Dataset What happen after a Hurricane, Why Relief Matter and how to support

Time series of tropical cyclone "best track" position and intensity data are provided for all ocean basins where tropical cyclones occur. Position and intensity data are available at 6-hourly intervals over the duration of each cyclone's life. The general period of record begins in 1851, but this varies by ocean basin. See the inventories for data availability specific to each basin.

This data set was received as a revision to an NCDC tropical cyclone data set, with data generally available through the late 1990s. Since then, the set is being continually updated from the U.S. NOAA National Hurricane Center and the U.S. Navy Joint Typhoon Warning Center best track archives. For a complete history of updates for each ocean basin, see the dataset documentation.

Hurricane tracks and positions provide information on where the storm has been, where it is currently located, and where it is predicted to go. Each storm location is depicted by the sustained wind speed, according to the Saffir-Simpson Scale. It should be noted that the Saffir-Simpson Scale only applies to hurricanes in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific basins, however all storms are still symbolized using that classification for consistency.Data SourceThis data is provided by NOAA National Hurricane Center (NHC) for the Central+East Pacific and Atlantic, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center for the West+Central Pacific and Indian basins. For more disaster-related live feeds visit the Disaster Web Maps & Feeds ArcGIS Online Group.Sample DataSee Sample Layer Item for sample data during inactive Hurricane Season!Update FrequencyThe Aggregated Live Feeds methodology checks the Source for updates every 15 minutes. Tropical cyclones are normally issued every six hours at 5:00 AM EDT, 11:00 AM EDT, 5:00 PM EDT, and 11:00 PM EDT (or 4:00 AM EST, 10:00 AM EST, 4:00 PM EST, and 10:00 PM EST).Public advisories for Eastern Pacific tropical cyclones are normally issued every six hours at 2:00 AM PDT, 8:00 AM PDT, 2:00 PM PDT, and 8:00 PM PDT (or 1:00 AM PST, 7:00 AM PST, 1:00 PM PST, and 7:00 PM PST).Intermediate public advisories may be issued every 3 hours when coastal watches or warnings are in effect, and every 2 hours when coastal watches or warnings are in effect and land-based radars have identified a reliable storm center. Additionally, special public advisories may be issued at any time due to significant changes in warnings or in a cyclone. For the NHC data source you can subscribe to RSS Feeds.North Pacific and North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone warnings are updated every 6 hours, and South Indian and South Pacific Ocean tropical cyclone warnings are routinely updated every 12 hours. Times are set to Zulu/UTC.Scale/ResolutionThe horizontal accuracy of these datasets is not stated but it is important to remember that tropical cyclone track forecasts are subject to error, and that the effects of a tropical cyclone can span many hundreds of miles from the center.Area CoveredWorldGlossaryForecast location: Represents the official NHC forecast locations for the center of a tropical cyclone. Forecast center positions are given for projections valid 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after the forecast's nominal initial time. Click here for more information.

Forecast points from the JTWC are valid 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours after the forecast’s initial time.Forecast track: This product aids in the visualization of an NHC official track forecast, the forecast points are connected by a red line. The track lines are not a forecast product, as such, the lines should not be interpreted as representing a specific forecast for the location of a tropical cyclone in between official forecast points. It is also important to remember that tropical cyclone track forecasts are subject to error, and that the effects of a tropical cyclone can span many hundreds of miles from the center. Click here for more information.The Cone of Uncertainty: Cyclone paths are hard to predict with absolute certainty, especially days in advance.

The cone represents the probable track of the center of a tropical cyclone and is formed by enclosing the area swept out by a set of circles along the forecast track (at 12, 24, 36 hours, etc). The size of each circle is scaled so that two-thirds of the historical official forecast errors over a 5-year sample fall within the circle. Based on forecasts over the previous 5 years, the entire track of a tropical cyclone can be expected to remain within the cone roughly 60-70% of the time. It is important to note that the area affected by a tropical cyclone can extend well beyond the confines of the cone enclosing the most likely track area of the center. Click here for more information. Now includes 'Danger Area' Polygons from JTWC, detailing US Navy Ship Avoidance Area when Wind speeds exceed 34 Knots!Coastal Watch/Warning: Coastal areas are placed under watches and warnings depending on the proximity and intensity of the approaching storm.Tropical Storm Watch is issued when a tropical cyclone containing winds of 34 to 63 knots (39 to 73 mph) or higher poses a possible threat, generally within 48 hours. These winds may be accompanied by storm surge, coastal flooding, and/or river flooding. The watch does not mean that tropical storm conditions will occur. It only means that these conditions are possible.Tropical Storm Warning is issued when sustained winds of 34 to 63 knots (39 to 73 mph) or higher associated with a tropical cyclone are expected in 36 hours or less. These winds may be accompanied by storm surge, coastal flooding, and/or river flooding.Hurricane Watch is issued when a tropical cyclone containing winds of 64 knots (74 mph) or higher poses a possible threat, generally within 48 hours. These winds may be accompanied by storm surge, coastal flooding, and/or river flooding. The watch does not mean that hurricane conditions will occur. It only means that these conditions are possible.Hurricane Warning is issued when sustained winds of 64 knots (74 mph) or higher associated with a tropical cyclone are expected in 36 hours or less. These winds may be accompanied by storm surge, coastal flooding, and/or river flooding. A hurricane warning can remain in effect when dangerously high water or a combination of dangerously high water and exceptionally high waves continue, even though winds may be less than hurricane force.RevisionsMar 13, 2025: Altered 'Forecast Error Cone' layer to include 'Danger Area' with updated symbology.Nov 20, 2023: Added Event Label to 'Forecast Position' layer, showing arrival time and wind speed localized to user's location.Mar 27, 2022: Added UID, Max_SS, Max_Wind, Max_Gust, and Max_Label fields to ForecastErrorCone layer.This map is provided for informational purposes and is not monitored 24/7 for accuracy and currency. Always refer to NOAA or JTWC sources for official guidance.If you would like to be alerted to potential issues or simply see when this Service will update next, please visit our Live Feed Status Page!

