1 km gridded estimates of daily and monthly rainfall for Great-Britain and Northern Ireland (together with approximately 3000 km2 of catchment in the Republic of Ireland) from 1890 to 2019. The rainfall estimates are derived from the Met Office national database of observed precipitation. To derive the estimates, monthly and daily (when complete month available) precipitation totals from the UK rain gauge network are used. The natural neighbour interpolation methodology, including a normalisation step based on average annual rainfall, was used to generate the daily and monthly estimates. The estimated rainfall on a given day refers to the rainfall amount precipitated in 24 hours between 9am on that day until 9am on the following day. The CEH-GEAR dataset has been developed according to the guidance provided in BS 7843-4:2012. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/dbf13dd5-90cd-457a-a986-f2f9dd97e93c

UKCP09: 5 km gridded data - Annual averages of the rainfall intensity on days of rain ≥1 mm (mm/day). The data set contains 12 files (one for each month for the 1961-1990 average period). The individual grids are named according to the following convention: variablename_mmm_Average_Actual.txt where mmm is the month name (e.g. Jan).

The datasets have been created with financial support from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and they are being promoted by the UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP) as part of the UK Climate Projections (UKCP09). http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/content/view/12/689/.

To view this data you will have to register on the Met Office website, here: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/climate-monitoring/UKCP09/register

The UK daily rainfall data contain rainfall accumulation and precipitation amounts over a 24 hour period. The data were collected by observation stations operated by the Met Office across the UK and transmitted within the following message types: NCM, AWSDLY, DLY3208 and SSER. The data spans from 1853 to 2023. Over time a range of rain gauges have been used - see section 5.6 and the relevant message type information in the linked MIDAS User Guide for further details.

This version supersedes the previous version (202308) of this dataset and a change log is available in the archive, and in the linked documentation for this record, detailing the differences between this version and the previous version. The change logs detail new, replaced and removed data. These include the addition of data for calendar year 2023.

This dataset is part of the Midas-open dataset collection made available by the Met Office under the UK Open Government Licence, containing only UK mainland land surface observations owned or operated by Met Office. It is a subset of the fuller, restricted Met Office Integrated Data Archive System (MIDAS) Land and Marine Surface Stations dataset, also available through the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis - see the related dataset section on this record. A large proportion of the UK raingauge observing network (associated with WAHRAIN, WADRAIN and WAMRAIN for hourly, daily and monthly rainfall measurements respectively) is operated by other agencies beyond the Met Office, and are consequently currently excluded from the Midas-open dataset. Currently this represents approximately 13% of available daily rainfall observations within the full MIDAS collection.

UKCP09: Gridded datasets of annual values. Rainfall intensity on days of rain. The day-by-day sum of the mean number of degrees by which the air temperature is more than a value of 22 °C Total precipitation on days with ≥1 mm divided by count of days with ≥1 mm during the year.

The datasets have been created with financial support from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and they are being promoted by the UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP) as part of the UK Climate Projections (UKCP09). http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/content/view/12/689/.

To view this data you will have to register on the Met Office website, here: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/climate-monitoring/UKCP09/register

The tables provided show the national weather records. To ensure consistency, these weather records are only given for stations with standard instruments and exposure. Although some records have been broken by non-standard stations, these are not accepted as official records for this reason.

        Records are provided as follows:

        For temperature by country, by month and by district for the following:
        Highest daily maximum temperature
        Highest daily minimum temperature
        Lowest daily maximum temperature
        Lowest daily minimum temperature

        For rainfall 
        by country, for highest 24-hour rainfall totals for a rainfall day (0900 - 0900 GMT) 
        by period, in days for UK rainfall records for consecutive rainfall days (0900 - 0900 GMT) 
        by period, in minutes for UK rainfall records for short durations (from 5 to 180 minutes)

        For sunshine hours by country, for highest monthly sunshine records 

        For gust speed by country and district (for sites below 250m), for highest gust speed

The UK hourly rainfall data contain the rainfall amount (and duration from tilting syphon gauges) during the hour (or hours) ending at the specified time. The data also contains precipitation amounts, however precipitation measured over 24 hours are not stored. Over time a range of rain gauges have been used - see the linked MIDAS User Guide for further details.

