Author: Víctor Yeste. Universitat Politècnica de Valencia.The object of this study is the design of a cybermetric methodology whose objectives are to measure the success of the content published in online media and the possible prediction of the selected success variables.In this case, due to the need to integrate data from two separate areas, such as web publishing and the analysis of their shares and related topics on Twitter, has opted for programming as you access both the Google Analytics v4 reporting API and Twitter Standard API, always respecting the limits of these.The website analyzed is hellofriki.com. It is an online media whose primary intention is to solve the need for information on some topics that provide daily a vast number of news in the form of news, as well as the possibility of analysis, reports, interviews, and many other information formats. All these contents are under the scope of the sections of cinema, series, video games, literature, and comics.This dataset has contributed to the elaboration of the PhD Thesis:Yeste Moreno, VM. (2021). Diseño de una metodología cibermétrica de cálculo del éxito para la optimización de contenidos web [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/176009Data have been obtained from each last-minute news article published online according to the indicators described in the doctoral thesis. All related data are stored in a database, divided into the following tables:tesis_followers: User ID list of media account followers.tesis_hometimeline: data from tweets posted by the media account sharing breaking news from the web.status_id: Tweet IDcreated_at: date of publicationtext: content of the tweetpath: URL extracted after processing the shortened URL in textpost_shared: Article ID in WordPress that is being sharedretweet_count: number of retweetsfavorite_count: number of favoritestesis_hometimeline_other: data from tweets posted by the media account that do not share breaking news from the web. Other typologies, automatic Facebook shares, custom tweets without link to an article, etc. With the same fields as tesis_hometimeline.tesis_posts: data of articles published by the web and processed for some analysis.stats_id: Analysis IDpost_id: Article ID in WordPresspost_date: article publication date in WordPresspost_title: title of the articlepath: URL of the article in the middle webtags: Tags ID or WordPress tags related to the articleuniquepageviews: unique page viewsentrancerate: input ratioavgtimeonpage: average visit timeexitrate: output ratiopageviewspersession: page views per sessionadsense_adunitsviewed: number of ads viewed by usersadsense_viewableimpressionpercent: ad display ratioadsense_ctr: ad click ratioadsense_ecpm: estimated ad revenue per 1000 page viewstesis_stats: data from a particular analysis, performed at each published breaking news item. Fields with statistical values can be computed from the data in the other tables, but total and average calculations are saved for faster and easier further processing.id: ID of the analysisphase: phase of the thesis in which analysis has been carried out (right now all are 1)time: "0" if at the time of publication, "1" if 14 days laterstart_date: date and time of measurement on the day of publicationend_date: date and time when the measurement is made 14 days latermain_post_id: ID of the published article to be analysedmain_post_theme: Main section of the published article to analyzesuperheroes_theme: "1" if about superheroes, "0" if nottrailer_theme: "1" if trailer, "0" if notname: empty field, possibility to add a custom name manuallynotes: empty field, possibility to add personalized notes manually, as if some tag has been removed manually for being considered too generic, despite the fact that the editor put itnum_articles: number of articles analysednum_articles_with_traffic: number of articles analysed with traffic (which will be taken into account for traffic analysis)num_articles_with_tw_data: number of articles with data from when they were shared on the media’s Twitter accountnum_terms: number of terms analyzeduniquepageviews_total: total page viewsuniquepageviews_mean: average page viewsentrancerate_mean: average input ratioavgtimeonpage_mean: average duration of visitsexitrate_mean: average output ratiopageviewspersession_mean: average page views per sessiontotal: total of ads viewedadsense_adunitsviewed_mean: average of ads viewedadsense_viewableimpressionpercent_mean: average ad display ratioadsense_ctr_mean: average ad click ratioadsense_ecpm_mean: estimated ad revenue per 1000 page viewsTotal: total incomeretweet_count_mean: average incomefavorite_count_total: total of favoritesfavorite_count_mean: average of favoritesterms_ini_num_tweets: total tweets on the terms on the day of publicationterms_ini_retweet_count_total: total retweets on the terms on the day of publicationterms_ini_retweet_count_mean: average retweets on the terms on the day of publicationterms_ini_favorite_count_total: total of favorites on the terms on the day of publicationterms_ini_favorite_count_mean: average of favorites on the terms on the day of publicationterms_ini_followers_talking_rate: ratio of followers of the media Twitter account who have recently published a tweet talking about the terms on the day of publicationterms_ini_user_num_followers_mean: average followers of users who have spoken of the terms on the day of publicationterms_ini_user_num_tweets_mean: average number of tweets published by users who spoke about the terms on the day of publicationterms_ini_user_age_mean: average age in days of users who have spoken of the terms on the day of publicationterms_ini_ur_inclusion_rate: URL inclusion ratio of tweets talking about terms on the day of publicationterms_end_num_tweets: total tweets on terms 14 days after publicationterms_ini_retweet_count_total: total retweets on terms 14 days after publicationterms_ini_retweet_count_mean: average retweets on terms 14 days after publicationterms_ini_favorite_count_total: total bookmarks on terms 14 days after publicationterms_ini_favorite_count_mean: average of favorites on terms 14 days after publicationterms_ini_followers_talking_rate: ratio of media Twitter account followers who have recently posted a tweet talking about the terms 14 days after publicationterms_ini_user_num_followers_mean: average followers of users who have spoken of the terms 14 days after publicationterms_ini_user_num_tweets_mean: average number of tweets published by users who have spoken about the terms 14 days after publicationterms_ini_user_age_mean: the average age in days of users who have spoken of the terms 14 days after publicationterms_ini_ur_inclusion_rate: URL inclusion ratio of tweets talking about terms 14 days after publication.tesis_terms: data of the terms (tags) related to the processed articles.stats_id: Analysis IDtime: "0" if at the time of publication, "1" if 14 days laterterm_id: Term ID (tag) in WordPressname: Name of the termslug: URL of the termnum_tweets: number of tweetsretweet_count_total: total retweetsretweet_count_mean: average retweetsfavorite_count_total: total of favoritesfavorite_count_mean: average of favoritesfollowers_talking_rate: ratio of followers of the media Twitter account who have recently published a tweet talking about the termuser_num_followers_mean: average followers of users who were talking about the termuser_num_tweets_mean: average number of tweets published by users who were talking about the termuser_age_mean: average age in days of users who were talking about the termurl_inclusion_rate: URL inclusion ratio

