United States Cattle Inventory: Cattle & Calves: Cows & Heifers That Have Calved: At the Beginning of the Yr: Milk Cows data was reported at 9,349.300 Head th in 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 9,346.800 Head th for 2024. United States Cattle Inventory: Cattle & Calves: Cows & Heifers That Have Calved: At the Beginning of the Yr: Milk Cows data is updated yearly, averaging 9,349.300 Head th from Dec 1926 (Median) to 2025, with 17 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9,450.400 Head th in 2021 and a record low of 9,208.600 Head th in 2014. United States Cattle Inventory: Cattle & Calves: Cows & Heifers That Have Calved: At the Beginning of the Yr: Milk Cows data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Economic Research Service. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.RI018: Cattle Inventory.

How many cattle are in the world? The global live cattle population amounted to about 1.57 billion heads in 2023, up from approximately 1.51 million in 2021. Cows as livestock The domestication of cattle began as early as 10,000 to 5,000 years ago. From ancient times up to the present, cattle are bred to provide meat and dairy. Cattle are also employed as draft animals to plow the fields or transport heavy objects. Cattle hide is used for the production of leather, and dung for fuel and agricultural fertilizer. In 2022, India was home to the highest number of milk cows in the world. Cattle farming in the United States Cattle meat such as beef and veal is one of the most widely consumed types of meat across the globe, and is particularly popular in the United States. The United States is the top producer of beef and veal of any country worldwide. In 2021, beef production in the United States reached 12.6 million metric tons. Beef production appears to be following a positive trend in the United States. More than 33.07 million cattle were slaughtered both commercially and in farms annually in the United States in 2019, up from 33 million in the previous year.

