N, number of individuals. The group of Northeners comprises members of several ethnicities of Northern Ghana. All statistical analyses were corrected for ethnicities.

Abstract

The Kintampo north and south districts (previously simply referred to as the Kintampo district) are two of the 19 districts currently in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. The Kintampo HDSS area (constituting of Kintampo North Municipality and Kintampo south district), has a surface area of 7,162 square kilometers. It is bounded to the north by the Black Volta, west by the Wenchi and Tain districts, in the East by the Atebubu District and to the south by Techiman and south-east by the Nkoranza north and south districts respectively.

The main indigenous ethnic groups are of the Bono, and the Mo origin. There is however a large permanent immigrant population from the northern Regions of Ghana (Dagarbas, Dagombas and Konkombas) who are mostly farmers. A few Dangbes and Ewes who are mainly fishermen are settled along the banks of the Black Volta. Settlements are mainly concentrated along the main trunk road linking the district capitals (Kintampo/Jema) to northern Region. There are 24 public health facilities made up of 15 Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) compounds, 7 health centre and 2 hospitals. The hospitals are located at the district capitals. In the private sector, there are 3 private clinics and 3 private maternity homes In April 2010, The Kintampo HDSS established a satellite HDSS (Ahafo Mining Area Health and Demographic Surveillance System, AMAHDSS) in Tano North and Asutifi Districts of the Newmont Ghana Gold mining concession area. It is to monitor population and health dynamics in a mining area. It is the first HDSS in a mining area.

Geographic coverage

The Kintampo north and south districts (previously simply referred to as the Kintampo district) are two of the 19 districts currently in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. The Kintampo HDSS area (constituting of Kintampo North Municipality and Kintampo south district), has a surface area of 7,162 square kilometers. It is bounded to the north by the Black Volta, west by the Wenchi and Tain districts, in the East by the Atebubu District and to the south by Techiman and south-east by the Nkoranza north and south districts respectively.

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

The survey covered all resident population

Kind of data

Event history data

Frequency of data collection

Round 1 to Round 12: 2 times a year Round 13 to Round 22: 3 times a year

Sampling procedure

This dataset is not based on a sample, but contains information from the complete demographic surveillance area.

Sampling deviation

Not Applicable

Mode of data collection

Proxy Respondent [proxy]

Response rate

Response rate is 99% on an average over the years in all rounds

Sampling error estimates

Not Applicable

Data appraisal

CentreId MetricTable QMetric Illegal Legal Total Metric RunDate GH021 MicroDataCleaned Starts 254483 2017-05-17 12:26
GH021 MicroDataCleaned Transitions 0 700506 700506 0 2017-05-17 12:26
GH021 MicroDataCleaned Ends 254483 2017-05-17 12:26
GH021 MicroDataCleaned SexValues 32 700474 700506 0 2017-05-17 12:27
GH021 MicroDataCleaned DoBValues 32 700474 700506 0 2017-05-17 12:27