Note: This is a real-time dataset. If you do not see any data on the map, there may not be an event taking place. The Atlantic hurricane season begins on June 1 and ends on November 30, and the eastern Pacific hurricane season begins on May 15 and ends on November 30.Hurricanes, also known as typhoons and cyclones, fall under the scientific term tropical cyclone. Tropical cyclones that develop over the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Ocean are considered hurricanes.Meteorologists have classified the development of a tropical cyclone into four stages: tropical disturbance, tropical depression, tropical storm, and tropical cyclone. Tropical cyclones begin as small tropical disturbances where rain clouds build over warm ocean waters. Eventually, the clouds grow large enough to develop a pattern, where the wind begins to circulate around a center point. As winds are drawn higher, increasing air pressure causes the rising thunderstorms to disperse from the center of the storm. This creates an area of rotating thunderstorms called a tropical depression with winds 62 kmph (38 mph) or less. Systems with wind speeds between 63 kmph (39 mph) and 118 kmph (73 mph) are considered tropical storms. If the winds of the tropical storm hit 119 kmph (74 mph), the storm is classified as a hurricane. Tropical cyclones need two primary ingredients to form: warm water and constant wind directions. Warm ocean waters of at least 26 degrees Celsius (74 degrees Fahrenheit) provide the energy needed for the storm to become a hurricane. Hurricanes can maintain winds in a constant direction at increasing speeds as air rotates about and gathers into the hurricane’s center. This inward and upward spiral prevents the storm from ripping itself apart. Hurricanes have distinctive parts: the eye, eyewall, and rain bands. The eye is the calm center of the hurricane where the cooler drier air sinks back down to the surface of the water. Here, winds are tranquil, and skies are partly cloudy, sometimes even clear. The eyewall is composed of the strongest ring of thunderstorms and surrounds the eye. This is where rain and winds are the strongest and heaviest. Rain bands are stretches of rain clouds that go far beyond the hurricane’s eyewall, usually hundreds of kilometers. Scientists typically use the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale to measure the strength of a hurricane’s winds and intensity. This scale gives a 1 to 5 rating based on the hurricane’s maximum sustained winds. Hurricanes rated category 3 or higher are recognized as major hurricanes. Category 1: Wind speeds are between 119 and 153 kmph (74 and 95 mph). Although this is the lowest category of hurricane, category 1 hurricanes still produce dangerous winds and could result in damaged roofs, power lines, or fallen tree branches. Category 2: Wind speeds are between 154 and 177 kmph (96 and 110 mph). These dangerous winds are likely to cause moderate damage; enough to snap or uproot small trees, destroy roofs, and cause power outages. Category 3: Wind speeds are between 178 and 208 kmph (111 and 129 mph). At this strength, extensive damage may occur. Well-built homes could incur damage to their exterior and many trees will likely be snapped or uprooted. Water and electricity could be unavailable for at least several days after the hurricane passes. Category 4: Wind speeds are between 209 and 251 kmph (130 and 156 mph). Extreme damage will occur. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months after the hurricane. Well-built homes could sustain major damage to their exterior, most trees may be snapped or uprooted, and power outages could last weeks to months. Category 5: Wind speeds are 252 kmph (157 mph) or higher. Catastrophic damage will occur. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months after the hurricane. A significant amount of well-built, framed homes will likely be destroyed, uprooted trees may isolate residential areas, and power outages could last weeks to months. This map is built with data from the NOAA National Hurricane Center (NHC) and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). The map shows recent, observed, and forecasted hurricane tracks and positions, uncertainties, wind speeds, and associated storm watches and warnings. This is a real-time dataset that is programed to check for updates from the NHC and JTWC every 15 minutes. If you are in an area experiencing a tropical cyclone, tune into local sources for more up-to-date information and important safety instructions. This map includes the following information: Forecast position points: These points mark the locations where the NHC predict the tropical cyclone will be at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours in the future.Observed position points: These points mark the locations where the tropical cyclone has been.Forecast track: This is the line that connects the forecast points and marks the expected path of the hurricane.Observed track: This line marks the path the tropical cyclone has already taken.Cone of uncertainty: Due to the complexity of ocean atmospheric interactions, there are many different factors that can influence the path of a hurricane. This uncertainty is represented on the map by a cone. The further into the future the forecast is, the wider the cone due to the greater uncertainty in the precise path of the storm. Remember rain, wind, and storm surge from the hurricane will likely impact areas outside the cone of uncertainty. This broader impact of wind can be seen if you turn on or off Tropical Storm Force (34 Knots) 5-Day Wind Probability, Strong Tropical Storm Force (50 Knots) 5-Day Wind Probability, or Hurricane Force (64 Knots) 5-Day Wind Probability map layers.Watches and warnings: Storm watches or warnings depend on the strength and distance from the location of the forecasted event. Watches indicate an increased risk for severe weather, while a warning means you should immediately move to a safe space.Tropical storm watch: The NHC issues this for areas that might be impacted by tropical cyclones with wind speeds of 34 to 63 knots (63 to 119 kilometers per hour or 39 to 74 miles per hour) in the next 48 hours. In addition to high winds, the region may experience storm surge or flooding.Tropical storm warning: The NHC issues this for places that will be impacted by hurricanes with wind speeds of 34 to 63 knots (63 to 119 kilometers per hour or 39 to 74 miles per hour) in the next 36 hours. As with the watch, the area may also experience storm surge or flooding.Hurricane watch: The NHC issues this watch for areas where a tropical cyclone with sustained wind speeds of 64 knots (119 kilometers per hour or 74 miles per hour) or greater in the next 48 hours may be possible. In addition to high winds, the region may experience storm surge or flooding.Hurricane warning: The NHC issues this warning for areas where hurricanes with sustained wind speeds of 64 knots (119 kilometers per hour or 74 miles per hour) or greater in the next 36 hours are expected. As with the watch, the region may experience storm surge or flooding. This warning is also posted when dangerously high water and waves continue even after wind speeds have fallen below 64 knots.Recent hurricanes: These points and tracks mark tropical cyclones that have occurred this year but are no longer active.

Want to learn more about how hurricanes form? Check out Forces of Nature or explore The Ten Most Damaging Hurricanes in U.S. History story.

The intensity and spatial extent of tropical cyclone precipitation (TCP) often shapes the risk posed by landfalling storms. Here we provide a comprehensive climatology of landfalling TCP characteristics as a function of tropical cyclone strength, using daily precipitation station data and Atlantic US landfalling tropical cyclone tracks from 1900-2017. We analyze the intensity and spatial extent of ≥ 1 mm/day TCP (Z1) and ≥ 50 mm/day TCP (Z50) over land. We show that the highest median intensity and largest median spatial extent of Z1 and Z50 occur for major hurricanes that have weakened to tropical storms, indicating greater flood risk despite weaker wind speeds. We also find some signs of TCP change in recent decades. In particular, for major hurricanes that have weakened to tropical storms, Z50 intensity has significantly increased, indicating possible increases in flood risk to coastal communities in more recent years.

Methods 1. Station precipitation and tropical cyclone tracks

We use daily precipitation data from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN)-Daily station dataset (Menne et al., 2012) and TC tracks archived in the revised HURricane DATabase (HURDAT2) database (Landsea & Franklin, 2013). HURDAT2 is a post-storm reanalysis that uses several datasets, including land observations, aircraft reconnaissance, ship logs, radiosondes, and satellite observations to determine tropical cyclone track locations, wind speeds and central pressures (Jarvinen et al., 1984; Landsea & Franklin, 2013). We select 1256 US stations from the GHCN-Daily dataset that have observations beginning no later than 1900 and ending no earlier than 2017 (though most station records are not continuous throughout that period). These 1256 land-based stations are well distributed over the southeastern US and Atlantic seaboard (see Supporting Figure S1).