This version supersedes the previous version of this dataset and a change log is available in the archive, and in the linked documentation for this record, detailing the differences between this version and the previous version. The change logs detail new, replaced and removed data.

The data were collected by observation stations operated by the Met Office across the UK and transmitted within the following message types: NCM, AWSHRLY, DLY3208, SREW and SSER. The data spans from 1915 to 2023.

This dataset is part of the Midas-open dataset collection made available by the Met Office under the UK Open Government Licence, containing only UK mainland land surface observations owned or operated by the Met Office. It is a subset of the fuller, restricted Met Office Integrated Data Archive System (MIDAS) Land and Marine Surface Stations dataset, also available through the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis - see the related dataset section on this record. A large proportion of the UK raingauge observing network (associated with WAHRAIN, WADRAIN and WAMRAIN for hourly, daily and monthly rainfall measurements respectively) is operated by other agencies beyond the Met Office, and are consequently currently excluded from the Midas-open dataset.

Data Source

Data Source : UK GOV

Sunshine data taken from a Campbell Stokes recorder.

(no more from an automatic Kipp & Zonen sensor marked with a #)

Content

Place: Cambridge.

Location: 543500E 260600N, Lat 52.245 Lon 0.102.

Height above mean sea level: 26 metres.

Columns

• year: Date in format YYYY.
• month: Date in format MM.
• tmax: Maximum temperature of the day in °C.
• tmin: Minimum temperature of the day in °C.
• af: Numbers of air frost days in a month.
• rain: Rainfall in millimeters.
• sun_hr: Sun hours in hours.

Missing Value

Missing values are marked as -1.

Data Processing

• Process RAW data (plain text) to csv format.
• Original data is marked with a * after the value indicating Estimated.
  • -> Symbol * has been removed and treated as normal value.
• Missing data (more than 2 days missing in month) is marked by ---.
  • -> This is marked as -1, indicating missing value

Average Rainfall (mm) and average Temperature (centigrade) for the North East England and East England Met Office Climate district, which includes Lincolnshire. This dataset shows the average Rainfall in millimetres and average Temperature in centigrade, by month, meteorological season, and annual calendar year. The data is sourced from the UK Met Office website. See the Source link for more information about the data and the area it covers.

1 km gridded estimates of daily and monthly rainfall for Great-Britain and Northern Ireland (together with approximately 3000 km2 of catchment in the Republic of Ireland) from 1890 to 2015. The rainfall estimates are derived from the Met Office national database of observed precipitation. To derive the estimates, monthly and daily (when complete month available) precipitation totals from the UK rain gauge network are used. The natural neighbour interpolation methodology, including a normalisation step based on average annual rainfall, was used to generate the daily and monthly estimates. The estimated rainfall on a given day refers to the rainfall amount precipitated in 24 hours between 9am on that day until 9am on the following day. The CEH-GEAR dataset has been developed according to the guidance provided in BS 7843-4:2012.

Extract of Data relating to the recorded monthly Rain Days (days where >=1mm of rain fell). The 'Scotland_W Days of Rain Days' dataset is an Aereal Series starting from 1961. Allowances have been made for topographic, coastal and urban effects where relationships are found to exist. Seasons: Winter=Dec-Feb, Spring=Mar-May, Summer=June-Aug, Autumn=Sept-Nov. (Winter: Year refers to Jan/Feb). Monthly values are ranked and displayed to 1 decimal point Where values are equal, rankings are based in order of year descending. Data are provisional from January 2013 & Winter 2012/2013. Dataset available here West of Scotland monthly Rain Days from 1961 - 2013 are compiled using the main Glasgow Weather station based in Bishopton. Data is collected from numerous weather stations including those based in Glasgow. Last updated 01/07/2013. 'Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0' Licence: None

What does the data show?

The data shows monthly averages of rainfall amount (mm) for 1991-2020 from HadUK gridded data. It is provided on a 2km British National Grid (BNG).

What are the naming conventions and how do I explore the data?

This data contains a field for each month’s average over the period. They are named 'pr' (precipitation) and the month. E.g. 'pr March' is the average rainfall amount for March in the period 1991-2020.