This research project aimed to define a new research agenda for connecting policy on livestock sector development to research on agropastoralist food cultures. The project brought together a group of relevant stakeholders - policy makers and implementers, researchers, development actors, and local community representatives - from East and West Africa. Researchers performed a rapid literature review on policy and cultural aspects relevant to milk production and consumption in the study locations, policy actors explained their activities and some community members took part in participatory photography. The group reviewed the data in a seminar based on the local ‘Baraza’ deliberation format. The data set comprises: A transcript of an interview with a policy actor from Baringo county Kenya, on the dairy value chain and the meaning of milk, in November 2021. A transcript of an interview with elders of the Arror community on rituals that use milk, in November 2021. Transcripts of a set of interviews with milk value chain actors in Ghana in November 2021. Transcripts of two focus groups held in November and December 2021 where participants from the Arror and Ilchamus ethnic groups who had taken part in a participatory photography process explain their photographs and the issues they illustrated to do with milk and culture in their communities. These transcripts are accompanied by the consent form used in the photography exercise. A report from a baraza meeting held in Baringo county, Kenya, where photographers displayed their photographs and explained them, and used these to open dialogue with policy actors at county level, in April 2022. A literature review on cultures of milk in Northern Ghana, associated with the Fulani ethnic group, and Baringo county, Kenya, associated with the Arror and Ilchamus ethnic groups, and also on policies relevant to the dairy sector, and on the state of milk markets, in Ghana and Kenya. The aim of the data collection was to provide material which provided an entry point to understanding the perspectives of each actor group, that each of the stakeholders could react to in a Baraza in order to co-create meaning about the subject matter. The other aim of the data set is to provide the researchers with material they can use to propose the role of culture in contemporary dairy markets, and policy to do with these, in the study regions.The context of the research. In both East and West Africa, pastoralism is an important livelihood activity. For groups such as the Fulani (West Africa) and Ilchamus (East Africa), it is an ethnoprofessional activity, sometimes combined with agriculture in agropastoralism. For many groups, pastoralism or agropastoralism entails a unique culture, many aspects of which are connected to food production, processing, exchange and consumption activities. Anthropological research has focused on agropastoralist food cultures, for example describing how cultures and practices of food production, processing, trade and consumption have adapted as pastoralist people have engaged over centuries with local and international markets, in global contexts of technological change. In recent decades, agropastoralist livelihoods have continued to change, in the context of continent-wide agricultural policy favouring commercialisation, modernisation and formalisation of the agricultural and livestock sectors. There is a noticeable disconnect between many policies dealing with livestock sector commercialisation and modernisation, and research on agropastoralist food culture, despite the practices of production and consumption which connect them. For example, proposed commercialisation of the dairy sector is sometimes difficult to connect to gendered associations of milk trade in the cultures of people such as the Fulani. The results is that pastoralist people, and specific groups such as women or those of given ethnicities, may not fully benefit from livestock sector development, or may even be disadvantaged. So, there is a need to draw connections between research on food cultures of pastoralism and development oriented policy on the livestock sector in Africa. The aims and objectives of the work. This exploratory research aims to define a new research agenda for connecting policy on livestock sector development to research on agropastoralist food cultures. The project convenes a group of relevant stakeholders - policy makers and implementers, researchers, development actors, and local community representatives - from East and West Africa. Together, they co-construct understandings of agropastoral food cultures, through participatory photography and desk research on a case study of milk and the dairy sector. The results are shared in a seminar modelled on the local meeting forum, the Baraza. A Baraza entails community members and representatives, opinion leaders, policy actors and other relevant parties convening to debate issues such as policy moves, usually in a public place such as a market. Through a Baraza style seminar, the project aims to encourage these groups to work more closely together to incorporate community perspectives, and research on them, into policy making and implementation. Key messages are then shared to the wider community and policy sector. This aims to define a clearer agenda and raise support for follow-up research. The potential applications and benefits or the research. The short term benefit of this work is that awareness will be raised, among all groups, of the gaps that exist between research on agropastoralist food cultures, and policy approaches to livestock sector commercialisation. Community members will enhance their abilities to advocate to policy makers, and within their communities. In the medium term, policy makers will be more cognisant of how to work with research and consider culture, and researchers will have a better understanding of how to engage with policy actors on this theme. In the longer term, there may be more relevant and culturally informed policy on livestock sector commercialisation, leading to better outcomes for pastoralists. Qualitative interviews were carried out with key informants, purposively selected, in Baringo county, Kenya, and Northern Ghana. Participatory photography was carried out with 6 Arror and 4 Ilchamus community members in Baringo County, Kenya. Focus Group Discussions were held where photographers and elders explained the photographs taken and the themes they raised. A 'Baraza' meeting was held where all stakeholders including community members and policy actors were present and discussed the issues raised by the photographs. One data item is a literature review.

Abstract

The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countries and was later extended to 12 countries. Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries, Round 4 (2008) 20 countries, Round 5 (2011-2013) 34 countries, Round 6 (2014-2015) 36 countries, and Round 7 (2016-2018) 34 countries. The survey covered 34 countries in Round 8 (2019-2021).

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

Citizens of Zambia who are 18 years and older

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:

• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling; • sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.

