Medical Doctors in the United States increased to 2.77 per 1000 people in 2019 from 2.74 per 1000 people in 2018. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for the United States Medical Doctors.

Medical Doctors in Turkey increased to 2.18 per 1000 people in 2021 from 2.05 per 1000 people in 2020. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Turkey Medical Doctors.

ONC uses the SK&A Office-based Provider Database to calculate the counts of medical doctors, doctors of osteopathy, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants at the state and count level from 2011 through 2013. These counts are grouped as a total, as well as segmented by each provider type and separately as counts of primary care providers.

Introduction

A new study published in JAMA Network Open revealed that ChatGPT-4 outperformed doctors in diagnosing medical conditions from case reports. The AI chatbot scored an average of 92% in the study, while doctors using the chatbot scored 76% and those without it scored 74%.

The study involved 50 doctors (26 attending, 24 residents; median years in practice, 3 [IQR, 2-8]) who were given six case histories and graded on their ability to suggest diagnoses and explain their reasoning. The results showed that doctors often stuck to their initial diagnoses even when the chatbot suggested a better one, highlighting an overconfidence bias. Additionally, many doctors didn't fully utilise the chatbot's capabilities, treating it like a search engine instead of leveraging its ability to analyse full case histories.

The study raises questions about how doctors think and how AI tools can be best integrated into medical practice. While AI has the potential to be a "doctor extender," providing valuable second opinions, the study suggests that more training and a shift in mindset may be needed for doctors to fully embrace and benefit from these advancements. link

Study Findings

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2F4e4c6a4ce9f191ab32e660c726c5204f%2FScreenshot%202024-12-05%2013.33.30.png?generation=1733490846716451&alt=media" alt="">

Visualisation

The study compares the diagnostic reasoning performance of physicians using a commercial LLM AI chatbot (ChatGPT Plus [GPT-4]: OpenAl) compared with conventional diagnostic resources (eg, UpToDate, Google): - ***Conventional Resources*-Only Group (Doctor on Own):** This group refers to doctors using only conventional resources (likely standard medical tools and knowledge) without the assistance of an LLM (large language model). - Doctor With LLM Group: This group involves doctors using conventional resources along with an LLM, which could be a tool or AI assistant helping with diagnostic reasoning. - ***LLM Alone* Group:** This group refers to the use of the LLM on its own, without any conventional resources or doctor intervention.

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2F7360932a01d641b6adc3594b2e5cae11%2FScreenshot%202024-12-06%2012.11.05.png?generation=1733490890087478&alt=media" alt="">

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2F7e14a7c648febf04ac657f8dc51ea796%2FScreenshot%202024-12-06%2012.11.58.png?generation=1733490908679868&alt=media" alt="">

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2F9b9d165a7c69b1a5624186b7904c46c0%2FScreenshot%202024-12-06%2012.12.41.png?generation=1733490932343833&alt=media" alt="">

A Markdown document with the R code for the above plots. link

Conclusion

This study reveals a fascinating and potentially transformative dynamic between artificial intelligence and human medical expertise. While ChatGPT-4 demonstrated remarkable diagnostic accuracy, surpassing even experienced physicians, the study also highlighted critical challenges in integrating AI into clinical practice.

The findings suggest that: - AI can significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy: LLMs like ChatGPT-4 have the potential to revolutionise how medical diagnoses are made, offering a level of accuracy exceeding current practices. - Human factors remain crucial: Overconfidence bias and under-utilisation of AI tools by physicians underscore the need for training and a shift in mindset to effectively leverage these advancements. Doctors must learn to collaborate with AI, viewing it as a powerful partner rather than a simple search engine. - Further research is needed: This study provides a crucial starting point for further investigation into the optimal integration of AI into healthcare. Future research should explore: - Effective training methods for physicians to utilise AI tools. - The impact of AI assistance on patient outcomes. - Ethical considerations surrounding the use of AI in medicine. - The potential for AI to address healthcare disparities.

Ultimately, the successful integration of AI into healthcare will depend not only on technological advancements but also on a willingness among medical professionals to embrace new ways of thinking and working. By harnessing the power of AI while recognising the essential role of human expertise, we can strive towards a future where medical care is more accurate, efficient, and accessible for all.