To understand how to explore the data, see this page: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/457e7a2bc73e40b089fac0e47c63a578

Please note, if viewing in ArcGIS Map Viewer, the map will default to ‘pr January’ values

Data source:

HadUK-Grid v1.1.0.0 (downloaded 11/03/2022)

Useful links

Further information on HadUK-Grid Further information on understanding climate data within the Met Office Climate Data Portal

Context

The dataset featured below was created by reconciling measurements from requests of individual weather attributes provided by the European Climate Assessment (ECA). The measurements of this particular dataset were recorded by a weather station near Heathrow airport in London, UK.

-> This weather dataset is a great addition to this London Energy Dataset. You can join both datasets on the 'date' attribute, after some preprocessing, and perform some interesting data analytics regarding how energy consumption was impacted by the weather in London.

Content

The size for the file featured within this Kaggle dataset is shown below — along with a list of attributes and their description summaries: - london_weather.csv - 15341 observations x 10 attributes

1. date - recorded date of measurement - (int)
2. cloud_cover - cloud cover measurement in oktas - (float)
3. sunshine - sunshine measurement in hours (hrs) - (float)
4. global_radiation - irradiance measurement in Watt per square meter (W/m2) - (float)
5. max_temp - maximum temperature recorded in degrees Celsius (°C) - (float)
6. mean_temp - mean temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) - (float)
7. min_temp - minimum temperature recorded in degrees Celsius (°C) - (float)
8. precipitation - precipitation measurement in millimeters (mm) - (float)
9. pressure - pressure measurement in Pascals (Pa) - (float)
10. snow_depth - snow depth measurement in centimeters (cm) - (float)

Source

Weather Data - https://www.ecad.eu/dailydata/index.php

Context

Simple time series data for weather prediction time series projects.

Content

The data contains the following information from the UK Met Office location at London Heathrow Airport. The data runs from Jan 1948 to Oct 2020 and includes the following monthly data fields:

• yyyy = Year
• mm = Month
• tmax = Maximum temperature (Celsius)
• tmin = Minimum temperature (Celsius)
• af = Count of Air Frost days in the given month
• rain = Total rainfall (mm)
• sun = Sunshine duration (hrs)

Acknowledgements

Provided by the UK Met Office: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/historic-station-data Available under Open Government Licence: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

Example code

The following Python code will load into a Pandas DataFrame:

colspecs = [(3, 7), (9,11),(14,18),(22,26),(32,34),(37,42),(45,50)] data = pd.read_fwf('../input/heathrow-weather-data/heathrowdata.txt',colspecs=colspecs)

The following will remove the first few lines of text

data = data[3:].reset_index(drop=True) data.columns = data.iloc[1] data = data[3:].reset_index(drop=True)

This dataset is from a network of rain gauges located across the Pontbren study site in mid-Wales, UK. Rain gauges were installed at various locations across the site between 2005-2009 as part of the Pontbren Catchment Study Land Use and Management Multi-Scale Experimental Programme. Each sub-folder within the Pontbren Rain Gauge data set contains data for each of the different monitoring locations. Each location has a 0.2 mm tipping bucket rain gauge along with a storage gauge, apart from at the Bowl study site where only a tipping bucket rain gauge was installed. Tipping bucket rain gauges were connected to data loggers and the number of tips occurring in a 10 minute period recorded. This data is presented in mm of rainfall / day (mmd 1). Data are provided in the form of .txt files and the tipping bucket data is generally split into six-month blocks. Associated with each data point in the .txt file is a quality assurance code, QA code, in the adjacent column. Storage gauge data where it exists are presented in the form of mm of rainfall occurring between a start and finish time. Details of the dataset, the quality assurance coding system and monitoring locations are provided in the supporting documentation.

UKCP09 Regional values Annual averages - Rainfall intensity on days of rain ≥ 1 mm (mm/day) Long-term averages for the 1961-1990 climate baseline are also available for 14 administrative regions and 23 river basins. They have been produced for all the monthly and annual variables, apart from mean wind speed, days of sleet/snow falling, and days of snow lying, for which data start after 1961. Each regional value is an average of the 5 x 5 km grid cell values that fall within it. The datasets are provided as space-delimited text files.