The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:

Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country. Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU). Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points. Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households. Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewer alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Zambia - Sample size: 1,200 - Sampling Frame: 2020 population projections based on the 2016 Bureau of Statistics Population Census - Sample design: Nationally representative, random, clustered, stratified, multi-stage area probability sample - Stratification: District and urban/peri-urban/rural location - Stages: PSUs (from strata), start points, households, respondents - PSU selection: Probability Proportionate to Population Size (PPPS) - Cluster size: 8 households per PSU - Household selection: Randomly selected start points, followed by walk pattern using 5/10 interval - Respondent selection: Gender quota filled by alternating interviews between men and women; respondents of appropriate gender listed, after which computer randomly selects individual

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The Round 8 questionnaire has been developed by the Questionnaire Committee after reviewing the findings and feedback obtained in previous Rounds, and securing input on preferred new topics from a host of donors, analysts, and users of the data.

The questionnaire consists of three parts: 1. Part 1 captures the steps for selecting households and respondents, and includes the introduction to the respondent and (pp.1-4). This section should be filled in by the Fieldworker. 2. Part 2 covers the core attitudinal and demographic questions that are asked by the Fieldworker and answered by the Respondent (Q1 – Q100). 3. Part 3 includes contextual questions about the setting and atmosphere of the interview, and collects information on the Fieldworker. This section is completed by the Fieldworker (Q101 – Q123).

Response rate

Outcome rates: - Contact rate: 93% - Cooperation rate: 74% - Refusal rate: 9% - Response rate: 69%

Sampling error estimates

The sample size yields country-level results with a margin of error of +/-3 percentage points at a 95% confidence level.

A series of focus group discussions (FGDs) to elicit the local knowledge about the agricultural and wild biodiversity present in the study areas in order to generate: (a) an inventory (list) of all useful plant, and animal species used by local communities for human food, animal feed, medicine, fuel, housing, farming tools, etc. and their local names; (b) an inventory of all foods consumed; (c) an inventory of species and products bought and sold in markets that people in the village attend. Two FGDs per village in three villages. FGDs were held separately for men and women in order to collect gender disaggregated data. Geographic area includes: Three villages in the Lawra District of Ghana: Bonpari (Lat 10.67, Lon W002.81); Gbelinkaa (Lat N10.58, Lon W002.83); Yagtuur (Lat N10.55, Lon W 002.86) In each of the three villages, two focus group discussions were held separately. One with men and the other with women. Each group will deal with the three aspects for discussion: Useful biological diversity in the production system; Market diversity; and Dietary diversity. There were between 10-16 participants in each group. Each group tried to include a cross-section of individuals involved in agricultural production or at least collecting useful plants from common lands and the wild, representing different levels of access to land (land owners, local land renters and migrant land renters), different ethnic groups present in the village and different age groups (special emphasis should be placed to include younger farmers). For each group there were two facilitators, one to guide the exercise and the other to document the process (take notes, photographs, etc.). The data were elicited using the four-square methodology explained in the Protocol document.