Patrick Ford 🥼🩺🖥

Electronic health records (EHRs) are a rich source of information for medical research and public health monitoring. Information systems based on EHR data could also assist in patient care and hospital management. However, much of the data in EHRs is in the form of unstructured text, which is difficult to process for analysis. Natural language processing (NLP), a form of artificial intelligence, has the potential to enable automatic extraction of information from EHRs and several NLP tools adapted to the style of clinical writing have been developed for English and other major languages. In contrast, the development of NLP tools for less widely spoken languages such as Swedish has lagged behind. A major bottleneck in the development of NLP tools is the restricted access to EHRs due to legitimate patient privacy concerns. To overcome this issue we have generated a citizen science platform for collecting artificial Swedish EHRs with the help of Swedish physicians and medical students. These artificial EHRs describe imagined but plausible emergency care patients in a style that closely resembles EHRs used in emergency departments in Sweden. In the pilot phase, we collected a first batch of 50 artificial EHRs, which has passed review by an experienced Swedish emergency care physician. We make this dataset publicly available as OpenChart-SE corpus (version 1) under an open-source license for the NLP research community. The project is now open for general participation and Swedish physicians and medical students are invited to submit EHRs on the project website (https://github.com/Aitslab/openchart-se), where additional batches of quality-controlled EHRs will be released periodically.

Dataset content

OpenChart-SE, version 1 corpus (txt files and and dataset.csv)

The OpenChart-SE corpus, version 1, contains 50 artificial EHRs (note that the numbering starts with 5 as 1-4 were test cases that were not suitable for publication). The EHRs are available in two formats, structured as a .csv file and as separate textfiles for annotation. Note that flaws in the data were not cleaned up so that it simulates what could be encountered when working with data from different EHR systems. All charts have been checked for medical validity by a resident in Emergency Medicine at a Swedish hospital before publication.

Codebook.xlsx

The codebook contain information about each variable used. It is in XLSForm-format, which can be re-used in several different applications for data collection.

suppl_data_1_openchart-se_form.pdf

OpenChart-SE mock emergency care EHR form.

suppl_data_3_openchart-se_dataexploration.ipynb

This jupyter notebook contains the code and results from the analysis of the OpenChart-SE corpus.

More details about the project and information on the upcoming preprint accompanying the dataset can be found on the project website (https://github.com/Aitslab/openchart-se).

The MedDialog dataset (English) contains conversations (in English) between doctors and patients.It has 0.26 million dialogues. The data is continuously growing and more dialogues will be added. The raw dialogues are from healthcaremagic.com and icliniq.com. All copyrights of the data belong to healthcaremagic.com and icliniq.com.

Medical Doctors in Sweden decreased to 4.29 per 1000 people in 2019 from 4.32 per 1000 people in 2018. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Sweden Medical Doctors.

Patients Table:

• PatientID: Unique identifier for each patient.
• firstname: First name of the patient.
• lastname: Last name of the patient.
• email: Email address of the patient.

This table stores information about individual patients, including their names and contact details.

Doctors Table:

• DoctorID: Unique identifier for each doctor.
• DoctorName: Full name of the doctor.
• Specialization: Area of medical specialization.
• DoctorContact: Contact details of the doctor.

This table contains details about healthcare providers, including their names, specializations, and contact information.

Appointments Table:

• AppointmentID: Unique identifier for each appointment.
• Date: Date of the appointment.
• Time: Time of the appointment.
• PatientID: Foreign key referencing the Patients table, indicating the patient for the appointment.
• DoctorID: Foreign key referencing the Doctors table, indicating the doctor for the appointment.

This table records scheduled appointments, linking patients to doctors.

MedicalProcedure Table:

• ProcedureID: Unique identifier for each medical procedure.
• ProcedureName: Name or description of the medical procedure.
• AppointmentID: Foreign key referencing the Appointments table, indicating the appointment associated with the procedure.

This table stores details about medical procedures associated with specific appointments.

Billing Table:

• InvoiceID: Unique identifier for each billing transaction.
• PatientID: Foreign key referencing the Patients table, indicating the patient for the billing transaction.
• Items: Description of items or services billed.
• Amount: Amount charged for the billing transaction.

This table maintains records of billing transactions, associating them with specific patients.

demo Table:

• ID: Primary key, serves as a unique identifier for each record.
• Name: Name of the entity.
• Hint: Additional information or hint about the entity.

This table appears to be a demonstration or testing table, possibly unrelated to the healthcare management system.

This dataset schema is designed to capture comprehensive information about patients, doctors, appointments, medical procedures, and billing transactions in a healthcare management system. Adjustments can be made based on specific requirements, and additional attributes can be included as needed.

