5-year period preceding the survey is 13 deaths per 1,000 live births, meaning that about 1 in 76 infants dies before the first birthday. The under-five mortality rate is almost the same with 14 deaths per 1,000 births. The near parity of these rates indicates that most all early childhood deaths take place during the first year of life. Comparison with official estimates of IMRs suggests that this rate has been improving over the past decade. NUTRITION Breastfeeding Practices. Breastfeeding is nearly universal in Moldova: 97 percent of children are breastfed. However the duration of breast-feeding is not long, exclusive breastfeeding is not widely practiced, and bottle-feeding is not uncommon. In terms of the duration of breastfeeding, data show that by age 12-15 months, well over half of children (59 percent) are no longer being breastfed. By age 20-23 months, almost all children have been weaned. Exclusive breastfeeding is not widely practiced and supplementary feeding begins early: 57 percent of breastfed children less than 4 months are exclusively breastfed, and 46 percent under six months are exclusively breastfeed. The remaining breastfed children also consume plain water, water-based liquids or juice, other milk in addition to breast milk, and complimentary foods. Bottle-feeding is fairly widespread in Moldova; almost one-third (29 percent) of infants under 4 months old are fed with a bottle with

This archive consists of two-dimensional marine seismic reflection profile data collected in the Mississippi River Delta, Atchafalaya River Delta, and Shell Island Pass in southern Louisiana. These data were acquired in April and May of 2001 aboard the R/V G. K. Gilbert. The data are available in a variety of formats, including binary, ASCII, HTML, shapefiles, and GIF and JPEG images. Binary data are in Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) SEG-Y format and may be downloaded for further processing or display. Reference maps and GIF images of the profiles may be viewed with your web browser. The GIS information provided is compatible with ESRI's GIS software. For more information on the seismic surveys see http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/g/g201la/html/g-2-01-la.meta.html These data are also available via GeoMapApp (http://www.geomapapp.org/) and Virtual Ocean ( http://www.virtualocean.org/) earth science exploration and visualization applications.

HAN VAN DER HORST is a baby boomer born in 1949 into a Catholic working-class family, whose father himself had not had the opportunity to continue his studies. Han describes the environment and fears in which he grew up, focusing on the pursuit of educational opportunities in a changing time after World War II. Han took the bus every day for six years to a boys' college in Rotterdam. Due to his father's limited income, he could not afford a moped, which posed a problem in reaching girls' grammar schools. Han decides to study history at the University of Amsterdam, because of the city and the Provo movement. He was able to study in Amsterdam thanks to a study allowance consisting of a scholarship and interest-free loan. As a reward for his high school diploma, Han previously received the opportunity from his parents to participate in a youth exchange. Participation in the youth exchange cost one hundred and twenty-five guilders, which was now within the family's reach. The narrator chose Esslingen, Germany, because of his familiarity with the German language. He wondered if he would be singled out because of his origins. The exchange was mixed, which was unusual at the time. In 1967, at the age of 18, he went on a fourteen-day trip to Esslingen in Germany with a diverse group and then became host to his German host for a fortnight. Han took part in a youth exchange without much European thought, although such ideas were promoted in information leaflets and newspaper articles. They were received by the Esslingen municipal council and had organized daily excursions as part of Germany's reputation recovery. The narrator remembers speeches about friendship between peoples and European cooperation. They visited interesting places in the city and surroundings. Han van der Horst's father could not go into hiding during the war and had to go to Germany, where he did heavy physical work and experienced a bombing. It seems that during the youth changes after the Second World War, the war itself did not play a major role among the young people from Schiedam. Han indicates that Germans tended to apologize, but the Dutch did not like that. They had come to Germany to celebrate. After the exchange, the hosts and hostesses traveled back to the Netherlands with the narrator. Han's German host then stayed at the narrator's home in the flat for fourteen days. They also came into contact with groups from other cities, including a group from Sweden. After fourteen days the exchange came to an end, and Han van der Horst left for Amsterdam, although he did not yet live there and remained a railway student for three years. At that time, around 1970, European unity and the EEC (European Economic Community) were not prominent in everyday consciousness, especially for non-specialists. Han notes that the focus within his social circle, or "bubble", was mainly on broader themes such as international solidarity and the struggle for revolution. Han shared that interest with Giuliano from Udine, where he would participate in an exchange program the following year. Giuliano's parents knew each other from the resistance and were members of various left-wing political parties. Giuliano was friends with Anna, whose parents were liberal partisans. In essence, the Han says that personal experiences with youth exchanges, but especially world events, ultimately influenced his life and mentality. Han van der Horst says that he is not afraid of the unknown. This position is emphasized with an explicit "Point!". At the same time, he notes that nowadays, possibly due to factors such as the Internet, the fear of the unknown is actually increasing, and he considers this a dangerous trend.

This directory contains data behind the story How Baby Boomers Get High. It covers 13 drugs across 17 age groups.

Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health from the Substance Abuse and Mental He...