General and financial situation as well as problems of companies in the informal sector. Topics: region and land of origins; ethnic group affiliation; marital status; occupational activities of spouse; contribution of spouse to family income; number of children; education level; occupational activities before founding the business; knowledge necessary to run the business; manner of knowledge acquisition; reasons for migration; length of stay in Nima; type of business and location; type of goods or services offered; sources for goods and equipment; type of customers; length of business activity up to now; business established alone or type of take-over; help in founding the business; type of help received; problems in looking for support; changes in the size of the business; property situation at founding and present; preference for sole ownership; length of work week and business hours; sole ownership of furnishings and equipment of the business or amount of personal share; co-owners; amount of value of the furnishings and equipment as well as of the entire business; amount of monthly business expenses; amount of monthly profit as well as of personal income; credit possibilities and credit sources; amount of loan interest rates; personal granting of loans and type of borrower; amount of monthly loans and interest rates; planned business expansion; biggest problems expected with business expansion; interest in increased government support as well as preferred sort of support; preference for work for wages or self-employment; willingness to invest lottery winnings in the business as well as scope of such an investment; effect of such an investment on hiring of workers; preferred use of a lottery prize otherwise; measures undertaken to improve business; number of people employed in the business as well as detailed demographic information on them. Allgemeine und finanzielle Situation sowie Probleme von Betrieben im informellen Sektor. Themen: Herkunftsregion und -land; ethnische Gruppenzugehörigkeit; Familienstand; berufliche Aktivitäten des Ehepartners; Beitrag des Ehepartners zum Familieneinkommen; Kinderzahl; Bildungsstand; berufliche Aktivitäten vor der Geschäftsgründung; benötigte Kenntnisse für die Führung des Geschäfts; Art des Kenntniserwerbs; Migrationsgründe; Aufenthaltsdauer in Nima; Geschäftsart und -ort; Art der offerierten Güter bzw. Dienstleistungen; Bezugsquelle für Güter und Ausrüstungsgegenstände; Art der Kunden; Dauer der bisherigen Geschäftstätigkeit; alleiniger Aufbau des Geschäfts bzw. Art der Übernahme; Hilfe bei der Geschäftsgründung; Art der erhaltenen Hilfestellung; Probleme bei der Suche nach Unterstützung; Veränderungen in der Geschäftsgröße; Besitzverhältnisse bei Geschäftsgründung und gegenwärtig; Präferenz für Alleinbesitz; wöchentliche Arbeitsdauer und Geschäftszeiten; Alleinbesitz der Einrichtungs- und Ausrüstungsgegenstände des Geschäfts bzw. Höhe des Eigenanteils; Miteigentümer; Höhe des Wertes der Einrichtungsund Ausrüstungsgegenstände sowie des gesamten Geschäfts; Höhe der laufenden monatlichen Geschäftskosten; Höhe des monatlichen Gewinns sowie des persönlichen Einkommens; Kreditmöglichkeiten und Kreditquellen; Höhe der Kreditzinsen; eigene Kreditvergabe und Art der Kreditnehmer; Höhe der monatlichen Kreditvergabe sowie der Kreditzinsen; geplante Geschäftserweiterungen; erwartete größte Probleme bei einer Geschäftserweiterung; Interesse an einer größeren Unterstützung durch die Regierung sowie präferierte Unterstützungsart; Präferenz für Lohnarbeit oder Selbständigkeit; Bereitschaft zur Investition eines Lotteriegewinns in das Geschäft sowie Umfang einer solchen Investition; Auswirkung einer solchen Investition auf die Neueinstellung von Arbeitskräften; präferierte andere Verwendung eines Lotteriegewinns; vorgenommene Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung des Geschäftes; Anzahl der im Geschäft tätigen Personen sowie detaillierte demographische Angaben zu diesem Personenkreis. Area sample Flächenstichprobe

Dyslipidaemia is a primary risk factor for cardiometabolic disease, causing over 17 million deaths globally in 2015. However, the burden of dyslipidaemia and factors associated with lipid levels remain unknown in many rural African populations. Therefore, this study evaluated the association of socio-demographic, anthropometric and behavioural factors with lipid levels in rural Ghana. The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and elevated LDL-C in the total population of 1839 (846 men and 993 women) was 4.02%, 2.12%, and 5.55% respectively and did not differ between genders. The prevalence of low HDL-C levels was 60.30% and differed (p = 0.005) between men (56.86%) and women (63.24%). Subcutaneous abdominal fat was associated with TC (β = 0.067, p = 0.015) and TG (β = 0.137, p<0.001) among women and LDL-C (β = 0.139, p = 0.006) and TC (β = 0.071, p = 0.048) among men. Body mass index was associated with TC (β = 0.010, p = 0.043) among men while waist circumference was associated with LDL-C (β = 0.116, p<0.001) and TG (β = 0.094, p<0.001) among women. Hip circumference was negatively associated (β = -0.053, p = 0.043) while visceral fat was positively associated with TG (β = 0.033, p = 0.022) among women. Socioeconomic status, education, being unmarried and employment were associated with HDL-C (β = 0.081, p = 0.004), LDL-C (β = 0.095, p = 0.004) and TG (β = 0.095, p = 0.001) all among women, and TC (β = 0.070, p = 0.010) among men, respectively. Nankana women had lower TC (β = -0.069, p = 0.001), and men lower TG levels (β = -0.084, p = 0.008) than the other ethnic groups. Tobacco smoking (β = 0.066, p = 0.024) and alcohol intake (β = 0.084, p = 0.001) were associated with HDL-C levels among men and women respectively. Further studies are required to investigate whether high prevalence of low HDL-C levels in this population presents with any adverse cardiovascular disease outcomes. Associations of education, employment and adiposity with lipid levels suggest that future societal advances and increases in the prevalence of obesity may lead to associated adverse health consequences. Monitoring and interventions are required to limit these effects.