Indonesia BioNER Dataset

This dataset taken from online health consultation platform Alodokter.com which has been annotated by two medical doctors. Data were annotated using IOB in CoNLL format. Dataset contains 2600 medical answers by doctors from 2017-2020. Two medical experts were assigned to annotate the data into two entity types: DISORDERS and ANATOMY. The topics of answers are: diarrhea, HIV-AIDS, nephrolithiasis and TBC, which marked as high-risk dataset from WHO. This… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/abid/indonesia-bioner-dataset.

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We generated this dataset to train a machine learning model for automatically generating psychiatric case notes from doctor-patient conversations. Since, we didn't have access to real doctor-patient conversations, we used transcripts from two different sources to generate audio recordings of enacted conversations between a doctor and a patient. We employed eight students who worked in pairs to generate these recordings. Six of the transcripts that we used to produce this recordings were hand-written by Cheryl Bristow and rest of the transcripts were adapted from Alexander Street which were generated from real doctor-patient conversations. Our study requires recording the doctor and the patient(s) in seperate channels which is the primary reason behind generating our own audio recordings of the conversations.

We used Google Cloud Speech-To-Text API to transcribe the enacted recordings. These newly generated transcripts are auto-generated entirely using AI powered automatic speech recognition whereas the source transcripts are either hand-written or fine-tuned by human transcribers (transcripts from Alexander Street).

We provided the generated transcripts back to the students and asked them to write case notes. The students worked independently using a software that we developed earlier for this purpose. The students had past experience of writing case notes and we let the students write case notes as they practiced without any training or instructions from us.

NOTE: Audio recordings are not included in Zenodo due to large file size but they are available in the GitHub repository.

Medical Doctors in Slovenia increased to 3.30 per 1000 people in 2020 from 3.26 per 1000 people in 2019. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Slovenia Medical Doctors.

Hospitals in New Mexico The term "hospital" ... means an institution which- (1) is primarily engaged in providing, by or under the supervision of physicians, to inpatients > (A) diagnostic services and therapeutic services for medical diagnosis, treatment, and care of injured, disabled, or sick persons, or > (B) rehabilitation services for the rehabilitation of injured, disabled, or sick persons; (...) (5) provides 24-hour nursing service rendered or supervised by a registered professional nurse, and has a licensed practical nurse or registered professional nurse on duty at all times; ... (...) (7) in the case of an institution in any State in which State or applicable local law provides for the licensing of hospitals, > (A) is licensed pursuant to such law or > (B) is approved, by the agency of such State or locality responsible for licensing hospitals, as meeting the standards established for such licensing; (Excerpt from Title XVIII of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. § 1395x(e)], http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode42/usc_sec_42_00001395---x000-.html) Included in this dataset are General Medical and Surgical Hospitals, Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Hospitals, and Specialty Hospitals (e.g., Children's Hospitals, Cancer Hospitals, Maternity Hospitals, Rehabilitation Hospitals, etc.). TGS has made a concerted effort to include all general medical/surgical hospitals in New Mexico. Other types of hospitals are included if they were represented in datasets sent by the state. Therefore, not all of the specialty hospitals in New Mexico are represented in this dataset. Hospitals operated by the Veterans Administration (VA) are included, even if the state they are located in does not license VA Hospitals. Nursing homes and Urgent Care facilities are excluded because they are included in a separate dataset. Locations that are administrative offices only are excluded from the dataset. Records with "-DOD" appended to the end of the [NAME] value are located on a military base, as defined by the Defense Installation Spatial Data Infrastructure (DISDI) military installations and military range boundaries. Text fields in this dataset have been set to all upper case to facilitate consistent database engine search results. All diacritics (e.g., the German umlaut or the Spanish tilde) have been replaced with their closest equivalent English character to facilitate use with database systems that may not support diacritics. The currentness of this dataset is indicated by the [CONTDATE] field. Based upon this field, the oldest record dates from 06/16/2008 and the newest record dates from 06/27/2008