Advertising makes up 89% of its total revenue and data licensing makes up about 11%.

This dataset comprises a set of Twitter accounts in Singapore that are used for social bot profiling research conducted by the Living Analytics Research Centre (LARC) at Singapore Management University (SMU). Here a bot is defined as a Twitter account that generates contents and/or interacts with other users automatically (at least according to human judgment). In this research, Twitter bots have been categorized into three major types:

Broadcast bot. This bot aims at disseminating information to general audience by providing, e.g., benign links to news, blogs or sites. Such bot is often managed by an organization or a group of people (e.g., bloggers). Consumption bot. The main purpose of this bot is to aggregate contents from various sources and/or provide update services (e.g., horoscope reading, weather update) for personal consumption or use. Spam bot. This type of bots posts malicious contents (e.g., to trick people by hijacking certain account or redirecting them to malicious sites), or promotes harmless but invalid/irrelevant contents aggressively.

This categorization is general enough to cater for new, emerging types of bot (e.g., chatbots can be viewed as a special type of broadcast bots). The dataset was collected from 1 January to 30 April 2014 via the Twitter REST and streaming APIs. Starting from popular seed users (i.e., users having many followers), their follow, retweet, and user mention links were crawled. The data collection proceeds by adding those followers/followees, retweet sources, and mentioned users who state Singapore in their profile location. Using this procedure, a total of 159,724 accounts have been collected. To identify bots, the first step is to check active accounts who tweeted at least 15 times within the month of April 2014. These accounts were then manually checked and labelled, of which 589 bots were found. As many more human users are expected in the Twitter population, the remaining accounts were randomly sampled and manually checked. With this, 1,024 human accounts were identified. In total, this results in 1,613 labelled accounts. Related Publication: R. J. Oentaryo, A. Murdopo, P. K. Prasetyo, and E.-P. Lim. (2016). On profiling bots in social media. Proceedings of the International Conference on Social Informatics (SocInfo’16), 92-109. Bellevue, WA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47880-7_6

The dataset consists of various columns containing information related to tweets posted on Twitter. Each row in the dataset represents a single tweet. Here's an explanation of the columns in the dataset from a third-person perspective:

Tweet: This column contains the actual text content of the tweet. It includes the message that the user posted on Twitter. Tweets can vary in length from a few characters to the maximum allowed by Twitter.