We aim to provide a powerful reference set for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in African populations. Our pilot study to sequence 100 individuals each from Fula, Jola, Mandinka and Wollof from the Gambia to low coverage has been completed - this first part of the main effort will make available low coverage WGS data for 400 individuals from multiple ethnic groups in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana and Tanzania. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

I study the effects of traditional chiefs -- a common type of broker -- on voters' ability to extract state resources from politicians. Using original data from Northern Ghana, I show that chieftaincy positions invented by colonial authorities are especially prone to capture, leaving voters worse off compared both to more accountable chiefs whose authority dates to the pre-colonial period and to voters who lack formal chiefs who can serve as brokers. The latter comparison exploits exogenous assignment of ethnic groups to the colonial invention of chieftaincy in the late-19th century. The findings suggest that whether voters benefit from brokers amidst clientelistic electoral competition depends on the accountability relationship between brokers and their clients.

Abstract

The Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) is a nationwide survey carried out by the Government of Ghana (Ghana Statistical Service) with the support of the World Bank (Social Dimensions of Adjustment Project Unit). The objective of the survey is to provide data to the government for measuring the living standards of the population and the progress made in raising them. The survey data will permit a more effective formulation and implementation of policies designed to improve the welfare of the population.

The GLSS was launched in September 1987 and is currently planned to be undertaken over a five-year period. The five interval ensures that a steady stream of data becomes available to monitor the impact of the Government's Economic Recovery Program, including the Program of Actions to Mitigate the Social Costs of Adjustment (PAMSCAD). GLSS provides data on various aspects of the Ghanaian household economic and social activities and the interactions between these activities. Data are collected at three levels: the individual level, the household level and community level. The household questionnaire was administered to 1525 households over a six month period from september 1987 to march 1988.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Community
• Commodity

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The methodology that was used reflects the purpose of the survey. To balance the desire for a large, representative sample with the expense of a long, detailed survey instrument, a sample size of 3,200 households was selected. The households were to be chosen in such a manner that each household had an equal probability of being selected. At the same time, the logistics of locating the households and conducting all interviews within a specific time frame required that the households be grouped into "workloads" of 16 households each. A final concern was that all three of the country's ecological zones (coastal, forest and savannah), and each of urban, semi-urban and rural areas (population greater than 5000, 1500 to 5000, and less than 1500, respectively) form the same proportion in the sample as they do in the national population.

To achieve the three objectives simultaneously, a stratified selection process was used. For the 1984 Census, all of Ghana was divided into approximately 13,000 enumeration areas (EAs). From this list it was determined what proportion of the 200 GLSS workloads should be selected from each of the nine zone/urban categories. Two hundred sampling areas were then selected from the enumeration areas in the sub-divided list. For each enumeration area, the probability of being selected was proportional to the number of households contained in that area.

After the 200 sampling areas were selected, households in those areas were enumerated in 1987. Therefore it was possible to take into account changes in the number of households and preserve the self-weighting nature of the sample. The 200 workloads were assigned among the 200 sampling areas with probability equal to the number of households in that area in 1987 divided by the number of households in that area in 1984 and multiplied by the total number of households in 1984 divided by the total number of households in 1987. That is, sampling areas that had greater than average increases in size had a greater than one chance of being selected. Thus, each sampling area was assigned zero, one, two, or even three workloads of sixteen households. The households (sixteen selected and four replacement for each workload) were then chosen randomly from the household list for each sampling area. The resulting list is 3200 households and 800 replacement households in something less than 200 sampling areas (specifically 178 in 1987-88 and 170 in 1988-89). Each group of 16, 32 or 48 households within a sampling area is referred to as a cluster in the GLSS data sets and in this document.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

• The household survey contains modules (sections) to collect data on household demographic structure, housing conditions, schooling, health, employment, migration, expenditure and income, household non-agricultural businesses, agricultural activities, fertility and contraceptive use, savings and credit, and anthropometric (height and weight) measures.

