This dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify usual residents aged 100 years and over living with others in a private household in England and Wales by relationship. The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021.

There is a growing interest in studying the microbiota associated with aging by integrating multiple longevity researches while minimizing the influence of confounding factors. Here, we reprocessed metagenomic sequencing data from four different aging research studies and evaluated potential confounding factors in order to minimize the batch effect. Subsequently, we detected the diversity and abundance of the gut microbiome in three different age cohorts. Out of 1053 different bacteria species, only four showed substantial depletion across different age groups: Ligilactobacillus ruminis, Turicibacter sp. H121, Blautia massiliensis, and Anaerostipes hadrus. Archaea accumulated more in young individuals compared to elderly and centenarians. Candida albicans was more prevalent in centenarians, but Nakaseomyces glabratus (also known as Candida glabrata) was more common in elderly adults. Shuimuvirus IME207 showed a significant increase in centenarians compared to both control groups. In addition, we utilized a Fisher’s exact test to investigate topological properties of differentially abundant microbiota in the co-occurrence network of each age group. Microbial signatures specific to different age stages were identified based on the condition: the reads showing differential abundance were higher compared to the other age groups. Lastly, we selected Methanosarcina sp. Kolksee for the Y group, Prevotella copri for the E group and Shuimuvirus IME207 for the C group as representatives of age-related characteristics to study how their interactions change during the aging process. Our results provide crucial insights into the gut microbiome’s ecological dynamics in relation to the aging process.

Annual mid-year population estimates for those aged 90 years and over by sex and single year of age (90 to 104) and the 105 years and over age group, England.

APrevalence values of subsets of group F, FC (offspring who lived with their centenarian parents) and FN (offspring who do not live with their centenarian parents) are presented in between brackets.