The datasets have been created with financial support from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and they are being promoted by the UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP) as part of the UK Climate Projections (UKCP09). http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/content/view/12/689/.

The data files are obtained by clicking on the links in the table below. Each text file contains values of the 1961-1990 baseline average for each administrative region and for each river basin. Monthly variables have 12 values for each region (one for each month) whereas annual variables have just one value (the annual average).

To view this data you will have to register on the Met Office website, here: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/climate-monitoring/UKCP09/register

The weather station on the campus of Loughborough University, in the East Midlands of the UK, had fallen into disuse and disrepair by the mid-2000s, but in 2007 the availability of infrastructure funding made it possible to re-establish regular weather observation with new equipment. The meteorological dataset subsequently collected at this facility between 2008 and 2021 is archived here. The dataset comes as fourteen Excel (.xlsx) files of annual data, with explanatory notes in each.Site descriptionThe campus weather station is located at latitude 52.7632°, longitude -1.235° and 68 m a.s.l., in a dedicated paddock on a green space near the centre-east boundary of the campus. A cabin, which houses power and network points, sits 10 m to the northeast of the main meteorological instrument tower. The paddock is otherwise mostly open on an arc from the northwest to the northeast, but on the other sides there are fruit trees (mainly varieties of prunus domestica) at distances of 13–16 m, forming part of the university's "Fruit Routes" biodiversity initiative.Data collectionInstruments were fixed to a 3 m lattice mast which is concreted into the ground in the centre of the paddock described above. Up to late July 2013, the instruments were controlled by a solar-charged, battery-powered Campbell Scientific CR1000 data logger, and periodically manually downloaded. From early November 2013, this logger was replaced with a Campbell Scientific CR3000, run from the mains power supply from the cabin and connected to the campus network by ethernet. At the same time, the station's Young 01503 Wind Monitor was replaced by a Gill WindSonic ultrasonic anemometer. This combination remained in place for the rest of the measurement period described here. Frustratingly, the CS215 temperature/relative humidity sensor failed shortly before the peak of the 2018 heatwave, and had to be replaced with another CS215. Likewise, the ARG100 rain gauge was replaced in 2011 and 2016. The main cause of data gaps is the unreliable power supply from the cabin, particularly in 2013 and 2021 (the latter leading to the complete replacement of the cabin and all other equipment). Furthermore, even though the post-2013 CR3000 logger had a backup battery, it sometimes failed to restart after mains power was lost, yielding data gaps until it was manually restarted. Nevertheless, out of 136 instrument-years deployment, only 36 are less than 90% complete, and 21 less than 75% complete.Data processingData retrieved manually or downloaded remotely were filtered for invalid measurements. The 15-minute data were then processed to daily and monthly values, using the pivot table function in Microsoft Excel. Most variables could be output simply as midnight-to-midnight daily means (e.g. solar and net radiation, wind speed). However, certain variables needed to be referred to the UK and Ireland standard ‘Climatological Day’ (Burt, 2012:272), 0900-0900: namely, air temperature minimum and maximum, plus rainfall total. The procedure for this follows Burt (2012; https://www.measuringtheweather.net/) and requires the insertion of additional date columns into the spreadsheet, to define two further, separate ‘Climate Dates’ for maximum temperature and rainfall total (the 24 hours commencing at 0900 on the date given, ‘ClimateDateMax’), and for minimum temperatures (24 hours ending at 0900 on the date given, ‘ClimateDateMin’). For the archived data, in the spreadsheet tabs labelled ‘Output - Daily 09-09 minima’, the pivot table function derives daily minimum temperatures by the correct 0900-0900 date, given by the ClimateDateMin variable. Similarly, in the tabs labelled ‘Output - Daily 09-09 maxima’, the pivot table function derives daily maximum temperatures and daily rainfall totals by the correct 0900-0900 date, given by the ClimateDateMax variable. Then in the tabs labelled ‘Output - Daily 00-00 means’, variables with midnight-to-midnight means use the unmodified date variable. To take into account the effect of missing data, the tab ‘Completeness’ again uses a pivot table to count the numbers of daily and monthly observations where the 15-minute data are not at least 99.99% complete. Values are only entered into the ‘Daily data’ tab of the archived spreadsheets where 15-minute data are at least 75% complete; values are only entered into ‘Monthly data’ tabs where daily data are at least 75% complete.Wind directions are particularly important in UK meteorology because they indicate the origin of air masses with potentially contrasting characteristics. But wind directions are not averaged in the same way as other variables, as they are measured on a circular scale. Instead, 15-minute wind direction data in degrees are converted to 16 compass points (the formula is included in the spreadsheets), and a pivot table is used to summarise these into wind speed categories, giving the frequency and strength of winds by compass point.In order to evaluate the reliability of the collected dataset, it was compared to equivalent variables from the HadUK-Grid dataset (Hollis et al., 2019). HadUK-Grid is a collection of gridded climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations, which have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide coherent coverage across the UK at 1 km x 1 km resolution. Daily and monthly air temperature and rainfall variables from the HadUK-Grid v1.1.0.0 Met Office (2022) were downloaded from the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) archive (https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/bbca3267dc7d4219af484976734c9527/). Then the grid square containing the campus weather station was identified using the Point Subset Tool of the NOAA Weather and Climate Toolkit (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/wct/index.php) in order to retrieve data from that specific location. Daily and monthly HadUK-grid data are included in the spreadsheets for convenience.Campus temperatures are slightly, but consistently, higher than those indicated by HadUK-grid, while HadUK-Grid rainfall is on average almost 10% higher than that recorded on the campus. Trend-free statistical relationships between campus and HadUK-grid data implies that there is unlikely to be any significant temporal bias in the campus dataset.ReferencesBurt, S. (2012). The Weather Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139152167.Hollis, D, McCarthy, M, Kendon, M., Legg, T., Simpson, I. (2019). HadUK‐Grid—A new UK dataset of gridded climate observations. Geoscience Data Journal 6, 151–159, https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.78.Met Office; Hollis, D.; McCarthy, M.; Kendon, M.; Legg, T. (2022). HadUK-Grid Gridded Climate Observations on a 1km grid over the UK, v1.1.0.0 (1836-2021). NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis, https://dx.doi.org/10.5285/bbca3267dc7d4219af484976734c9527.