Sentiment: This column indicates the sentiment or emotional tone of the tweet. Sentiment can be classified into categories such as positive, negative, or neutral. It reflects the overall opinion or attitude expressed in the tweet.

Username: This column contains the username of the Twitter account that posted the tweet. Each Twitter user has a unique username that identifies their account.

Timestamp: This column contains the timestamp indicating when the tweet was posted. It includes information about the date and time when the tweet was published on Twitter.

Retweets: This column represents the number of times the tweet has been retweeted by other Twitter users. A retweet is when a user shares another user's tweet with their followers.

Likes: This column indicates the number of likes or favorites received by the tweet. Users can express their appreciation for a tweet by liking it.

Hashtags: This column contains any hashtags included in the tweet. Hashtags are keywords or phrases preceded by the "#" symbol, used to categorize or label tweets and make them more discoverable.

Mentions: This column includes any Twitter usernames mentioned in the tweet. Mentions are when a user tags another user in their tweet by including their username preceded by the "@" symbol.

Location: This column provides information about the location associated with the tweet. It may include details such as the city, state, country, or geographical coordinates from which the tweet was posted, if available.

Source: This column specifies the source or platform used to post the tweet. It indicates whether the tweet was posted from the Twitter website, a mobile app, or a third-party application.

One of the biggest advantages of Twitter is the speed at which information can be passed around. People use Twitter primarily to get news and for entertainment. This is the breakdown of why people use Twitter today.

-This Dataset was gathered by crawling Twitter's REST API using the Python library tweepy 3. This dataset contains the tweets of the 20 most popular twitter users (with the most followers) whereby retweets are neglected. These accounts belong to public people, such as Katy Perry and Barack Obama, platforms, YouTube, Instagram, and television channels shows, e.g., CNN Breaking News and The Ellen Show. -Consequently, the dataset contains a mix of relatively structured tweets, tweets written in a formal and informative manner, and completely unstructured tweets written in a colloquial style. Unfortunately, the geocoordinates were not available for those tweets. - H -This Dataset has been used to generate reserach paper under title "Machine Learning Techniques for Anomalies Detection in Post Arrays". -Crawled attributes are: Author (Twitter User), Content (Tweet), Date_Time, id (Twitter User ID), language (Tweet Langugage), Number_of_Likes, Number_of_Shares. Overall: 52543 tweets of top 20 users in twitter Screen_Name #Tweets Time span (in days) TheEllenShow 3,147 - 662 jimmyfallon 3,123 - 1231 ArianaGrande 3,104 - 613 YouTube 3,077 - 411 KimKardashian 2,939 - 603 katyperry 2,924 - 1,598 selenagomez 2,913 - 2,266 rihanna 2,877 - 1,557 BarackObama 2,863 - 849 britneyspears 2,776 - 1,548 instagram 2,577 - 456 shakira 2,530 - 1,850 Cristiano 2,507 - 2,407 jtimberlake 2,478 - 2,491 ladygaga 2,329 - 894 Twitter 2,290 - 2,593 ddlovato 2,217 - 741 taylorswift13 2,029 - 2,091 justinbieber 2,000 - 664 cnnbrk 1,842 - 183

This dataset comprises a set of information cascades generated by Singapore Twitter users. Here a cascade is defined as a set of tweets about the same topic. This dataset was collected via the Twitter REST and streaming APIs in the following way. Starting from popular seed users (i.e., users having many followers), we crawled their follow, retweet, and user mention links. We then added those followers/followees, retweet sources, and mentioned users who state Singapore in their profile location. With this, we have a total of 184,794 Twitter user accounts. Then tweets are crawled from these users from 1 April to 31 August 2012. In all, we got 32,479,134 tweets. To identify cascades, we extracted all the URL links and hashtags from the above tweets. And these URL links and hashtags are considered as the identities of cascades. In other words, all the tweets which contain the same URL link (or the same hashtag) represent a cascade. Mathematically, a cascade is represented as a set of user-timestamp pairs. Figure 1 provides an example, i.e. cascade C = {< u1, t1 >, < u2, t2 >, < u1, t3 >, < u3, t4 >, < u4, t5 >}. For evaluation, the dataset was split into two parts: four months data for training and the last one month data for testing. Table 1summarizes the basic (count) statistics of the dataset. Each line in each file represents a cascade. The first term in each line is a hashtag or URL, the second term is a list of user-timestamp pairs. Due to privacy concerns, all user identities are anonymized.