We use the HURDAT2 Atlantic database to select locations and windspeeds of TC tracks that originated in the North Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and made landfall over the continental US. Though tracks are determined at 6-hourly time steps for each storm (with additional timesteps that indicate times of landfall, and times and values of maximum intensity), we limit our analysis to track points recorded at 1200 UTC, in order to match the daily temporal resolution and times of observation of the GHCN-Daily precipitation dataset (Menne et al., 2012), as well as the diurnal cycle of TCP (Gaona & Villarini, 2018). Although this temporal matching technique may omit high values of precipitation from the analysis, it reduces the possibility of capturing precipitation that is not associated with a TC.

1. Tropical cyclone and Lifetime Maximum Intensity (LMI) categories

For each daily point in the tropical cyclone track, we use the maximum sustained windspeed to place the storm into one of three Extended Saffir-Simpson categories: tropical storms (“TS”; 34-63 knots), minor hurricanes (“Min”; categories 1 and 2; 64-95 knots), and major hurricanes (“Maj”; categories 3 to 5; > 96 knots) (Schott et al., 2012). Additionally, for each track, we record the category of the lifetime maximum intensity (LMI), based on the maximum windspeed found along the whole lifetime of the track (i.e., using all available track points). LMI is a standard tropical cyclone metric, and is considered a robust measure of track intensity through time and across different types of data integrated into the HURDAT2 reanalysis (Elsner et al., 2008; Kossin et al., 2013, 2014). Therefore, for each track point, a dual category is assigned: the first portion of the classification denotes the category of the storm for a given point (hereafter “point category”), while the second denotes the LMI category. The combination of the two can thus be considered a “point-LMI category”. For example, the point on August 27, 2017 at 1200 UTC along Hurricane Harvey’s track is classified as TS-Maj because it is a tropical storm (TS) at this point but falls along a major hurricane LMI track (see starred location in Supporting Figure S2a). Given that the LMI category for a given point cannot be weaker than the point category itself, the set of possible point-LMI category combinations for each track point is TS-TS, TS-Min, TS-Maj, Min-Min, Min-Maj, and Maj-Maj. This dual classification allows us to explore climatological TCP spatial extents and intensities during the tropical cyclone lifetime. Our dual classification does not account for the timing of the point category relative to the LMI category for a given point along a track (i.e., the time-lag between the LMI and point in consideration). However, the majority of points selected in our analysis occur after the TC has reached its LMI and are in the weakening stage (see Supporting Table S1 for more details). This could be expected, as our analysis is focused on land-based precipitation stations, and TCs weaken over land. However, a small fraction of TC points analyzed occur over the ocean before making landfall, but are close enough to land for precipitation gauges to be impacted.

1. Moving neighborhood method for TCP spatial extent and intensity

   We first find the distribution of tropical cyclone precipitation (TCP) intensity using all daily land precipitation values from all available stations in a 700 km-radius neighborhood around each point over land on each tropical cyclone track (Figure 1a and Supporting Figure S2). We then create two new binary station datasets, Z1(x) and Z50(x), which indicate whether or not a station meets or exceeds the 1 mm/day or 50 mm/day precipitation threshold, respectively, on a given day. The 50 mm/day threshold is greater than the 75th percentile of TCP across all tropical cyclone categories (Figure 1a), allowing us to capture the characteristics of heavy TCP while retaining a robust sample size. The 1 mm/day threshold captures the extent of the overall TCP around the TC track point.

We use the relaxed moving neighborhood and semivariogram framework developed by Touma et al. (2018) to quantify the spatial extent of Z1 and Z50 TCP for each track point. Using a neighborhood with a 700 km radius around each track point, we select all station pairs that meet two criteria: at least one station has to exhibit the threshold precipitation on that given day (Z(x) = 1; blue and pink stations in Supporting Figure S2b), and at least one station has to be inside the neighborhood (black and pink stations in Supporting Figure S2b). We then calculate the indicator semivariogram, g(h), for each station pair selected for that track point (Eq. 1):

γh=0.5*[Z(x+h)-Z(x)]2, Eq. 1

where h is the separation distance between the stations in the station pair. The indicator semivariogram is a function of the separation distance, and has two possible outcomes: all pairs with two threshold stations (Z(x) = Z(x+h) = 1) have a semivariogram value of 0, and all pairs with one threshold station and one non-threshold station (Z(x) = 1 and Z(x+h) = 0) have a semivariogram value of 0.5.

We then average the semivariogram values for all station pairs for equal intervals of separation distances (up to 1000 km) to obtain the experimental semivariogram (Supporting Figure S2c). To quantify the shape of the experimental semivariogram, we fit three parameters of the theoretical spherical variogram (nugget, partial sill, and practical range) to the experimental semivariogram (Eq. 2):

γ(h) = 0, for h=0

γ(h) = c+b*((3/2)(h/α)-(1/2)(h/α)3), for 0<h≤α

γ(h) = c+b, for h≥α, Eq. 2

where c is the nugget, b is the partial sill, and a is the practical range (Goovaerts, 2015). The nugget quantifies measurement errors or microscale variability, and the partial sill is the maximum value reached by the spherical semivariogram (Goovaerts, 2015). The practical range is the separation distance at which the semivariogram asymptotes (Supporting Figure S2c). At this separation distance, station pairs are no longer likely to exhibit the threshold precipitation (1 mm/day or 50 mm/day) simultaneously (Goovaerts, 2015; Touma et al., 2018). Therefore, as in Touma et al. (2018), we define the length scale – or spatial extent – of TCP for that given track point as the practical range.

There are some subjective choices of the moving neighborhood and semivariogram framework, including the 700 km radius of neighborhood (Touma et al. 2018). Previous studies found that 700 km is sufficient to capture the extent to which tropical cyclones influence precipitation (e.g., Barlow, (2011), Daloz et al. (2010), Hernández Ayala & Matyas (2016), Kim et al. (2014), Knaff et al. (2014), Knutson et al. (2010) and Matyas (2010)). Additionally, Touma et al. (2018) showed that although the neighborhood size can slightly impact the magnitude of length scales, it has little impact on their relative spatial and temporal variations.