Context Simple time series data for weather prediction time series projects.

Content The data contains the following information from the UK Met Office location at Armagh, Northern Ireland. The data runs from Jan 1853 to Nov 2020 and includes the following monthly data fields:

yyyy = Year mm = Month tmax = Maximum temperature (Celsius) tmin = Minimum temperature (Celsius) af = Count of Air Frost days in the given month rain = Total rainfall (mm) sun = Sunshine duration (hrs) Acknowledgements Provided by the UK Met Office: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/historic-station-data Available under Open Government Licence: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

Example code The following Python code will load into a Pandas DataFrame:

colspecs = [(3, 7), (9,11),(14,18),(22,26),(32,34),(37,42),(45,50)] data = pd.read_fwf('../input/heathrow-weather-data/heathrowdata.txt',colspecs=colspecs)

The following will remove the first few lines of text

data = data[3:].reset_index(drop=True) data.columns = data.iloc[1] data = data[3:].reset_index(drop=True)

This record is for Approval for Access product AfA422 Realtime Flood Data Air Temperature. This dataset covers monitoring data that is only updated on our systems on a daily update cycle. This is usually increased during times of flooding etc. Readings are transferred via telemetry to internal and external systems in, or close to real time. This data may be transferred to these systems or users at different intervals varying, for example, from once per day during normal conditions to several times per day during a flood event. Data for sites in Wales is included in the Open Data feed, but is owned by Natural Resources Wales (NRW). NRW also class the data as Open Data, and you may use it under the same terms as the England data (the standard Open Government Licence, available on The National Archives website). This data is retrieved automatically and is unvalidated. At present there are only sites in the English Midlands. Measurements of air temperature at Environment Agency rain gauge sites in England, usually taken every hour but sometimes every 15 minutes. Attribution statement: © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2015. All rights reserved.

This dataset provides values for PRECIPITATION reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.