These are the key Twitter user statistics that you need to know.

This is the dataset for the article "A Predictive Method to Improve the Effectiveness of Twitter Communication in a Cultural Heritage Scenario".

Abstract:

Museums are embracing social technologies in the attempt to broaden their audience and to engage people. Although social communication seems an easy task, media managers know how hard it is to reach millions of people with a simple message. Indeed, millions of posts are competing every day to get visibility in terms of likes and shares and very little research focused on museums communication to identify best practices. In this paper, we focus on Twitter and we propose a novel method that exploits interpretable machine learning techniques to: (a) predict whether a tweet will likely be appreciated by Twitter users or not; (b) present simple suggestions that will help enhancing the message and increasing the probability of its success. Using a real-world dataset of around 40,000 tweets written by 23 world famous museums, we show that our proposed method allows identifying tweet features that are more likely to influence the tweet success.

Code to run a selection of experiments is available at https://github.com/rmartoglia/predict-twitter-ch

Dataset structure

The dataset contains the dataset used in the experiments of the above research paper. Only the extracted features for the museum tweet threads (and not the message full text) are provided and needed for the analyses.

We selected 23 well known world spread art museums and grouped them into five groups: G1 (museums with at least three million of followers); G2 (museums with more than one million of followers); G3 (museums with more than 400,000 followers); G4 (museums with more that 200,000 followers); G5 (Italian museums). From these museums, we analyzed ca. 40,000 tweets, with a number varying from 5k ca. to 11k ca. for each museum group, depending on the number of museums in each group.

Content features: these are the features that can be drawn form the content of the tweet itself. We further divide such features in the following two categories:

– Countable: these features have a value ranging into different intervals. We take into consideration: the number of hashtags (i.e., words preceded by #) in the tweet, the number of URLs (i.e., links to external resources), the number of images (e.g., photos and graphical emoticons), the number of mentions (i.e., twitter accounts preceded by @), the length of the tweet;

– On-Off : these features have binary values in {0, 1}. We observe whether the tweet has exclamation marks, question marks, person names, place names, organization names, other names. Moreover, we also take into consideration the tweet topic density: assuming that the involved topics correspond to the hashtags mentioned in the text, we define a tweet as dense of topics if the number of hashtags it contains is greater than a given threshold, set to 5. Finally, we observe the tweet sentiment that might be present (positive or negative) or not (neutral).

Context features: these features are not drawn form the content of the tweet itself and might give a larger picture of the context in which the tweet was sent. Namely, we take into consideration the part of the day in which the tweet was sent (morning, afternoon, evening and night respectively from 5:00am to 11:59am, from 12:00pm to 5:59pm, from 6:00pm to 10:59pm and from 11pm to 4:59am), and a boolean feature indicating whether the tweet is a retweet or not.

User features: these features are proper of the user that sent the tweet, and are the same for all the tweets of this user. Namely we consider the name of the museum and the number of followers of the user.

General Description

This dataset comprises 4,038 tweets in Spanish, related to discussions about artificial intelligence (AI), and was created and utilized in the publication "Enhancing Sentiment Analysis on Social Media: Integrating Text and Metadata for Refined Insights," (10.1109/IE61493.2024.10599899) presented at the 20th International Conference on Intelligent Environments. It is designed to support research on public perception, sentiment, and engagement with AI topics on social media from a Spanish-speaking perspective. Each entry includes detailed annotations covering sentiment analysis, user engagement metrics, and user profile characteristics, among others.

Data Collection Method

Tweets were gathered through the Twitter API v1.1 by targeting keywords and hashtags associated with artificial intelligence, focusing specifically on content in Spanish. The dataset captures a wide array of discussions, offering a holistic view of the Spanish-speaking public's sentiment towards AI.