The Census of Agriculture, produced by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), provides a complete count of America's farms, ranches and the people who grow our food. The census is conducted every five years, most recently in 2022, and provides an in-depth look at the agricultural industry.This layer was produced from data obtained from the USDA National Agriculture Statistics Service (NASS) Large Datasets download page. The data were transformed and prepared for publishing using the Pivot Table geoprocessing tool in ArcGIS Pro and joined to county boundaries. The county boundaries are 2022 vintage and come from Living Atlas ACS 2022 feature layers.Dataset SummaryPhenomenon Mapped: 2022 Cattle ProductionCoordinate System: Web Mercator Auxiliary SphereExtent: 48 Contiguous United States, Alaska, and HawaiiSource: USDA National Agricultural Statistics ServicePublication Date: 2022AttributesNote that some values are suppressed as "Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations", "Not applicable", or "Less than half the rounding unit". These have been coded in the data as -999, -888, and -777 respectively.Cattle, (Excl Cows) - Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, (Excl Cows): (1 To 9 Head)Cattle, (Excl Cows) - Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, (Excl Cows): (10 To 19 Head)Cattle, (Excl Cows) - Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, (Excl Cows): (20 To 49 Head)Cattle, (Excl Cows) - Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, (Excl Cows): (50 To 99 Head)Cattle, (Excl Cows) - Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, (Excl Cows): (100 To 199 Head)Cattle, (Excl Cows) - Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, (Excl Cows): (200 To 499 Head)Cattle, (Excl Cows) - Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, (Excl Cows): (500 Or More Head)Cattle, (Excl Cows) - InventoryCattle, (Excl Cows) - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, (Excl Cows): (1 To 9 Head)Cattle, (Excl Cows) - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, (Excl Cows): (10 To 19 Head)Cattle, (Excl Cows) - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, (Excl Cows): (20 To 49 Head)Cattle, (Excl Cows) - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, (Excl Cows): (50 To 99 Head)Cattle, (Excl Cows) - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, (Excl Cows): (100 To 199 Head)Cattle, (Excl Cows) - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, (Excl Cows): (200 To 499 Head)Cattle, (Excl Cows) - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, (Excl Cows): (500 Or More Head)Cattle, (Excl Cows) - Operations With InventoryCattle, Calves - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Calves: (1 To 9 Head)Cattle, Calves - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Calves: (10 To 19 Head)Cattle, Calves - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Calves: (20 To 49 Head)Cattle, Calves - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Calves: (50 To 99 Head)Cattle, Calves - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Calves: (100 To 199 Head)Cattle, Calves - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Calves: (200 To 499 Head)Cattle, Calves - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Calves: (500 Or More Head)Cattle, Calves - Operations With SalesCattle, Calves - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Calves: (1 To 9 Head)Cattle, Calves - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Calves: (10 To 19 Head)Cattle, Calves - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Calves: (20 To 49 Head)Cattle, Calves - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Calves: (50 To 99 Head)Cattle, Calves - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Calves: (100 To 199 Head)Cattle, Calves - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Calves: (200 To 499 Head)Cattle, Calves - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Calves: (500 Or More Head)Cattle, Calves - Sales, Measured In HeadCattle, Calves, Veal, Raised Or Sold - Number Of OperationsCattle, Cows - InventoryCattle, Cows - Operations With InventoryCattle, Cows, Beef - Inventory - Inventory Of Beef Cows: (1 To 9 Head)Cattle, Cows, Beef - Inventory - Inventory Of Beef Cows: (10 To 19 Head)Cattle, Cows, Beef - Inventory - Inventory Of Beef Cows: (20 To 49 Head)Cattle, Cows, Beef - Inventory - Inventory Of Beef Cows: (50 To 99 Head)Cattle, Cows, Beef - Inventory - Inventory Of Beef Cows: (100 To 199 Head)Cattle, Cows, Beef - Inventory - Inventory Of Beef Cows: (200 To 499 Head)Cattle, Cows, Beef - Inventory - Inventory Of Beef Cows: (500 Or More Head)Cattle, Cows, Beef - InventoryCattle, Cows, Beef - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Beef Cows: (1 To 9 Head)Cattle, Cows, Beef - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Beef Cows: (10 To 19 Head)Cattle, Cows, Beef - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Beef Cows: (20 To 49 Head)Cattle, Cows, Beef - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Beef Cows: (50 To 99 Head)Cattle, Cows, Beef - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Beef Cows: (100 To 199 Head)Cattle, Cows, Beef - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Beef Cows: (200 To 499 Head)Cattle, Cows, Beef - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Beef Cows: (500 Or More Head)Cattle, Cows, Beef - Operations With InventoryCattle, Cows, Milk - Inventory - Inventory Of Milk Cows: (1 To 9 Head)Cattle, Cows, Milk - Inventory - Inventory Of Milk Cows: (10 To 19 Head)Cattle, Cows, Milk - Inventory - Inventory Of Milk Cows: (20 To 49 Head)Cattle, Cows, Milk - Inventory - Inventory Of Milk Cows: (50 To 99 Head)Cattle, Cows, Milk - Inventory - Inventory Of Milk Cows: (100 To 199 Head)Cattle, Cows, Milk - Inventory - Inventory Of Milk Cows: (200 To 499 Head)Cattle, Cows, Milk - Inventory - Inventory Of Milk Cows: (500 Or More Head)Cattle, Cows, Milk - InventoryCattle, Cows, Milk - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Milk Cows: (1 To 9 Head)Cattle, Cows, Milk - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Milk Cows: (10 To 19 Head)Cattle, Cows, Milk - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Milk Cows: (20 To 49 Head)Cattle, Cows, Milk - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Milk Cows: (50 To 99 Head)Cattle, Cows, Milk - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Milk Cows: (100 To 199 Head)Cattle, Cows, Milk - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Milk Cows: (200 To 499 Head)Cattle, Cows, Milk - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Milk Cows: (500 Or More Head)Cattle, Cows, Milk - Operations With InventoryCattle, >= 500 Lbs - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Cattle >= 500 Lbs: (1 To 9 Head)Cattle, >= 500 Lbs - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Cattle >= 500 Lbs: (10 To 19 Head)Cattle, >= 500 Lbs - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Cattle >= 500 Lbs: (20 To 49 Head)Cattle, >= 500 Lbs - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Cattle >= 500 Lbs: (50 To 99 Head)Cattle, >= 500 Lbs - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Cattle >= 500 Lbs: (100 To 199 Head)Cattle, >= 500 Lbs - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Cattle >= 500 Lbs: (200 To 499 Head)Cattle, >= 500 Lbs - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Cattle >= 500 Lbs: (500 Or More Head)Cattle, >= 500 Lbs - Operations With SalesCattle, >= 500 Lbs - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Cattle >= 500 Lbs: (1 To 9 Head)Cattle, >= 500 Lbs - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Cattle >= 500 Lbs: (10 To 19 Head)Cattle, >= 500 Lbs - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Cattle >= 500 Lbs: (20 To 49 Head)Cattle, >= 500 Lbs - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Cattle >= 500 Lbs: (50 To 99 Head)Cattle, >= 500 Lbs - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Cattle >= 500 Lbs: (100 To 199 Head)Cattle, >= 500 Lbs - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Cattle >= 500 Lbs: (200 To 499 Head)Cattle, >= 500 Lbs - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Cattle >= 500 Lbs: (500 Or More Head)Cattle, >= 500 Lbs - Sales, Measured In HeadCattle, Heifers, >= 500 Lbs, Milk Replacement, Production Contract - Operations With ProductionCattle, Heifers, >= 500 Lbs, Milk Replacement, Production Contract - Production, Measured In HeadCattle, Incl Calves - Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (1 To 9 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (10 To 19 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (20 To 49 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (50 To 99 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (100 To 199 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (200 To 499 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (500 Or More Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - InventoryCattle, Incl Calves - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (1 To 9 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (10 To 19 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (20 To 49 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (50 To 99 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (100 To 199 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (200 To 499 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Operations With Inventory - Inventory Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (500 Or More Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Operations With InventoryCattle, Incl Calves - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (1 To 9 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (10 To 19 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (20 To 49 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (50 To 99 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (100 To 199 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (200 To 499 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Operations With Sales - Sales Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (500 Or More Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Operations With SalesCattle, Incl Calves - Sales, Measured In US Dollars ($)Cattle, Incl Calves - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (1 To 9 Head)Cattle, Incl Calves - Sales, Measured In Head - Sales Of Cattle, Incl Calves: (10 To 19 Head)Cattle, Incl