• The community questionnaire collected data on the population of the community, a list of principal ethnic groups and religions, the length of time the community has existed and whether or not it has grown, principal economic activities, access to a motorable road, electricity, pipe-borne water, restaurant or food stall, post office, bank, daily market and public transport, employment, migration for jobs, existence of community development projects, schools and how far from the community, information is obtained on whether it is public or private, data on distance and travel time to the nearest of each of several types of health post, dispensary, pharmacy, maternity home, family planning clinic, type of crops grown in the community, how often and when they are planted and harvested, and how the harvest is generally sold.

• Price questionnaire collected information on prices from up to three vendors i.e. food, pharmaceutical and other non-food items.

Cleaning operations

The quality control of the data collection occured at three instances. First, on the field, the supervisor randormly visited 25% of the households already surveyed to verify the answers to some key questions. In addition the supervisor periodically attended interviews conducted by each interviewer. Second, in the regional office, the data entry computer package used performed consistency checks, so that inconsistencies and errors in data collected during the first round were immediately reported to the interviewers for verification during the second round. Finally, daily supervisory checks of the data entry process were performed.

Project OverviewThe United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Act to End Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) | West (Act | West) program is a five-year USAID-funded cooperative agreement that seeks to eliminate or control five NTDs (lymphatic filariasis, trachoma, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminths) in 11 West African countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leona and Togo. The program – managed as a consortium of partners, with FHI 360 as the overall lead – supports national governments to roll out mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns to treat all eligible individuals in an affected community with drugs that both treat the disease in those who are infected, as well as protect those who aren’t from future infection. These campaigns are primarily carried out by community drug distributors (CDDs) who are trained by government health teams to raise awareness of NTDs and the drugs used to treat them, as well as ensure all eligible individuals participate in the MDA campaigns.As a way to ensure the program is equitably addressing the needs of men, women, boys and girls with NTD control and elimination activities, Act | West conducted a gender and social inclusion (GESI) analysis study in 2019 to determine how NTDs differentially impact various populations and how gender and social norms and power differentials between men and women might impact results, with a view to informing future NTD programming, integrating elements to explicitly advance gender equality and social inclusion. The GESI analysis took an intersectional approach, looking not just at how gender norms and roles impact various components of NTD programming, but also looking at ethnicity, geographic context, urban vs. rural, and disability.The objectives of the gender and social inclusion analysis were to identify the following:How neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) might differentially impact women, men, and school-aged children 6-15 years old, recognizing intersectionality such as disability, ethnicity, etc.;How gender norms, roles, and power dynamics, including social exclusion of people with disabilities, might affect the attainment of program results; andHow program activities might advance gender equality and social inclusion and promote sustainable health outcomes in the context of NTD control and elimination programming. Data Collection OverviewFor country-level data collection, we purposively selected three countries (Côte d’Ivoire, Sierra Leone, and Ghana) to be as representative as possible of the 11 West African Act to End NTDs | West program countries, including demographic data such as religious and ethnic make-up. We also selected countries based on percentage of women trained as CDDs, types of MDA present, length of NTD program implementation, and security considerations.The key informant interviews and focus group discussions totaled 477 individuals across the three study countries. Seventeen KIIs were conducted across the three countries, including with in-country Act to End NTDs | West program staff, government officials involved in NTD programming, members of international organizations involved in NTD programming, including disabled persons groups, and members of local community-based or civil society organizations involved in NTD programming.Twenty-one FGDs were conducted in each country. Each FGD consisted of 6−8 participants from each of the following groups:3 groups of community leaders (mixed male and female)6 groups of community drug distributors (CDDs) (3 females and 3 males in each country)3 groups of health providers (mixed male and female)3 groups of mothers of school aged children (6-15 years old)3 groups of fathers of school aged children (6-15 years old)3 groups of grandmothers of school-age children (6-15 years old)These participant groups were selected based on their role in decision-making and participation in both community-based and school-based MDA campaigns.Prior to fieldwork, research team members underwent training on best practices in human subject research ethics, gender analysis data collection, data entry and cleaning, and qualitative analysis prior to data collection. All individuals who participated were provided informed consent prior to the start of the interview, and written consent was obtained from all participants who were able to sign their name. Verbal consent was obtained for any participants who were not able to sign their name. The protocol for this study, data collection instruments, and consent forms were approved by FHI 360’s Protection of Human Subjects Committee and local research ethics boards in each of the three study countries (Comite National d’Ethique des Sciences de la Vie et de la Sante in Côte d’Ivoire; Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects in Ghana; and the Office of the Sierra Leone Ethics and Scientific Review Committee in...