Dataset Content

ID: A unique identifier for each tweet.

text: The textual content of the tweet. It is a string with a maximum allowed length of 280 characters.

polarity: The tweet's sentiment polarity (e.g., Positive, Negative, Neutral).

favorite_count: Indicates how many times the tweet has been liked by Twitter users. It is a non-negative integer.

retweet_count: The number of times this tweet has been retweeted. It is a non-negative integer.

user_verified: When true, indicates that the user has a verified account, which helps the public recognize the authenticity of accounts of public interest. It is a boolean data type with two allowed values: True or False.

user_default_profile: When true, indicates that the user has not altered the theme or background of their user profile. It is a boolean data type with two allowed values: True or False.

user_has_extended_profile: When true, indicates that the user has an extended profile. An extended profile on Twitter allows users to provide more detailed information about themselves, such as an extended biography, a header image, details about their location, website, and other additional data. It is a boolean data type with two allowed values: True or False.

user_followers_count: The current number of followers the account has. It is a non-negative integer.

user_friends_count: The number of users that the account is following. It is a non-negative integer.

user_favourites_count: The number of tweets this user has liked since the account was created. It is a non-negative integer.

user_statuses_count: The number of tweets (including retweets) posted by the user. It is a non-negative integer.

user_protected: When true, indicates that this user has chosen to protect their tweets, meaning their tweets are not publicly visible without their permission. It is a boolean data type with two allowed values: True or False.

user_is_translator: When true, indicates that the user posting the tweet is a verified translator on Twitter. This means they have been recognized and validated by the platform as translators of content in different languages. It is a boolean data type with two allowed values: True or False.

Cite as

Guerrero-Contreras, G., Balderas-Díaz, S., Serrano-Fernández, A., & Muñoz, A. (2024, June). Enhancing Sentiment Analysis on Social Media: Integrating Text and Metadata for Refined Insights. In 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE) (pp. 62-69). IEEE.

Potential Use Cases

This dataset is aimed at academic researchers and practitioners with interests in:

Sentiment analysis and natural language processing (NLP) with a focus on AI discussions in the Spanish language.

Social media analysis on public engagement and perception of artificial intelligence among Spanish speakers.

Exploring correlations between user engagement metrics and sentiment in discussions about AI.

Data Format and File Type

The dataset is provided in CSV format, ensuring compatibility with a wide range of data analysis tools and programming environments.

License

The dataset is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, permitting sharing, copying, distribution, transmission, and adaptation of the work for any purpose, including commercial, provided proper attribution is given.

Cite as

Guerrero-Contreras, G., Balderas-Díaz, S., Serrano-Fernández, A., & Muñoz, A. (2024, June). Enhancing Sentiment Analysis on Social Media: Integrating Text and Metadata for Refined Insights. In 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE) (pp. 62-69). IEEE.

General Description

This dataset comprises 4,038 tweets in Spanish, related to discussions about artificial intelligence (AI), and was created and utilized in the publication "Enhancing Sentiment Analysis on Social Media: Integrating Text and Metadata for Refined Insights," (10.1109/IE61493.2024.10599899) presented at the 20th International Conference on Intelligent Environments. It is designed to support research on public perception, sentiment, and engagement with AI topics on social media from a Spanish-speaking perspective. Each entry includes detailed annotations covering sentiment analysis, user engagement metrics, and user profile characteristics, among others.

Data Collection Method

Tweets were gathered through the Twitter API v1.1 by targeting keywords and hashtags associated with artificial intelligence, focusing specifically on content in Spanish. The dataset captures a wide array of discussions, offering a holistic view of the Spanish-speaking public's sentiment towards AI.

Dataset Content

ID: A unique identifier for each tweet.

text: The textual content of the tweet. It is a string with a maximum allowed length of 280 characters.

polarity: The tweet's sentiment polarity (e.g., Positive, Negative, Neutral).

favorite_count: Indicates how many times the tweet has been liked by Twitter users. It is a non-negative integer.

retweet_count: The number of times this tweet has been retweeted. It is a non-negative integer.

user_verified: When true, indicates that the user has a verified account, which helps the public recognize the authenticity of accounts of public interest. It is a boolean data type with two allowed values: True or False.

user_default_profile: When true, indicates that the user has not altered the theme or background of their user profile. It is a boolean data type with two allowed values: True or False.

user_has_extended_profile: When true, indicates that the user has an extended profile. An extended profile on Twitter allows users to provide more detailed information about themselves, such as an extended biography, a header image, details about their location, website, and other additional data. It is a boolean data type with two allowed values: True or False.

user_followers_count: The current number of followers the account has. It is a non-negative integer.

user_friends_count: The number of users that the account is following. It is a non-negative integer.

user_favourites_count: The number of tweets this user has liked since the account was created. It is a non-negative integer.

user_statuses_count: The number of tweets (including retweets) posted by the user. It is a non-negative integer.

user_protected: When true, indicates that this user has chosen to protect their tweets, meaning their tweets are not publicly visible without their permission. It is a boolean data type with two allowed values: True or False.

user_is_translator: When true, indicates that the user posting the tweet is a verified translator on Twitter. This means they have been recognized and validated by the platform as translators of content in different languages. It is a boolean data type with two allowed values: True or False.