This EnviroAtlas dataset summarizes by county the number of farm operations with cattle and the number of heads they manage. The data come from the Census of Agriculture, which is administered every five years by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), and include the years 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017. The Census classifies cattle managed on operations as beef cows, dairy cows, or other cattle (which encompasses heifers, steers, bulls, and calves). Data regarding all three categories are displayed in this layer. Operations are categorized into small, medium, or large, based on how many heads they manage. For each county and Census year, the dataset reports the number of farm operations that manage cattle, the number of heads on their property at the end of the Census year, and a breakdown of the operations into small, medium, and large. This dataset was produced by the US EPA to support research and online mapping activities related to EnviroAtlas. EnviroAtlas (https://www.epa.gov/enviroatlas) allows the user to interact with a web-based, easy-to-use, mapping application to view and analyze multiple ecosystem services for the contiguous United States. The dataset is available as downloadable data (https://edg.epa.gov/data/Public/ORD/EnviroAtlas) or as an EnviroAtlas map service. Additional descriptive information about each attribute in this dataset can be found in its associated EnviroAtlas Fact Sheet (https://www.epa.gov/enviroatlas/enviroatlas-fact-sheets).

This dataset provides information on the number of milk cows, production of milk per cow and total milk production by state and region in the United States from the year 1970 to 2021.

United States PPI: Farm Products: Slaughter Livestock: Cattle: Cows and Bulls data was reported at 129.200 1982=100 in Oct 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 137.000 1982=100 for Sep 2018. United States PPI: Farm Products: Slaughter Livestock: Cattle: Cows and Bulls data is updated monthly, averaging 88.200 1982=100 from Jan 1947 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 862 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 269.700 1982=100 in Sep 2014 and a record low of 21.100 1982=100 in Nov 1953. United States PPI: Farm Products: Slaughter Livestock: Cattle: Cows and Bulls data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.I017: Producer Price Index: By Commodities.