1. Analysis of variations and trends

We use Mood’s median test (Desu & Raghavarao, 2003) to test for differences in the median TCP intensity and spatial extent among point-LMI categories, adjusting p-values to account for multiple simultaneous comparisons (Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995; Holm, 1979; Sheskin, 2003). To test for changes in TCP characteristics over time, we divide our century-scale dataset into two halves, 1900-1957 and 1958-2017. First, the quartile boundaries are established using the distributions of the earlier period (1900-1957), with one-quarter of the distribution falling in each quartile. Then, we find the fraction of points in each quartile in the later period (1958-2017) to determine changes in the distribution. We also report the p-values of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov

This map displays the observed path, forecast track, and intensity of tropical cyclone activity (hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones) from the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), and is also available to view in a simple web application as well as the HurricaneAware app.SummaryHurricane tracks and positions provide information on where the storm has been, where it is currently located, and where it is predicted to go. Each storm location is depicted by the sustained wind speed, according to the Saffir-Simpson Scale. It should be noted that the JTWC does not use the Saffir-Simpson Scale for cyclones and typhoons in the Pacific basin, however the storms are still symbolized using that classification for consistency.Data Source This data is provided by NOAA National Hurricane Center (NHC) for the East Pacific and Atlantic, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center for the West Pacific and Indian basins. Forecast location: Represents the official NHC forecast locations for the center of a tropical cyclone. Forecast center positions are given for projections valid 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after the forecast's nominal initial time.Forecast points from the JTWC are valid 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours after the forecast’s initial time.Forecast track: This product aids in the visualization of an NHC official track forecast, the forecast points are connected by a red line. The track lines are not a forecast product, as such, the lines should not be interpreted as representing a specific forecast for the location of a tropical cyclone in between official forecast points. It is also important to remember that tropical cyclone track forecasts are subject to error, and that the effects of a tropical cyclone can span many hundreds of miles from the center.The Cone of Uncertainty: Cyclone paths are hard to predict with absolute certainty, especially days in advance.The cone represents the probable track of the center of a tropical cyclone, and is formed by enclosing the area swept out by a set of circles along the forecast track (at 12, 24, 36 hours, etc). The size of each circle is set so that two-thirds of the historical official forecast errors over a 5-year sample fall within the circle. Based on forecasts over the previous 5 years, the entire track of a tropical cyclone can be expected to remain within the cone roughly 60-70% of the time. It is important to note that the area affected by a tropical cyclone can extend well beyond the confines of the cone enclosing the most likely track area of the center.Coastal Watch/Warning: Coastal areas are placed under watches and warnings depending on the proximity and intensity of the approaching storm. Tropical Storm Watch is issued when a tropical cyclone containing winds of 34 to 63 knots (39 to 73 mph) or higher poses a possible threat, generally within 48 hours. These winds may be accompanied by storm surge, coastal flooding, and/or river flooding. The watch does not mean that tropical storm conditions will occur. It only means that these conditions are possible.Tropical Storm Warning is issued when sustained winds of 34 to 63 knots (39 to 73 mph) or higher associated with a tropical cyclone are expected in 36 hours or less. These winds may be accompanied by storm surge, coastal flooding, and/or river flooding.Hurricane Watch is issued when a tropical cyclone containing winds of 64 knots (74 mph) or higher poses a possible threat, generally within 48 hours. These winds may be accompanied by storm surge, coastal flooding, and/or river flooding. The watch does not mean that hurricane conditions will occur. It only means that these conditions are possible.Hurricane Warning is issued when sustained winds of 64 knots (74 mph) or higher associated with a tropical cyclone are expected in 36 hours or less. These winds may be accompanied by storm surge, coastal flooding, and/or river flooding. A hurricane warning can remain in effect when dangerously high water or a combination of dangerously high water and exceptionally high waves continue, even though winds may be less than hurricane force.Source: https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/gis/ (NHC) and https://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/cphc/ (CPHC) https://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ (JTWC)Scale/Resolution: The horizontal accuracy of these datasets is not stated but it is important to remember that tropical cyclone track forecasts are subject to error, and that the effects of a tropical cyclone can span many hundreds of miles from the centerUpdate Frequency: The Aggregated Live Feed Methodology checks the Source for updates every 15 minutes. Tropical cyclones are normally issued every six hours at 5:00 AM EDT, 11:00 AM EDT, 5:00 PM EDT, and 11:00 PM EDT (or 4:00 AM EST, 10:00 AM EST, 4:00 PM EST, and 10:00 PM EST).Public advisories for Eastern Pacific tropical cyclones are normally issued every six hours at 2:00 AM PDT, 8:00 AM PDT, 2:00 PM PDT, and 8:00 PM PDT (or 1:00 AM PST, 7:00 AM PST, 1:00 PM PST, and 7:00 PM PST).Intermediate public advisories may be issued every 3 hours when coastal watches or warnings are in effect, and every 2 hours when coastal watches or warnings are in effect and land-based radars have identified a reliable storm center. Additionally, special public advisories may be issued at any time due to significant changes in warnings or in the cyclone. For the NHC Data Source you can subscribe to RSS Feeds.North Pacific and North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone warnings are updated every 6 hours and South Indian and South Pacific Ocean tropical cyclone warnings are routinely updated every 12 hours. Set to Zulu time.Area Covered: Atlantic / Eastern Pacific (NHC) + Central Pacific Ocean (CPHC) + South & West Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean (JTWC).

This map is provided for informational purposes and is not monitored 24/7 for accuracy and currency. Please always refer to NOAA or JTWC sources for official guidance.This web map is also available to view in a simple web application as well as the HurricaneAware app.

Tornadoes in North America

Magnitude, Fatalities, Injuries, and Crop Loss Data

By Homeland Infrastructure Foundation [source]

About this dataset

This dataset compiles historical data on tornadoes in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands – providing a critical resource to researchers and policy-makers alike. Obtained from the National Weather Service's Storm Prediction Center (SPC), it contains an intricate wealth of information that sheds light onto patterns of tornado outbreaks across time & geographical space yielding insights into factors like magnitude, fatalities/injuries caused and losses incurred by these devastating weather disasters. With attributes such as Start Longitude/Latitude, End Longitude/Latitude, Day of Origin & Time Zone – this dataset will enable a comprehensive analysis of changes over time in regards to both intensity & frequency for those interested in studying climate change and its impact on extreme weather events such as tornadoes. For disaster management personnel dealing with natural hazards like floods or hurricanes - a familiarity with this dataset can help identify areas prone to frequent storms - thereby empowering proactive measures towards their mitigation.*

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How to use the dataset

This dataset contains historical tornado tracks in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The data was obtained from the National Weather Service's Storm Prediction Center (SPC). It includes thirty-seven columns of statistics which you can use to analyze when, where, and how frequently tornadoes occur in North America over time.

Research Ideas

• Creating a tornado watch and warning system using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to track and predict the path of dangerous storms.
• Developing an insurance system that gives detailed information on historical data related to natural disasters including tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, etc., in order to better assess risk levels for insuring homes and businesses in vulnerable areas.
• Developing an app that provides real-time notifications for potential tornadoes by utilizing the dataset's coordinates and forecasting data from the National Weather Service (NWS). The app could even provide shelter locations near users based on their current location ensuring that people are aware of potential active threats nearby them quickly increasing safety levels as much as possible when these hazardous events occur

Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit the original authors. Data Source

License

License: Dataset copyright by authors - You are free to: - Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially. - Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. - You must: - Give appropriate credit - Provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. - ShareAlike - You must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. - Keep intact - all notices that refer to this license, including copyright notices.