Potential Use Cases

This dataset is aimed at academic researchers and practitioners with interests in:

Sentiment analysis and natural language processing (NLP) with a focus on AI discussions in the Spanish language.

Social media analysis on public engagement and perception of artificial intelligence among Spanish speakers.

Exploring correlations between user engagement metrics and sentiment in discussions about AI.

Data Format and File Type

The dataset is provided in CSV format, ensuring compatibility with a wide range of data analysis tools and programming environments.

License

The dataset is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, permitting sharing, copying, distribution, transmission, and adaptation of the work for any purpose, including commercial, provided proper attribution is given.

As of December 2022, X/Twitter's audience accounted for over *** million monthly active users worldwide. This figure was projected to ******** to approximately *** million by 2024, a ******* of around **** percent compared to 2022.

The number of Twitter users in the United States was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2028 by in total 4.3 million users (+5.32 percent). After the ninth consecutive increasing year, the Twitter user base is estimated to reach 85.08 million users and therefore a new peak in 2028. Notably, the number of Twitter users of was continuously increasing over the past years.User figures, shown here regarding the platform twitter, have been estimated by taking into account company filings or press material, secondary research, app downloads and traffic data. They refer to the average monthly active users over the period.The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in up to 150 countries and regions worldwide. All indicators are sourced from international and national statistical offices, trade associations and the trade press and they are processed to generate comparable data sets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).Find more key insights for the number of Twitter users in countries like Canada and Mexico.

Cristiano Ronaldo has one of the most popular Instagram accounts as of April 2024.

              The Portuguese footballer is the most-followed person on the photo sharing app platform with 628 million followers. Instagram's own account was ranked first with roughly 672 million followers.

              How popular is Instagram?

              Instagram is a photo-sharing social networking service that enables users to take pictures and edit them with filters. The platform allows users to post and share their images online and directly with their friends and followers on the social network. The cross-platform app reached one billion monthly active users in mid-2018. In 2020, there were over 114 million Instagram users in the United States and experts project this figure to surpass 127 million users in 2023.

              Who uses Instagram?

              Instagram audiences are predominantly young – recent data states that almost 60 percent of U.S. Instagram users are aged 34 years or younger. Fall 2020 data reveals that Instagram is also one of the most popular social media for teens and one of the social networks with the biggest reach among teens in the United States.

              Celebrity influencers on Instagram
              Many celebrities and athletes are brand spokespeople and generate additional income with social media advertising and sponsored content. Unsurprisingly, Ronaldo ranked first again, as the average media value of one of his Instagram posts was 985,441 U.S. dollars.

These Twitter user statistics will give you the complete story of where Twitter is at today and what the future looks like for the social media company.

Profile growth - the growth on our social platforms to see where and when we're gaining followers. Engagement rate - a ratio of how many people interacted with ours posts based on when users are usually online. Reach - the number of feeds our posts appeared in (doesn't mean people interacted with the post).

This repository contains tweet IDs and their 5 types of contextual information including 1) hashtags, 2) their categories, 3) entities obtained by NERD, 4) time-references normalized by Heideltime, and 5) Web categories for URLs attached with history-related hashtag that are related to history and that were collected for the purpose of analyzing how history-related content is disseminated in online social networks. Our IJDL paper shows the analysis results. The preliminary version of the analysis report is available here.

We used the Twitter official search API provided by Twitter to collect tweets. Note that three kinds of tweets are typically found in Twitter: tweets, retweets and quote tweets. Tweet is an original text issued as a post by a Twitter user. A retweet is a copy of an original tweet for the purpose of propagating the tweet content to more users (i.e., one's followers). Finally, a quote tweet copies the content of another tweet and allows also to add new content. A quote tweet is sometimes called a retweet with a comment. In this work, we simply treat all quote tweets as original tweets since they include additional information/text. There were however only 1,877 (0.2%) tweets recognized as quote tweets in our dataset.