The Census of Agriculture provides a detailed picture every five years of U.S. farms and ranches and the people who operate them. Conducted by USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service, the 2012 Census of Agriculture collected more than six million data items directly from farmers. The Ag Census Web Maps application makes this information available at the county level through a few clicks. The maps and accompanying data help users visualize, download, and analyze Census of Agriculture data in a geospatial context. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Ag Census Web Maps. File Name: Web Page, url: https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/Ag_Census_Web_Maps/Overview/index.php/ The interactive map application assembles maps and statistics from the 2012 Census of Agriculture in five broad categories:

Crops and Plants – Data on harvested acreage for major field crops, hay, and other forage crops, as well as acreage data for vegetables, fruits, tree nuts, and berries. Economics – Data on agriculture sales, farm income, government payments from conservation and farm programs, amounts received from loans, a broad range of production expenses, and value of buildings and equipment. Farms – Information on farm size, ownership, and Internet access, as well as data on total land in farms, land use, irrigation, fertilized cropland, and enrollment in crop insurance programs. Livestock and Animals – Statistics on cattle and calves, cows and heifers, milk cows, and other cattle, as well as hogs, sheep, goats, horses, and broilers. Operators – Statistics on hired farm labor, tenure, land rented or leased, primary occupation of farm operator, and demographic characteristics such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and residence location.

The Ag Census Web Maps application allows you to:

Select a map to display from a the above five general categories and associated subcategories. Zoom and pan to a specific area; use the inset buttons to center the map on the continental United States; zoom to a specific state; and show the state mask to fade areas surrounding the state. Create and print maps showing the variation in a single data item across the United States (for example, average value of agricultural products sold per farm). Select a county and view and download the county’s data for a general category. Download the U.S. county-level dataset of mapped values for all categories in Microsoft ® Excel format.

United States Livestock & Poultry Slaughter: Commercial: Beef Cows data was reported at 223.270 Head th in Jan 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 219.420 Head th for Dec 2024. United States Livestock & Poultry Slaughter: Commercial: Beef Cows data is updated monthly, averaging 271.191 Head th from Jan 1955 (Median) to Jan 2025, with 841 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 666.414 Head th in Oct 1975 and a record low of 154.115 Head th in Aug 2015. United States Livestock & Poultry Slaughter: Commercial: Beef Cows data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Economic Research Service. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.RI014: Livestock and Poultry Slaughter.

The Census of Agriculture, produced by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), provides a complete count of Texas' farms, ranches and the people who grow our food. The census is conducted every five years, most recently in 2022, and provides an in-depth look at the agricultural industry.The complete census includes over 260 separate commodities. This dataset is a subset of 23 commodities selected for publishingThis layer was produced from data obtained from the USDA National Agriculture Statistics Service (NASS) Large Datasets download page. The data were transformed and prepared for publishing using the Pivot Table geoprocessing tool in ArcGIS Pro and joined to county boundaries. The county boundaries are 2022 vintage and come from Living Atlas ACS 2022 feature layers.AttributesNote that some values are suppressed as "Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations", "Not applicable", or "Less than half the rounding unit". These have been coded in the data as -999, -888, and -777 respectively.AlmondsAnimal TotalsBarleyCattleChickensCornCottonCrop TotalsGovt ProgramsGrainGrapesHayHogsLaborMachinery TotalsRiceSorghumSoybeanTractorsTrucksTurkeysWheatWinter Wheat

United States Livestock & Poultry Slaughter: Commercial: Dairy Cows data was reported at 228.583 Head th in Dec 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 214.051 Head th for Nov 2024. United States Livestock & Poultry Slaughter: Commercial: Dairy Cows data is updated monthly, averaging 254.481 Head th from Jan 1955 (Median) to Dec 2024, with 840 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 666.414 Head th in Oct 1975 and a record low of 164.869 Head th in Jul 2005. United States Livestock & Poultry Slaughter: Commercial: Dairy Cows data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Economic Research Service. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.RI014: Livestock and Poultry Slaughter.