This dataset comprises physician-level entries from the 1906 American Medical Directory, the first in a series of semi-annual directories of all practicing physicians published by the American Medical Association [1]. Physicians are consistently listed by city, county, and state. Most records also include details about the place and date of medical training. From 1906-1940, Directories also identified the race of black physicians [2].This dataset comprises physician entries for a subset of US states and the District of Columbia, including all of the South and several adjacent states (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia). Records were extracted via manual double-entry by professional data management company [3], and place names were matched to latitude/longitude coordinates. The main source for geolocating physician entries was the US Census. Historical Census records were sourced from IPUMS National Historical Geographic Information System [4]. Additionally, a public database of historical US Post Office locations was used to match locations that could not be found using Census records [5]. Fuzzy matching algorithms were also used to match misspelled place or county names [6].The source of geocoding match is described in the “match.source” field (Type of spatial match (census_YEAR = match to NHGIS census place-county-state for given year; census_fuzzy_YEAR = matched to NHGIS place-county-state with fuzzy matching algorithm; dc = matched to centroid for Washington, DC; post_places = place-county-state matched to Blevins & Helbock's post office dataset; post_fuzzy = matched to post office dataset with fuzzy matching algorithm; post_simp = place/state matched to post office dataset; post_confimed_missing = post office dataset confirms place and county, but could not find coordinates; osm = matched using Open Street Map geocoder; hand-match = matched by research assistants reviewing web archival sources; unmatched/hand_match_missing = place coordinates could not be found). For records where place names could not be matched, but county names could, coordinates for county centroids were used. Overall, 40,964 records were matched to places (match.type=place_point) and 931 to county centroids ( match.type=county_centroid); 76 records could not be matched (match.type=NA).Most records include information about the physician’s medical training, including the year of graduation and a code linking to a school. A key to these codes is given on Directory pages 26-27, and at the beginning of each state’s section [1]. The OSM geocoder was used to assign coordinates to each school by its listed location. Straight-line distances between physicians’ place of training and practice were calculated using the sf package in R [7], and are given in the “school.dist.km” field. Additionally, the Directory identified a handful of schools that were “fraudulent” (school.fraudulent=1), and institutions set up to train black physicians (school.black=1).AMA identified black physicians in the directory with the signifier “(col.)” following the physician’s name (race.black=1). Additionally, a number of physicians attended schools identified by AMA as serving black students, but were not otherwise identified as black; thus an expanded racial identifier was generated to identify black physicians (race.black.prob=1), including physicians who attended these schools and those directly identified (race.black=1).Approximately 10% of dataset entries were audited by trained research assistants, in addition to 100% of black physician entries. These audits demonstrated a high degree of accuracy between the original Directory and extracted records. Still, given the complexity of matching across multiple archival sources, it is possible that some errors remain; any identified errors will be periodically rectified in the dataset, with a log kept of these updates.For further information about this dataset, or to report errors, please contact Dr Ben Chrisinger (Benjamin.Chrisinger@tufts.edu). Future updates to this dataset, including additional states and Directory years, will be posted here: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/amd.References:1. American Medical Association, 1906. American Medical Directory. American Medical Association, Chicago. Retrieved from: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000543547.2. Baker, Robert B., Harriet A. Washington, Ololade Olakanmi, Todd L. Savitt, Elizabeth A. Jacobs, Eddie Hoover, and Matthew K. Wynia. "African American physicians and organized medicine, 1846-1968: origins of a racial divide." JAMA 300, no. 3 (2008): 306-313. doi:10.1001/jama.300.3.306.3. GABS Research Consult Limited Company, https://www.gabsrcl.com.4. Steven Manson, Jonathan Schroeder, David Van Riper, Tracy Kugler, and Steven Ruggles. IPUMS National Historical Geographic Information System: Version 17.0 [GNIS, TIGER/Line & Census Maps for US Places and Counties: 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950; 1910_cPHA: ds37]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS. 2022. http://doi.org/10.18128/D050.V17.05. Blevins, Cameron; Helbock, Richard W., 2021, "US Post Offices", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NUKCNA, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:8ROmiI5/4qA8jHrt62PpyA== [fileUNF]6. fedmatch: Fast, Flexible, and User-Friendly Record Linkage Methods. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/fedmatch/index.html7. sf: Simple Features for R. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/sf/index.html