To collect tweets that refer to the past or are related to collective memory of past events/entities, we performed hashtag based crawling together with bootstrapping procedure.
At the beginning, we gathered several historical hashtags selected by experts (e.g. #HistoryTeacher, #history, #WmnHist).
In addition, we prepared several hashtags that are commonly used when referring to the past: #onthisday, #thisdayinhistory, #throwbackthursday, #otd. We then collected tweets that contain these hashtags by using Twitter official search API.

The collected tweets were issued from 8 March 2016 to 2 July 2018.
Bootstrapping allowed us to search for other hashtags frequently used with the seed hashtags. The tweets tagged by such hashtags were then included into the seed set after the manual inspection of all the discovered hashtags as of their relation to the history, and filtering ones that are unrelated.
In total, we gathered 147 history-related hashtags which allowed us to collect 2,370,252 tweet IDs pointing to 882,977 tweets and 1,487,275 re-tweets.

Related papers:

1. Yasunobu Sumikawa, Adam Jatowt, and Marten During, "Digital History meets Microblogging: Analyzing Collective Memories in Twitter", In Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, JCDL'18, IEEE/ACM, pp. 213 -- 222, 2018. [paper]
2. Yasunobu Sumikawa and Adam Jatowt, "Analyzing History-related Posts in Twitter", International Journal on Digital Libraries, Springer, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00799-020-00296-2 [paper][dataset]
3. Yasunobu Sumikawa and Adam Jatowt, "Annotated Dataset of History-related Tweets", Data in Brief, Vol. 38, pp. 107344, Elsevier, 2021. [paper]

*** Fake News on Twitter ***

These 5 datasets are the results of an empirical study on the spreading process of newly fake news on Twitter. Particularly, we have focused on those fake news which have given rise to a truth spreading simultaneously against them. The story of each fake news is as follow:

1- FN1: A Muslim waitress refused to seat a church group at a restaurant, claiming "religious freedom" allowed her to do so.

2- FN2: Actor Denzel Washington said electing President Trump saved the U.S. from becoming an "Orwellian police state."

3- FN3: Joy Behar of "The View" sent a crass tweet about a fatal fire in Trump Tower.

4- FN4: The animated children's program 'VeggieTales' introduced a cannabis character in August 2018.

5- FN5: In September 2018, the University of Alabama football program ended its uniform contract with Nike, in response to Nike's endorsement deal with Colin Kaepernick.

The data collection has been done in two stages that each provided a new dataset: 1- attaining Dataset of Diffusion (DD) that includes information of fake news/truth tweets and retweets 2- Query of neighbors for spreaders of tweets that provides us with Dataset of Graph (DG).

DD

DD for each fake news story is an excel file, named FNx_DD where x is the number of fake news, and has the following structure:

The structure of excel files for each dataset is as follow:

Each row belongs to one captured tweet/retweet related to the rumor, and each column of the dataset presents a specific information about the tweet/retweet. These columns from left to right present the following information about the tweet/retweet:

User ID (user who has posted the current tweet/retweet)

The description sentence in the profile of the user who has published the tweet/retweet

The number of published tweet/retweet by the user at the time of posting the current tweet/retweet

Date and time of creation of the account by which the current tweet/retweet has been posted

Language of the tweet/retweet

Number of followers

Number of followings (friends)

Date and time of posting the current tweet/retweet

Number of like (favorite) the current tweet had been acquired before crawling it

Number of times the current tweet had been retweeted before crawling it

Is there any other tweet inside of the current tweet/retweet (for example this happens when the current tweet is a quote or reply or retweet)

The source (OS) of device by which the current tweet/retweet was posted

Tweet/Retweet ID

Retweet ID (if the post is a retweet then this feature gives the ID of the tweet that is retweeted by the current post)

Quote ID (if the post is a quote then this feature gives the ID of the tweet that is quoted by the current post)

Reply ID (if the post is a reply then this feature gives the ID of the tweet that is replied by the current post)

Frequency of tweet occurrences which means the number of times the current tweet is repeated in the dataset (for example the number of times that a tweet exists in the dataset in the form of retweet posted by others)