Columns

File: Historical_Tornado_Tracks.csv | Column name | Description | |:--------------|:-------------------------------------| | OM | Origin Mode (Point or Line) (String) | | YR | Year (Integer) | | MO | Month (Integer) | | DY | Day (Integer) | | DATE | Date (String) | | TIME | Time (String) | | TZ | Time Zone (String) | | ST | State (String) | | STF | FIPS State Code (String) | | STN | State Name (String) | | MAG | Magnitude (Integer) | | INJ | Injuries (Integer) | | FAT | Fatalities (Integer) | | LOSS | Loss (Integer) | | CLOSS | Crop Loss (Integer) | | SLAT | Starting Latitude (Float) | | SLON | Starting Longitude (Float) | | ELAT | Ending Latitude (Float) | | ELON | Ending Longitude (Float) | | LEN | Length of Track (Float) ...

This dataset contains a coastal erosion hazards analysis for Hurricane Erin. The analysis is based on a storm-impact scaling model that combines observations of beach morphology with hydrodynamic models to predict how sandy beaches, the first line of defense for many coasts exposed to tropical storms and hurricanes, will respond during a direct landfall. Storm-induced total water levels, due to both surge and waves, are compared to beach and dune elevations to determine the probabilities of three types of coastal change - collision (dune erosion), overwash, and inundation. The storm surge elevations along the open coast were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) probabilistic surge forecast (psurge), which is based on conditions specific to the landfalling storm. Errors in hurricane forecasts are included in order to identify probable surge levels. The 10% exceedance surge level was used to represent the worst-case scenario. Maximum wave heights in 20-m water depth, obtained from the NOAA WaveWatch3 model 7-day forecast, were used to compute wave runup elevations at the shoreline. Dune elevations were extracted from lidar topographic surveys.

Disclaimer: This product is based on published research results of the USGS National Assessment of Coastal Change Hazards Project and is intended to indicate the potential for coastal change caused by storm surge and wave runup. This product is based on an analysis that simplifies complex coastal change processes to two important aspects - measured dune elevations and predicted total water levels. As such, the actual changes that occur during extreme storms may be different than what is described here. Results apply to open coast environments and do not consider potential coastal change along inland waters. The public should not base evacuation decisions on this product. Citizens should follow the evacuation advice of local emergency management authorities.

This dataset contains a coastal erosion hazards analysis for Hurricane Hanna. The analysis is based on a storm-impact scaling model that combines observations of beach morphology with hydrodynamic models to predict how sandy beaches, the first line of defense for many coasts exposed to tropical storms and hurricanes, will respond during a direct landfall. Storm-induced total water levels, due to both surge and waves, are compared to beach and dune elevations to determine the probabilities of three types of coastal change - collision (dune erosion), overwash, and inundation. The storm surge elevations along the open coast were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Maximum wave heights in 20-m water depth, obtained from the NOAA WaveWatch3 model 7-day forecast, were used to compute wave runup elevations at the shoreline. Dune elevations were extracted from lidar topographic surveys.

Disclaimer: This product is based on published research results of the USGS National Assessment of Coastal Change Hazards Project and is intended to indicate the potential for coastal change caused by storm surge and wave runup. This product is based on an analysis that simplifies complex coastal change processes to two important aspects - measured dune elevations and predicted total water levels. As such, the actual changes that occur during extreme storms may be different than what is described here. Results apply to open coast environments and do not consider potential coastal change along inland waters. The public should not base evacuation decisions on this product. Citizens should follow the evacuation advice of local emergency management authorities.

This dataset contains a coastal erosion hazards analysis for Hurricane Idalia. The analysis is based on a storm-impact scaling model that combines observations of beach morphology with hydrodynamic models to predict how sandy beaches, the first line of defense for many coasts exposed to tropical storms and hurricanes, will respond during a direct landfall. Storm-induced total water levels, due to both surge and waves, are compared to beach and dune elevations to determine the probabilities of three types of coastal change - collision (dune erosion), overwash, and inundation. The storm surge elevations along the open coast were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) probabilistic surge forecast (psurge), which is based on conditions specific to the landfalling storm. Errors in hurricane forecasts are included in order to identify probable surge levels. The 10% exceedance surge level was used to represent the worst-case scenario. Maximum wave heights in 20-m water depth, obtained from the NOAA WaveWatch3 model 7-day forecast, were used to compute wave runup elevations at the shoreline. Dune elevations were extracted from lidar topographic surveys.

Disclaimer: This product is based on published research results of the USGS National Assessment of Coastal Change Hazards Project and is intended to indicate the potential for coastal change caused by storm surge and wave runup. This product is based on an analysis that simplifies complex coastal change processes to two important aspects - measured dune elevations and predicted total water levels. As such, the actual changes that occur during extreme storms may be different than what is described here. Results apply to open coast environments and do not consider potential coastal change along inland waters. The public should not base evacuation decisions on this product. Citizens should follow the evacuation advice of local emergency management authorities.

This dataset contains a coastal erosion hazards analysis for Hurricane Milton. The analysis is based on a storm-impact scaling model that combines observations of beach morphology with hydrodynamic models to predict how sandy beaches, the first line of defense for many coasts exposed to tropical storms and hurricanes, will respond during a direct landfall. Storm-induced total water levels, due to both surge and waves, are compared to beach and dune elevations to determine the probabilities of three types of coastal change - collision (dune erosion), overwash, and inundation. The storm surge elevations along the open coast were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) probabilistic surge forecast (psurge), which is based on conditions specific to the landfalling storm. Errors in hurricane forecasts are included in order to identify probable surge levels. The 10% exceedance surge level was used to represent the worst-case scenario. Maximum wave heights in 20-m water depth, obtained from the NOAA WaveWatch3 model 7-day forecast, were used to compute wave runup elevations at the shoreline. Dune elevations were extracted from lidar topographic surveys.

Disclaimer: This product is based on published research results of the USGS National Assessment of Coastal Change Hazards Project and is intended to indicate the potential for coastal change caused by storm surge and wave runup. This product is based on an analysis that simplifies complex coastal change processes to two important aspects - measured dune elevations and predicted total water levels. As such, the actual changes that occur during extreme storms may be different than what is described here. Results apply to open coast environments and do not consider potential coastal change along inland waters. The public should not base evacuation decisions on this product. Citizens should follow the evacuation advice of local emergency management authorities.

A structured dataset explaining the Caribbean hurricane season and how it relates to Belize—covering formation zones, seasonal patterns, intensity categories, Belize’s historical storms, traveler safety, and risk-by-month guidance.