This coverage contains estimates of livestock holdings in counties in the conterminous United States as reported in the 1987 Census of Agriculture (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989a). Livestock holdings data are reported as either a number (for example, number of milk cows), number of farms, or in thousands of dollars. Livestock holdings estimates were generated from surveys of all farms where $1,000 or more of agricultural products were sold, or normally would have been sold, during the census year. Most of the attributes summarized represent 1987 data, but some information for the 1982 Census of Agriculture also was included. The polygons representing county boundaries in the conterminous United States, as well as lakes, estuaries, and other nonland-area features were derived from the Digital Line Graph (DLG) files representing the 1:2,000,000-scale map in the National Atlas of the United States (1970). Livestock Census of Agriculture Counties United States

Cattle and calves, number by class and calf crop, United States (head x 1,000). Data are available on an annual basis.

United States Long Term Projections: Dairy: Milk Production & Marketings: Number of Milk Cows data was reported at 9,502.000 Unit in 2034. This records an increase from the previous number of 9,466.000 Unit for 2033. United States Long Term Projections: Dairy: Milk Production & Marketings: Number of Milk Cows data is updated yearly, averaging 9,402.000 Unit from Dec 2022 (Median) to 2034, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9,502.000 Unit in 2034 and a record low of 9,335.000 Unit in 2024. United States Long Term Projections: Dairy: Milk Production & Marketings: Number of Milk Cows data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Department of Agriculture. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.RI039: Agricultural Projections: Dairy.

The survey interviewed 254 retailer shops in 10 sub-cities of Addis Ababa. 30 supermarkets, 20 mini-markets, 100 regular shops, 80 dairy shops and 24 open market shops selling dairy products were interviewed. Details of the sampling strategy is found in the attachment. The survey collected information on the characteristics of the shop, details of dairy products sold, prices and quality. Policy makers, research, and other stakeholders can use this data to analyses dairy value chain in Ethiopia and dairy retailing practices in Ethiopia. This data set was collected through research of the project “Improving the evidence and policies for better performing livestock systems in Ethiopia” lead by the International Food Policy Research Institution as part of the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems.

Feeder Cattle increased 23.60 USd/Lbs or 8.96% since the beginning of 2025, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Feeder Cattle - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

Representative dairy farms were modeled using the Integrated Farm System Model with 20 farms in each of 6 regions of the United States for the years of 1971 and 2020 to determine improvements made in reducing environmental impacts over the 50-year period. Important data and information describing these farms are documented in these tables. These data include the farm _location, number of cows and heifers maintained, milk produced, feeds and nutrient contents fed, crop areas, crop yields, fertilizer and lime application rates, irrigation water applied, milking and housing facilities, manure collection, storage and application methods used, and soil characteristics. These data are published as supplementary information for the article “Fifty years of environmental progress for United States dairy farms” published in the Journal of Dairy Science.

629308 Global import shipment records of Cows with prices, volume & current Buyer's suppliers relationships based on actual Global export trade database.

India's cattle inventory amounted to about 308 million in 2023. In comparison, the global cattle population stood at over one billion, India had the highest cattle population followed by Brazil, China and the United States that year.

Where are cattle bred in India?

As one of the leading dairy producers and consumers worldwide, cattle in the south Asian country were bred mainly in the rural areas. However, its population was spread unevenly across the vast land. Uttar Pradesh ranked first in terms of milk production, followed by Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh in 2023.

Contextualizing the holiness of the Indian cow Considered a sacred animal by Hindus in India, the cow is associated with several gods and goddesses. This deep religious and cultural significance has led to communal tensions. In 2014, the government established the Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM) to conserve and develop indigenous breeds of cows and buffaloes. While the general goal was well-received, it aligns with the underlying Hindu nationalist narrative of the current government.

245 Global export shipment records of Cows with prices, volume & current Buyer's suppliers relationships based on actual Global export trade database.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Farm Products: Slaughter Cows and Bulls (WPS013102) from Jan 1975 to Feb 2025 about slaughter, cattle, livestock, agriculture, commodities, PPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.