State of the tweet which can be one of the following forms (achieved by an agreement between the annotators):

r : The tweet/retweet is a fake news post

a : The tweet/retweet is a truth post

q : The tweet/retweet is a question about the fake news, however neither confirm nor deny it

n : The tweet/retweet is not related to the fake news (even though it contains the queries related to the rumor, but does not refer to the given fake news)

DG

DG for each fake news contains two files:

A file in graph format (.graph) which includes the information of graph such as who is linked to whom. (This file named FNx_DG.graph, where x is the number of fake news)

A file in Jsonl format (.jsonl) which includes the real user IDs of nodes in the graph file. (This file named FNx_Labels.jsonl, where x is the number of fake news)

Because in the graph file, the label of each node is the number of its entrance in the graph. For example if node with user ID 12345637 be the first node which has been entered into the graph file then its label in the graph is 0 and its real ID (12345637) would be at the row number 1 (because the row number 0 belongs to column labels) in the jsonl file and so on other node IDs would be at the next rows of the file (each row corresponds to 1 user id). Therefore, if we want to know for example what the user id of node 200 (labeled 200 in the graph) is, then in jsonl file we should look at row number 202.

The user IDs of spreaders in DG (those who have had a post in DD) would be available in DD to get extra information about them and their tweet/retweet. The other user IDs in DG are the neighbors of these spreaders and might not exist in DD.

The US has historically been the target country for Twitter since its launch in 2006. This is the full breakdown of Twitter users by country.

Trust and Believe – Should We? Evaluating the Trustworthiness of Twitter Users

This model is used to analyze the Twitter users and assigns a score calculated based on their social profiles, the credibility of his tweets, the h-indexing score of the tweets. Users with a higher score are not only considered as more influential but also their tweets are considered to have greater credibility. The model is based on both the user level and content level features of a Twitter user. The details for feature extraction and calculating the Influence score is given in the paper.

Description
To extract the features from Twitter and generate the dataset we used Python. A modAL framework is used to randomly selects ambiguous data points from the unlabeled data pool using three different sampling techniques and the human manually annotates the selected data. We generate a dataset for 50000 Twitter users and then used different classifiers to classify the Twitter user either as Trusted or Untrusted.

Organization
The project consists of the following files:

Dataset.csv
The dataset consists of different features of 50000 Twitter users (Politicians) without labels.

Manually_labeled-Dataset.csv
This CSV file contains all those Twitter users classified manually as Trusted or Untrusted

feature_extraction.py
This python script is used to calculate the Influence score of a Twitter user and further used to generate a dataset. The Influence score is based on:

- Social reputation of the user
- Content score of the tweets
- Tweets credibility
- Index score for the number of re-tweets and likes

Activelearner.ipynb
To classify a large pool of unlabeled data, we used an active learning model (ModAL Framework). A semi-supervised learning algorithm ideal for a situation in which the unlabeled data is abundant but manual labeling is expensive. The active learner randomly selects ambiguous data points from the unlabeled data pool using three different sampling techniques and the human manually annotates the selected data. Further, we use four different classifiers (Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, Multilayer Perceptron and Random Forest) to classify the Twitter user as either Trusted Or Untrusted.

twitter_reputation.ipynb
We used different regression models to test its performance on our generated dataset (It is only for testing, now no more part of our work). We train and evaluate our models using different regression models.
Training and testing three regression models:
1. Multilayer perceptron
2. Deep neural network
3. Linear regression

twitter_credentials.py
In order to extract the features of Twitter users first, one need to authenticate by providing the credentials given in this file.

Screen names (Screen_name_1.txt, Screen_name_2.txt, Screen_name_3.txt)
These text files consist of all the Twitter user screen_names. All of them are politicians. We remove the names of all those politicians whose accounts are private. In addition, all those politicians who have no followers/followings are not on the list are also removed. The text of the tweets are not saved. Furthermore, we also remove duplicate names.

References
[1] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38881314/twitter-data-to-csv-getting-error-when-trying-to-add-to-csv-file

[2] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/48157259/python-tweepy-api-user-timeline-for-list-of-multiple-users-error

[3] https://gallery.azure.ai/Notebook/Computing-Influence-Score-for-Twitter-Users-1

[4] https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.neural_network.MLPClassifier.html

[5] https://towardsdatascience.com/deep-neural-networks-for-regression-problems-81321897ca33