Purpose: This is a web map used for a situational awareness viewer. Click on links below for more information, this is just a summary of the layers in this map as of 09/14/2018.Live Data Live Feed - Storm Reports (NOAA) - This map contains continuously updated U.S. tornado reports, wind storm reports and hail storm reports. You can click on each to receive information about the specific location and read a short description about the issue. Live Feed - Observed Weather (NOAA METAR) - Current wind and weather conditions at all METAR stations.Live Feed: Open Shelters (FEMA / Red Cross National Shelter System) - his web service displays data from the FEMA National Shelter System database. The FEMA NSS database is synchronized every morning with the American Red Cross shelter database. After this daily refresh, FEMA GIS connects every 20 minutes to the FEMA NSS database looking for any shelter updates that occur throughout the day in the the FEMA NSS.Live Feed: Active Hurricanes - Hurricane tracks and positions provide information on where the storm has been, where is it going, where it is currently located and the category as defined by wind speed. This data is provided by NOAA National Hurricane Center (NHC).Live Feed Action Level Stream Gauges (USGS) - This map service shows those gauges from the Live Stream Gauge layer that are currently flooding. It only includes those gauges where flood stages have been defined by the contributing agencies. Action stage represents the river depth at which the agency begins preparing for a flood and taking mitigative action.Live Feed: USA Short-Term Weather Warnings - This layer presents continuously updated US weather warnings. You can click on each to receive information about the specific location and read a short description about the issue. Each layer is updated every minute with data provided by NOAA’s National Weather Service - http://www.nws.noaa.gov/regsci/gis/shapefiles/.Live Feed: Power Outages - Current power outage data reported by the EARSS system.Live Feed: Radar (NOAA) - Quality Controlled 1km x 1km CONUS Radar Base Reflectivity. This data is provided by Mutil-Radar-Multi-Sensor (MRMS) algorithm.Flood Prediction / Simulation (Created on 09/13 by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory RIFT Model) - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory RIFT Model: The simulations, based on NOAA weather forecasts, are used to improve understanding of the storm and its potential flood impacts. The simulations were created with PNNL's Rapid Inundation Flood Tool, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic computer model.Base Data - FEMA National Flood Hazard Layer - The National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL) dataset represents the current effective flood data for the country, where maps have been modernized. It is a compilation of effective Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) databases and Letters of Map Change (LOMCs). The NFHL is updated as studies go effective. For more information, visit FEMA's Map Service Center (MSC). Base Data - Storm Surge Scenarios (NOAA) - This mapping service displays near worst case storm surge flooding (inundation) scenarios for the Gulf and Atlantic coasts. This map service was derived from an experimental storm surge data product developed by the National Hurricane Center (NHC).

This dataset contains a coastal erosion hazards analysis for Tropical Storm Hermine. The analysis is based on a storm-impact scaling model that combines observations of beach morphology with hydrodynamic models to predict how sandy beaches, the first line of defense for many coasts exposed to tropical storms and hurricanes, will respond during a direct landfall. Storm-induced total water levels, due to both surge and waves, are compared to beach and dune elevations to determine the probabilities of three types of coastal change - collision (dune erosion), overwash, and inundation. The storm surge elevations along the open coast were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) ESTOFS (Extratropical Surge and Tide Operational Forecast System). Maximum wave heights in 20-m water depth, obtained from the NOAA WaveWatch3 model 7-day forecast, were used to compute wave runup elevations at the shoreline. Dune elevations were extracted from lidar topographic surveys.

Disclaimer: This product is based on published research results of the USGS National Assessment of Coastal Change Hazards Project and is intended to indicate the potential for coastal change caused by storm surge and wave runup. This product is based on an analysis that simplifies complex coastal change processes to two important aspects - measured dune elevations and predicted total water levels. As such, the actual changes that occur during extreme storms may be different than what is described here. Results apply to open coast environments and do not consider potential coastal change along inland waters. The public should not base evacuation decisions on this product. Citizens should follow the evacuation advice of local emergency management authorities.

This dataset contains a coastal erosion hazards analysis for Tropical Storm Beryl. The analysis is based on a storm-impact scaling model that combines observations of beach morphology with hydrodynamic models to predict how sandy beaches, the first line of defense for many coasts exposed to tropical storms and hurricanes, will respond during a direct landfall. Storm-induced total water levels, due to both surge and waves, are compared to beach and dune elevations to determine the probabilities of three types of coastal change - collision (dune erosion), overwash, and inundation. The storm surge elevations along the open coast were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) probabilistic surge forecast (psurge), which is based on conditions specific to the landfalling storm. Errors in hurricane forecasts are included in order to identify probable surge levels. The 10% exceedance surge level was used to represent the worst-case scenario. Maximum wave heights in 20-m water depth, obtained from the NOAA WaveWatch3 model 7-day forecast, were used to compute wave runup elevations at the shoreline. Dune elevations were extracted from lidar topographic surveys.

Disclaimer: This product is based on published research results of the USGS National Assessment of Coastal Change Hazards Project and is intended to indicate the potential for coastal change caused by storm surge and wave runup. This product is based on an analysis that simplifies complex coastal change processes to two important aspects - measured dune elevations and predicted total water levels. As such, the actual changes that occur during extreme storms may be different than what is described here. Results apply to open coast environments and do not consider potential coastal change along inland waters. The public should not base evacuation decisions on this product. Citizens should follow the evacuation advice of local emergency management authorities.

Operational forecast models are necessary for the prediction of weather events in real time. Verification of these models must be performed to assess model skill and areas in need of improvement, particularly with different types of weather events that may occur. Despite the devastating impacts that can be caused by tropical cyclones (TCs) that undergo extratropical transition (ET) and become post-tropical cyclones (PTCs), these storms have not been extensively studied in the context of short-term weather prediction. This study completes the first analysis of the Global Forecast System (GFS) and a pre-operational version of the newly operational Hurricane Analysis and Forecast System (HAFS) models in forecasting the occurrence of ET and the rainfall associated with ET storms in the North Atlantic basin. GFS's skill exceeds that of HAFS in forecasting the occurrence of ET, but HAFS tends to have lower track and rain rate errors in the fully tropical phase of ET storms' life cycles. Both ..., The data that support the findings of this study are available at the following URLs: IMERG Final Run: https://gpm1.gesdisc.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/GPM_L3/GPM_3IMERGHH.06/ IBTrACS v4: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ibtracs/index.php?name=ib-v4-access ERA5 reanalysis: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/#!/search?text=ERA5&type=dataset GFS data was accessed from the UCAR Research Data Archive: https://doi.org/10.5065/D65Q4TSG TempestExtremes is publicly available on GitHub at:https://github.com/ClimateGlobalChange/tempestextremes ExTraTrack software is available at https://github.com/zarzycki/ExTraTrack  , , # GFS Storm Precipitation

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8sf7m0czg

Description of the data and file structure

This dataset contains the storm-related rainfall files from the GFS model runs used in the associated manuscript. These files are generated by tracking the TC of interest in each operational simulation, including the extension of the TC trajectory into the post-tropical phase. Rainfall is then tracked using a 1 mm/hr threshold for identifying precipitation objects. The area over which to extract the storm-related rainfall is created by identifying the locations around the storm center where the geopotential height at 500 hPa (Z500) increases by 10 m from the value at the center of the storm (Z500 mask). Finally, the rainfall objects and the Z500 mask are overlaid, thus co-locating rainfall with its respective storm. The TC tracking, precipitation tracking, Z500 mask generation, and co-location are all accomplished using TempestExtr...