In November of 1996 and May of 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Florida Geological Survey (FGS), conducted geophysical surveys of the shallow geologic framework of the continental shelf offshore east-central Florida from Cape Canaveral to Sebastian Inlet. This report serves as an archive of unprocessed digital boomer seismic reflection data, navigation files, trackline maps, GIS files, FACS logs, and FGDC metadata. Filtered and gained digital images of the seismic profiles are also provided. The archived trace data are in standard Society of Exploration Geophysicists SEG Y format (rev. 0) (Barry and others, 1975) and may be downloaded and processed with commercial or public domain software such as Seismic Unix (SU). Example SU processing scripts and USGS software for viewing the SEG Y files (Zihlman, 1992) are also provided. These data are also available for viewing using GeoMapApp (http://www.geomapapp.org/) and Virtual Ocean (http://www.virtualocean.org/) multi-platform open source software. In addition, the SEG Y files can also be downloaded from the USGS Coastal and Marine Geoscience Data System (http://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov).

This dataset includes reprocessed boomer 3D seismic data collected by the Fugro Consultants Inc. in 2012, in Estero Bay, offshore of Morro Bay, central California.

This dataset provides the output of sonic boom simulations under various flight conditions, including predictions using Carlson’s method and higher-fidelity nonlinear propagation simulations (using propaBoom). The data is categorized by flight phase (climb, cruise, descent) and atmosphere models (ISA, SBPW3). Each flight phase includes ray tracing results and sonic boom signatures for multiple azimuth angles.

The dataset includes:

• Carlson Method Predictions: Peak overpressure and signal duration for various off-track angles.
• Nonlinear Propagation Simulations: Ray tracing data (ground intersections and angles) and shock wave signatures at the beginning of the non-linear shock wave propagation and at ground level.

Files are provided in CSV format for easy analysis using standard tools (e.g., Excel, pandas). The dataset contains simulation results for different azimuth angles, e.g., acoustic pressure, and ray intersections for thorough investigation of sonic boom propagation effects.

Folder Structure:

• carlson_predictions.zip: Carlson method results for climb, cruise, and descent operating conditions.
• nonlinear_propagation_predictions.zip: High-fidelity simulation outputs including ray tracing and propagated ground signatures.
• readme.md: Readme file with information on the datasets.

Usage: Researchers can use these datasets to compare sonic boom prediction methods under the effects of flight conditions and atmospheric variations on sonic boom ground signatures.

Contact: For any questions or inquiries regarding this dataset, please contact Jacob Jäschke (jacob.jaeschke[at]tuhh.de) (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5155-4877" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5155-4877).

Abstract This article analyzes the construction of the professional identity of female managers who are baby boomers, generation Xers and millennials. The research adopted a qualitative and analytical descriptive approach, interviewing 32 women working in different sectors of the economy in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The group interviewed was chosen and divided by generations counting on 06 baby boomers, 11 generation Xers, and 15 Millennials. The data were analyzed considering the dimensions proposed by Hill (1993) when discussing the process of becoming a manager: learning what it means to be a manager; developing interpersonal judgements; gaining self-knowledge; coping with stress and emotions; and managing transformations. The study identified that although the generations have different characteristics (such as way of thinking, acting, and seeing the world), they have little influence in the process of building professional identity of the female managers.

From May 13 to May 14 of 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted geophysical surveys in Lake Panasoffkee, Florida. Thisreport serves as an archive of unprocessed digital boomer and CHIRP seismic reflection data, trackline maps, navigation files, GIS information, FACS logs, and formal FGDC metadata. Filtered and (or) gained digital images of the seismic profiles are also provided. The archived trace data are in standard Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) SEG-Y format (Barry and others, 1975) and may be downloaded and processed with commercial or public domain software such as Seismic Unix (SU). Example SU processing scripts and USGS software for viewing the SEG-Y files (Zihlman, 1992) are also provided. For more information on the seismic surveys see http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/j/j308fl/html/j-3-08-fl.meta.html These data are also available via GeoMapApp (http://www.geomapapp.org/) and Virtual Ocean ( http://www.virtualocean.org/) earth science exploration and visualization applications.

Depression has strong negative impacts on how individuals function, leading to the assumption that there is strong negative selection on this trait that should deplete genetic variation and decrease its prevalence in human populations. Yet, depressive symptoms remain common. While there has been a large body of work trying to resolve this paradox by mapping genetic variation of this complex trait, there have been few direct empirical tests of the core assumption that there is consistent negative selection on depression in human populations. Here, we use a unique long-term dataset from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey that spans four generational cohorts (Silent Generation: 1928–1945, Baby Boomers: 1946–1964, Generation X: 1965–1980, and Millenials: 1981–1996) to measure both depression scores and fitness components (lifetime sexual partners, pregnancies, and live births) of women from the United States born between 1938–1994. We not only assess fitness consequences of depression across multiple generations to determine whether the strength and direction of selection on depression has changed over time, but we also pair these fitness measurements with mixed models to assess how several important covariates, including age, body mass, education, race/ethnicity, and income might influence this relationship. We found that, overall, selection on depression was positive and the strength of selection changed over time–women reporting higher depression had relatively more sexual partners, pregnancies, and births except during the Silent Generation when selection coefficients neared zero. We also found that depression scores and fitness components differed among generations—Baby Boomers showed the highest severity of depression and the most sexual partners. These results were not changed by the inclusion of covariates in our models. A limitation of this study is that for the Millenials, reproduction has not completed and data for this generation is interrupted by right censoring. Most importantly, our results undermine the common belief that there is consistent negative selection on depression and demonstrate that the relationship between depression and fitness changes between generations, which may explain its maintenance in human populations.

This dataset is about books. It has 2 rows and is filtered where the book is The boom and the bubble : the US in the world economy. It features 7 columns including author, publication date, language, and book publisher.