A recent expansion of the primary electorate by one of Ghana's major parties offers a rare opportunity to assess the effects of franchise extensions in contemporary new democracies. Using an original dataset on candidate entry and nominations, we show that expanding the primary electorate opened paths to office for politicians from social groups that were previously excluded, such as women and ethnic groups outside the party's core national coalition. We propose that democratizing candidate selection has two consequences in patronage-oriented political systems: vote buying will become a less effective strategy and the electorate will become more diverse. These changes, in turn, affect the types of politicians who seek and win legislative nominations. This suggests that a simple shift in who votes in intra-party primaries can be a key institutional mechanism for improving the descriptive representation of women and other underrepresented groups.

Abstract

The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countries and was later extended to 12 countries. Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries, Round 4 (2008) 20 countries, Round 5 (2011-2013) 34 countries, Round 6 (2014-2015) 36 countries, and Round 7 (2016-2018) 34 countries. The survey covered 34 countries in Round 8 (2019-2021).

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

Citizens aged 18 years and above excluding those living in institutionalized buildings.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:

• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling; • sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.

The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:

Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country. Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU). Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points. Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households. Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewer alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Gabon - Sample size: 1,200 - Sampling Frame: Recensement Général de la Population et des Logements (RGPL) de 2013 réalisée par la Direction Générale de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques - Sample design: Representative, random, clustered, stratified, multi-stage area probability sample - Stratification: Province, Department, and urban-rural location - Stages: Primary sampling unit (PSU), start points, households, respondents - PSU selection: Probability Proportionate to Population Size (PPPS) - Cluster size: 8 households per PSU - Household selection: Randomly selected start points, followed by walk pattern using 5/10 interval - Respondent selection: Gender quota to be achieved by alternating interviews between men and women; potential respondents (i.e. household members) of the appropriate gender are listed, then the computer chooses the individual random

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The Round 8 questionnaire has been developed by the Questionnaire Committee after reviewing the findings and feedback obtained in previous Rounds, and securing input on preferred new topics from a host of donors, analysts, and users of the data.

The questionnaire consists of three parts: 1. Part 1 captures the steps for selecting households and respondents, and includes the introduction to the respondent and (pp.1-4). This section should be filled in by the Fieldworker. 2. Part 2 covers the core attitudinal and demographic questions that are asked by the Fieldworker and answered by the Respondent (Q1 – Q100). 3. Part 3 includes contextual questions about the setting and atmosphere of the interview, and collects information on the Fieldworker. This section is completed by the Fieldworker (Q101 – Q123).

Response rate

Outcome rates: - Contact rate: 99% - Cooperation rate: 92% - Refusal rate: 3% - Response rate: 91%