Last Revised: February 2018

Map Information

This nowCOAST™ map service provides maps depicting the latest official NWS Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map for any significant landfalling tropical cyclone expected to impact the Atlantic or Gulf of Mexico Coasts of the Contiguous United States. The map layers depict the risk associated with coastal flooding from storm surge associated with tropical cyclones.

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map depicts the geographical areas where inundation from storm surge could occur along with the heights, above ground, that water could reach in those areas. These potential heights are represented with different colors based on water level: 1) Greater than 1 foot above ground (blue), 2) Greater than 3 feet above ground (yellow), 3) Greater than 6 feet above ground (orange), and 4) Greater than 9 feet above ground (red). Two versions of this graphic are provided in this map--one with a mask (depicted in gray) identifying Intertidal Zone/Estuarine Wetland areas, and another version without the mask where Intertidal Zone/Estuarine Wetland areas are symbolized with the same colors as other areas.

Two additional layers are provided to depict 1) the full geographic extent for which the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is presently valid (the "map boundary"), and 2) Levee Areas, if any, within the affected area (symbolized with a black-and-white diagonal hatch pattern).

If the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is not presently active, all layers will be blank except for the Map Boundary layer, which will display a shaded region indicating the coverage area for any potential future graphics along with a text label indicating that the map is not presently active.

This map service is updated approximately every 10 minutes on nowCOAST™ to ensure the latest information is provided to the user as soon as it becomes available. Once issued, the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map will be updated by NHC every six hours alongside each new Forecast Advisory for the associated tropical cyclone. However, due to processing requirements during the creation of this product, the flooding map becomes available approximately 60 to 90 minutes following the release of the associated NHC Forecast Advisory, at which point nowCOAST™ will acquire it and update this map service within the next 10 to 20 minutes (i.e., this product will be updated on nowCOAST™ within approximately 70 to 110 minutes after the associated Forecast Advisory is released). For more detailed information about layer update frequency and timing, please reference the
nowCOAST™ Dataset Update Schedule.

Background Information

Developed by National Hurricane Center (NHC) over the course of several years in consultation with social scientists, emergency managers, broadcast meteorologists, and others, the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is intended to depict the risk associated with coastal flooding from storm surge associated with tropical cyclones. On June 1, 2016 it became an operational product, issued on demand for certain tropical cyclones that are expected to affect the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States. The product is not available for tropical cyclones that may affect coastal areas in the Eastern or Central Pacific regions.

From the NHC Website:

"What the Map Takes into Account

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is based on the NWS Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model and takes into account forecast uncertainty in the tropical cyclone track, intensity, and wind field. The map is based on probabilistic storm surge guidance developed by the NWS Meteorological Development Laboratory (MDL), in cooperation with NHC, called Probabilistic Hurricane Storm Surge (P-Surge 2.5).

P-Surge 2.5 derives storm surge probabilities by statistically evaluating a large set of SLOSH model simulations based on the current NHC official forecast, and takes into account historical errors in the official NHC track and intensity forecasts. P-Surge 2.5 combines the results of hundreds of individual SLOSH simulations to calculate the statistical distribution, or probabilities of possible storm surge heights at locations along the coast. All major factors that influence the amount of storm surge generated by a storm at a given location are accounted for, including the hurricane's landfall location, forward speed, and angle of approach to the coast; the storm intensity and wind field; the shape of the coastline; the slope of the ocean bottom; and local features such as barrier islands, bays, and rivers. The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is created by processing the resulting 10 percent exceedance levels from P-Surge 2.5, or storm surge values that have a 1-in-10 chance of being exceeded at each location.

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map takes into account:

Flooding due to storm surge from the ocean, including adjoining tidal rivers, sounds, and bays Normal astronomical tides Land elevation Uncertainties in the landfall location, forward speed, angle of approach to the coast, intensity, and wind field of the cyclone

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map does not take into account:

Wave action Freshwater flooding from rainfall Flooding resulting from levee failures For mapped leveed areas - flooding inside levees, overtopping of levees

Potential storm surge flooding is not depicted within certain levee areas, such as the Hurricane & Storm Damage Risk Reduction System in Louisiana. These areas are highly complex and water levels resulting from overtopping are difficult to predict. Users are urged to consult local officials for flood risk inside these leveed areas. If applicable to the region displayed by the map, these leveed areas will be depicted with a black and white diagonal hatch pattern.

The intertidal zone, or generally speaking, the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide, will be displayed with a user selectable mask layer on the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map. Locations of estuarine wetlands, or lands that are saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, are also used to help define this mask layer. This mask layer will allow users to differentiate between areas that could experience consequential flooding of normally dry ground and areas that routinely flood during typical high tides. The intertidal mask will be depicted as gray on the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map.

What the Map Represents

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map represents the storm surge heights that a person should prepare for before a storm, given the uncertainties in the meteorological forecast. The map shows a reasonable worst-case scenario (i.e., a reasonable upper bound) of the flooding of normally dry land at particular locations due to storm surge. There is approximately a 1-in-10 chance that storm surge flooding at any particular location could be higher than the values shown on the map. Roadways are included in the basemap layer for aiding in geographical referencing only. The map will not indicate which roadways may flood from fresh or salt water in a hurricane situation."

For more information about the NHC Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map, please consult the NHC Website or the associated NWS Product Description Document (PDD).

Time Information

This nowCOAST™ map service is not time-enabled.

References

NHC, 2016: Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map, NWS/NCEP National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL. (Available at http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/inundation/).

NWS, 2016: Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map Product Description Document, NWS, Silver Spring, MD (Available at http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/PDD-PotentialStormSurgeFloodingMap.pdf).

Bottom and surface water quality sonde data of the Guadalupe Estuary site (Texas) between August 2017 and December 2017. access_formats=.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson,.odvTxt acquisition_description=Water quality sondes (Hydrolab DS5X sondes) were deployed continuously on the surface and bottom of one site in the Guadalupe Estuary, Texas (Lat: 28.39352 , Lon: -96.7724).\u00a0 Sondes recorded water quality data noted above at 15-minute intervals.\u00a0 Datasondes were calibrated prior to deployment and traded out every 5-14 days depending on biofouling and weather conditions. A YSI ProPlus sonde recorded a water profile during each sonde deployment to compare grab sample data with sonde readings.

Sampling trips were conducted from one of five small (\u226425\u2019) outboard engine equipped boats: Guardian, Mango, Stinger, Gator, or Guppy. Each cruise was less than 12 hrs in duration.