Update — December 7, 2014. – Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is not working for many reasons, for example: 1. Incorrect in their foundations (paradox): hierarchical levels of evidence are supported by opinions (i.e., lowest strength of evidence according to EBM) instead of real data collected from different types of study designs (i.e., evidence). http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1122534 2. The effect of criminal practices by pharmaceutical companies is only possible because of the complicity of others: healthcare systems, professional associations, governmental and academic institutions. Pharmaceutical companies also corrupt at the personal level, politicians and political parties are on their payroll, medical professionals seduced by different types of gifts in exchange of prescriptions (i.e., bribery) which very likely results in patients not receiving the proper treatment for their disease, many times there is no such thing: healthy persons not needing pharmacological treatments of any kind are constantly misdiagnosed and treated with unnecessary drugs. Some medical professionals are converted in K.O.L. which is only a puppet appearing on stage to spread lies to their peers, a person supposedly trained to improve the well-being of others, now deceits on behalf of pharmaceutical companies. Probably the saddest thing is that many honest doctors are being misled by these lies created by the rules of pharmaceutical marketing instead of scientific, medical, and ethical principles. Interpretation of EBM in this context was not anticipated by their creators. “The main reason we take so many drugs is that drug companies don’t sell drugs, they sell lies about drugs.” ―Peter C. Gøtzsche “doctors and their organisations should recognise that it is unethical to receive money that has been earned in part through crimes that have harmed those people whose interests doctors are expected to take care of. Many crimes would be impossible to carry out if doctors weren’t willing to participate in them.” —Peter C Gøtzsche, The BMJ, 2012, Big pharma often commits corporate crime, and this must be stopped. Pending (Colombia): Health Promoter Entities (In Spanish: EPS ―Empresas Promotoras de Salud).

1. Misinterpretations New technologies or concepts are difficult to understand in the beginning, it doesn’t matter their simplicity, we need to get used to new tools aimed to improve our professional practice. Probably the best explanation is here in these videos (credits to Antonio Villafaina for sharing these videos with me). English https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQHX-SjgQvQ&w=420&h=315 Spanish https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DApozQBrlhU&w=420&h=315 ----------------------- Hypothesis: hierarchical levels of evidence based medicine are wrong Dear Editor, I have data to support the hypothesis described in the title of this letter. Before rejecting the null hypothesis I would like to ask the following open question:Could you support with data that hierarchical levels of evidence based medicine are correct? (1,2) Additional explanation to this question: – Only respond to this question attaching publicly available raw data.– Be aware that more than a question this is a challenge: I have data (i.e., evidence) which is contrary to classic (i.e., McMaster) or current (i.e., Oxford) hierarchical levels of evidence based medicine. An important part of this data (but not all) is publicly available. References
2. Ramirez, Jorge H (2014): The EBM challenge. figshare. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1135873
3. The EBM Challenge Day 1: No Answers. Competing interests: I endorse the principles of open data in human biomedical research Read this letter on The BMJ – August 13, 2014.http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g3725/rr/762595Re: Greenhalgh T, et al. Evidence based medicine: a movement in crisis? BMJ 2014; 348: g3725. _ Fileset contents Raw data: Excel archive: Raw data, interactive figures, and PubMed search terms. Google Spreadsheet is also available (URL below the article description). Figure 1. Unadjusted (Fig 1A) and adjusted (Fig 1B) PubMed publication trends (01/01/1992 to 30/06/2014). Figure 2. Adjusted PubMed publication trends (07/01/2008 to 29/06/2014) Figure 3. Google search trends: Jan 2004 to Jun 2014 / 1-week periods. Figure 4. PubMed publication trends (1962-2013) systematic reviews and meta-analysis, clinical trials, and observational studies.
   Figure 5. Ramirez, Jorge H (2014): Infographics: Unpublished US phase 3 clinical trials (2002-2014) completed before Jan 2011 = 50.8%. figshare.http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1121675 Raw data: "13377 studies found for: Completed | Interventional Studies | Phase 3 | received from 01/01/2002 to 01/01/2014 | Worldwide". This database complies with the terms and conditions of ClinicalTrials.gov: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-site/terms-conditions Supplementary Figures (S1-S6). PubMed publication delay in the indexation processes does not explain the descending trends in the scientific output of evidence-based medicine. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the following persons for providing valuable concepts in data visualization and infographics:
4. Maria Fernanda Ramírez. Professor of graphic design. Universidad del Valle. Cali, Colombia.
5. Lorena Franco. Graphic design student. Universidad del Valle. Cali, Colombia. Related articles by this author (Jorge H. Ramírez)
6. Ramirez JH. Lack of transparency in clinical trials: a call for action. Colomb Med (Cali) 2013;44(4):243-6. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24892242
7. Ramirez JH. Re: Evidence based medicine is broken (17 June 2014). http://www.bmj.com/node/759181
8. Ramirez JH. Re: Global rules for global health: why we need an independent, impartial WHO (19 June 2014). http://www.bmj.com/node/759151
9. Ramirez JH. PubMed publication trends (1992 to 2014): evidence based medicine and clinical practice guidelines (04 July 2014). http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g3725/rr/759895 Recommended articles
10. Greenhalgh Trisha, Howick Jeremy,Maskrey Neal. Evidence based medicine: a movement in crisis? BMJ 2014;348:g3725
11. Spence Des. Evidence based medicine is broken BMJ 2014; 348:g22
12. Schünemann Holger J, Oxman Andrew D,Brozek Jan, Glasziou Paul, JaeschkeRoman, Vist Gunn E et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies BMJ 2008; 336:1106
13. Lau Joseph, Ioannidis John P A, TerrinNorma, Schmid Christopher H, OlkinIngram. The case of the misleading funnel plot BMJ 2006; 333:597
14. Moynihan R, Henry D, Moons KGM (2014) Using Evidence to Combat Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment: Evaluating Treatments, Tests, and Disease Definitions in the Time of Too Much. PLoS Med 11(7): e1001655. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001655
15. Katz D. A-holistic view of evidence based medicinehttp://thehealthcareblog.com/blog/2014/05/02/a-holistic-view-of-evidence-based-medicine/ ---