Sampling error estimates

+/- 3% at 95% confidence level

Allgemeine und finanzielle Situation sowie Probleme von Betrieben iminformellen Sektor. Themen: Herkunftsregion und -land; ethnische Gruppenzugehörigkeit;Familienstand; berufliche Aktivitäten des Ehepartners; Beitrag desEhepartners zum Familieneinkommen; Kinderzahl; Bildungsstand;berufliche Aktivitäten vor der Geschäftsgründung; benötigte Kenntnissefür die Führung des Geschäfts; Art des Kenntniserwerbs;Migrationsgründe; Aufenthaltsdauer in Nima; Geschäftsart und -ort; Artder offerierten Güter bzw. Dienstleistungen; Bezugsquelle für Güter undAusrüstungsgegenstände; Art der Kunden; Dauer der bisherigenGeschäftstätigkeit; alleiniger Aufbau des Geschäfts bzw. Art derÜbernahme; Hilfe bei der Geschäftsgründung; Art der erhaltenenHilfestellung; Probleme bei der Suche nach Unterstützung; Veränderungenin der Geschäftsgröße; Besitzverhältnisse bei Geschäftsgründung undgegenwärtig; Präferenz für Alleinbesitz; wöchentliche Arbeitsdauer undGeschäftszeiten; Alleinbesitz der Einrichtungs- undAusrüstungsgegenstände des Geschäfts bzw. Höhe des Eigenanteils;Miteigentümer; Höhe des Wertes der EinrichtungsundAusrüstungsgegenstände sowie des gesamten Geschäfts; Höhe der laufendenmonatlichen Geschäftskosten; Höhe des monatlichen Gewinns sowie despersönlichen Einkommens; Kreditmöglichkeiten und Kreditquellen; Höheder Kreditzinsen; eigene Kreditvergabe und Art der Kreditnehmer; Höheder monatlichen Kreditvergabe sowie der Kreditzinsen; geplanteGeschäftserweiterungen; erwartete größte Probleme bei einerGeschäftserweiterung; Interesse an einer größeren Unterstützung durchdie Regierung sowie präferierte Unterstützungsart; Präferenz fürLohnarbeit oder Selbständigkeit; Bereitschaft zur Investition einesLotteriegewinns in das Geschäft sowie Umfang einer solchen Investition;Auswirkung einer solchen Investition auf die Neueinstellung vonArbeitskräften; präferierte andere Verwendung eines Lotteriegewinns;vorgenommene Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung des Geschäftes; Anzahl der imGeschäft tätigen Personen sowie detaillierte demographische Angaben zudiesem Personenkreis. General and financial situation as well as problems of companies in theinformal sector. Topics: region and land of origins; ethnic group affiliation; maritalstatus; occupational activities of spouse; contribution of spouse tofamily income; number of children; education level; occupationalactivities before founding the business; knowledge necessary to run thebusiness; manner of knowledge acquisition; reasons for migration;length of stay in Nima; type of business and location; type of goods orservices offered; sources for goods and equipment; type of customers;length of business activity up to now; business established alone ortype of take-over; help in founding the business; type of helpreceived; problems in looking for support; changes in the size of thebusiness; property situation at founding and present; preference forsole ownership; length of work week and business hours; sole ownershipof furnishings and equipment of the business or amount of personalshare; co-owners; amount of value of the furnishings and equipment aswell as of the entire business; amount of monthly business expenses;amount of monthly profit as well as of personal income; creditpossibilities and credit sources; amount of loan interest rates;personal granting of loans and type of borrower; amount of monthlyloans and interest rates; planned business expansion; biggest problemsexpected with business expansion; interest in increased governmentsupport as well as preferred sort of support; preference for work forwages or self-employment; willingness to invest lottery winnings in thebusiness as well as scope of such an investment; effect of such aninvestment on hiring of workers; preferred use of a lottery prizeotherwise; measures undertaken to improve business; number of peopleemployed in the business as well as detailed demographic information onthem.

Abstract

The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The initial (Round 1) survey covered 7 countries.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

The sample universe for Afrobarometer surveys includes all citizens of voting age within the country. In other words, we exclude anyone who is not a citizen and anyone who has not attained this age (usually 18 years) on the day of the survey. Also excluded are areas determined to be either inaccessible or not relevant to the study, such as those experiencing armed conflict or natural disasters, as well as national parks and game reserves. As a matter of practice, we have also excluded people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories and persons in prisons or nursing homes.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by: - using random selection methods at every stage of sampling; - sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level. The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages Samples are drawn in either four or five stages: Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries, they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country. Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU). Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points. Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households. Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewer alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]