\u00a0 awards_0_award_nid=783255 awards_0_award_number=OCE-1760006 awards_0_data_url=http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1760006 awards_0_funder_name=NSF Division of Ocean Sciences awards_0_funding_acronym=NSF OCE awards_0_funding_source_nid=355 awards_0_program_manager=Henrietta N Edmonds awards_0_program_manager_nid=51517 cdm_data_type=Other comment=Sonde surface bottom combined PI: Michael Wetz
Data Version sonde_surface_bottom_combined.csv: 2020-01-23 Conventions=COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3 data_source=extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019 defaultDataQuery=&time<now doi=10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.787319.1 Easternmost_Easting=-96.7724 geospatial_lat_max=28.39352 geospatial_lat_min=28.39352 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-96.7724 geospatial_lon_min=-96.7724 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east infoUrl=https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/787319 institution=BCO-DMO instruments_0_acronym=HydroLab DS5 instruments_0_dataset_instrument_description=Hydrolab DS5X sondes instruments_0_dataset_instrument_nid=788188 instruments_0_description=Multi-parameter probes that can measure from 12 (MS5) to 16 (DS5 and DS5X) parameters simultaneously. Measurements include temperature, depth, conductivity, salinity, specific conductance, TDS, pH, ORP, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, chlorophyll a, blue-green algae, Rhodamine WT, ammonium, nitrate, chloride, PAR and total dissolved gases. These probes can be deployed at depths up to 200 m and can be used in continuous monitoring programs. instruments_0_instrument_name=Hydrolab Series 5 probes instruments_0_instrument_nid=768060 instruments_0_supplied_name=Hydrolab DS5X sondes keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords metadata_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/787319 Northernmost_Northing=28.39352 param_mapping={'787319': {'Latitude': 'flag - latitude', 'Longitude': 'flag - longitude', 'ISO_DateTime_UTC': 'flag - time'}} parameter_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/787319/parameters people_0_affiliation=Texas A&M, Corpus Christi people_0_affiliation_acronym=TAMU-CC people_0_person_name=Michael Wetz people_0_person_nid=553945 people_0_role=Principal Investigator people_0_role_type=originator people_1_affiliation=Texas A&M, Corpus Christi people_1_affiliation_acronym=TAMU-CC people_1_person_name=Michael Wetz people_1_person_nid=553945 people_1_role=Contact people_1_role_type=related people_2_affiliation=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution people_2_affiliation_acronym=WHOI BCO-DMO people_2_person_name=Karen Soenen people_2_person_nid=748773 people_2_role=BCO-DMO Data Manager people_2_role_type=related project=Hurricane Harvey Texas Lagoons projects_0_acronym=Hurricane Harvey Texas Lagoons projects_0_description=NSF Award Abstract: Hurricane Harvey made landfall Friday 25 August 2017 about 30 miles northeast of Corpus Christi, Texas as a Category 4 hurricane with winds up to 130 mph. This is the strongest hurricane to hit the middle Texas coast since Carla in 1961. After the wind storm and storm surge, coastal flooding occurred due to the storm lingering over Texas for four more days, dumping as much as 50 inches of rain near Houston. This will produce one of the largest floods ever to hit the Texas coast, and it is estimated that the flood will be a one in a thousand year event. The Texas coast is characterized by lagoons behind barrier islands, and their ecology and biogeochemistry are strongly influenced by coastal hydrology. Because this coastline is dominated by open water systems and productivity is driven by the amount of freshwater inflow, Hurricane Harvey represents a massive inflow event that will likely cause tremendous changes to the coastal environments. Therefore, questions arise regarding how biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nutrients, and oxygen will be altered, whether massive phytoplankton blooms will occur, whether estuarine species will die when these systems turn into lakes, and how long recovery will take? The investigators are uniquely situated to mount this study not only because of their location, just south of the path of the storm, but most importantly because the lead investigator has conducted sampling of these bays regularly for the past thirty years, providing a tremendous context in which to interpret the new data gathered. The knowledge gained from this study will provide a broader understanding of the effects of similar high intensity rainfall events, which are expected to increase in frequency and/or intensity in the future. The primary research hypothesis is that: Increased inflows to estuaries will cause increased loads of inorganic and organic matter, which will in turn drive primary production and biological responses, and at the same time significantly enhance respiration of coastal blue carbon. A secondary hypothesis is that: The large change in salinity and dissolved oxygen deficits will kill or stress many estuarine and marine organisms. To test these hypotheses it is necessary to measure the temporal change in key indicators of biogeochemical processes, and biodiversity shifts. Thus, changes to the carbon, nitrogen and oxygen cycles, and the diversity of benthic organisms will be measured and compared to existing baselines. The PIs propose to sample the Lavaca-Colorado, Guadalupe, Nueces, and Laguna Madre estuaries as follows: 1) continuous sampling (via autonomous instruments) of salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and depth (i.e. tidal elevation); 2) bi-weekly to monthly sampling for dissolved and total organic carbon and organic nitrogen, carbonate system parameters, nutrients, and phytoplankton community composition; 3) quarterly measurements of sediment characteristics and benthic infauna. The project will support two graduate students. The PIs will communicate results to the public and to state agencies through existing collaborations. projects_0_end_date=2019-08 projects_0_geolocation=Northwest Gulf of Mexico estuaries on Texas Coast projects_0_name=RAPID: Capturing the Signature of Hurricane Harvey on Texas Coastal Lagoons projects_0_project_nid=783256 projects_0_start_date=2017-10 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=28.39352 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v55 subsetVariables=latitude,longitude time_coverage_end=2017-12-05T16:15:00Z time_coverage_start=2017-08-01T05:00:00Z version=1 Westernmost_Easting=-96.7724 xml_source=osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3

These are two land cover datasets derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper and Operational Land Imager (spatial resolution 30-m)Path 014 and Rows 032 and 033 surface reflectance data collected on July 14, 2011 and July 19, 2013, before and after Hurricane Sandy made landfall near Brigantine, New Jersey on October 29, 2012. The two land cover data sets provide a means of evaluating the effect of Hurricane Sandy of data sets collected at times that represent or approach peak vegetation growth. The most accurate results of the land cover classification are based on twelve classes, some of which occur adjacent to the marshes but not on the New Jersey intracoastal marshes. Twelve classes were used in the supervised maximum likelihood classification of the intracoastal marshes, three classes (forested wetlands, unconsolidated beach sediment and urban development areas) which occur only adjacent to the marshes, were masked out on the land cover maps. The twelve classes are based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP) and the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection 2007 Land Use/Land Cover Data Set classes that could be identified on the Landsat TM surface reflectance bands 3-5 and Landsat OLI surface reflectance bands 4-6, and field work in 2014 and 2015. There is considerable confusion between classes due to the variation in the species and density of cover of vegetation, variation in the composition and density of the vegetation, variation in the composition and amount of the marsh substrate detected by the sensor, and the variation in tidal stage which strongly influences the surface reflectance of the pixel (Kearney et al. 2009). However, the identification of high marsh appears to be accurate based on field work validation. The high marsh contains one-to-three-meter-wide areas of low marsh that border the bays and lagoons and tidal creeks in the marshes, but that are too small to resolve with the Landsat sensors. Kearney, M.S., Stutzer, D.S., Turpie, K., and Stevenson, J.C. (2009) Spectral properties of marsh vegetation under inundation. Journal of Coastal Research 25: 1177-1186.

See uploaded README.xls file for data file descriptions and figure/table cross-reference.