There has been a rapidly growing interest in Automatic Symptom Detection (ASD) and Automatic Diagnosis (AD) systems in the machine learning research literature, aiming to assist doctors in telemedicine services. These systems are designed to interact with patients, collect evidence about their symptoms and relevant antecedents, and possibly make predictions about the underlying diseases. Doctors would review the interactions, including the evidence and the predictions, collect if necessary additional information from patients, before deciding on next steps. Despite recent progress in this area, an important piece of doctors' interactions with patients is missing in the design of these systems, namely the differential diagnosis. Its absence is largely due to the lack of datasets that include such information for models to train on. In this work, we present a large-scale synthetic dataset of roughly 1.3 million patients that includes a differential diagnosis, along with the ground truth pathology, symptoms and antecedents for each patient. Unlike existing datasets which only contain binary symptoms and antecedents, this dataset also contains categorical and multi-choice symptoms and antecedents useful for efficient data collection. Moreover, some symptoms are organized in a hierarchy, making it possible to design systems able to interact with patients in a logical way. As a proof-of-concept, we extend two existing AD and ASD systems to incorporate the differential diagnosis, and provide empirical evidence that using differentials as training signals is essential for the efficiency of such systems or for helping doctors better understand the reasoning of those systems.

Heterogenous Big dataset is presented in this proposed work: electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, blood pressure signal, oxygen saturation (SpO2) signal, and the text input. This work is an extension version for our relevant formulating of dataset that presented in [1] and a trustworthy and relevant medical dataset library (PhysioNet [2]) was used to acquire these signals. The dataset includes medical features from heterogenous sources (sensory data and non-sensory). Firstly, ECG sensor’s signals which contains QRS width, ST elevation, peak numbers, and cycle interval. Secondly: SpO2 level from SpO2 sensor’s signals. Third, blood pressure sensors’ signals which contain high (systolic) and low (diastolic) values and finally text input which consider non-sensory data. The text inputs were formulated based on doctors diagnosing procedures for heart chronic diseases. Python software environment was used, and the simulated big data is presented along with analyses.

either printed or handwritten

Nigeria NG: Physicians: per 1000 People data was reported at 0.395 Ratio in 2010. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.376 Ratio for 2009. Nigeria NG: Physicians: per 1000 People data is updated yearly, averaging 0.192 Ratio from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2010, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.395 Ratio in 2010 and a record low of 0.017 Ratio in 1960. Nigeria NG: Physicians: per 1000 People data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nigeria – Table NG.World Bank: Health Statistics. Physicians include generalist and specialist medical practitioners.; ; World Health Organization's Global Health Workforce Statistics, OECD, supplemented by country data.; Weighted average;

Number of Doctors: Registered: Medical Council of India data was reported at 1,169.000 Person in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5,603.000 Person for 2013. Number of Doctors: Registered: Medical Council of India data is updated yearly, averaging 1,989.000 Person from Dec 2002 (Median) to 2014, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5,603.000 Person in 2013 and a record low of 921.000 Person in 2004. Number of Doctors: Registered: Medical Council of India data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bureau of Health Intelligence. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Health Sector – Table IN.HLB001: Health Human Resources: Number of Doctors: Registered.