Historical Migration Statistics brings together migration statistics from 1945 through to the present day.

In interpreting these statistics it should be noted that the classification of regions and country names has changed over time and that the way migration statistics are reported has also changed. From October 1945 to June 1959, migration statistics included permanent and long-term arrivals. Today, we have various components - the Migration Program, Humanitarian Program and Non-Program migration (mainly New Zealand citizens) reported as permanent additions to Australia's resident population.

Please Note: As announced by the Minister for Immigration and Border Protection on 25 June 2017, the Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP) retired the paper-based Outgoing Passenger Cards (OPC) from 1 July 2017. The information previously gathered via paper-based outgoing passenger cards is now be collated from existing government data and will continue to be provided to users. Further information can be accessed here: http://www.minister.border.gov.au/peterdutton/Pages/removal-of-the-outgoing-passenger-card-jun17.aspx.

Due to the retirement of the OPC, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) undertook a review of the OAD data based on a new methodology. Further information on this revised methodology is available at: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/3401.0Appendix2Jul%202017?opendocument&tabname=Notes&prodno=3401.0&issue=Jul%202017&num=&view=

A sampling methodology has been applied to this dataset. This method means that data will not replicate, exactly, data released by the ABS, but the differences should be negligible.

Due to ‘Return to Source’ limitations, data supplied to ABS from non-DIPB sources are also excluded.

Overseas Arrivals and Departures (OAD) data refers to the arrival and departure of Australian residents or overseas visitors, through Australian airports and sea ports, which have been recorded on incoming or outgoing passenger cards. OAD data describes the number of movements of travellers rather than the number of travellers. That is, multiple movements of individual persons during a given reference period are all counted. OAD data will differ from data derived from other sources, such as Migration Program Outcomes, Settlement Database or Visa Grant information. Travellers granted a visa in one year may not arrive until the following year, or may not travel to Australia at all. Some visas permit multiple entries to Australia, so travellers may enter Australia more than once on a visa. Settler Arrivals includes New Zealand citizens and other non-program settlers not included on the Settlement Database. The Settlement Database includes onshore processed grants not included in Settler Arrivals.

These de-identified statistics are periodically checked for privacy and other compliance requirements. The statistics were temporarily removed in March 2024 in response to a question about privacy within the emerging technological environment. Following a thorough review and risk assessment, the Department of Home Affairs has republished the dataset.

These indexes were created from the Registers of immigrant ships’ arrivals in Queensland ports as kept and used by the Immigration Department from 1848 to 1912. The records are held at Queensland State Archives.

Building a New Life in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Humanitarian Migrants (BNLA) aims to identify factors which help or hinder positive settlement outcomes. BNLA follows 1,509 humanitarian migrating units who arrived in Australia or had their permanent visas granted in the six months between May and December 2013. Participants include offshore visa holders who arrived in Australia holding a permanent humanitarian visa and onshore visa holders who received their permanent protection visa between May and December 2013. Wave 1 took place from October 2013 to March 2014 interviewing 2,399 principal and secondary applicants. The first five waves of data collection were conducted annually. Waves 1, 3 and 5 interviews were conducted face-to-face and waves 2 and 4 interviews were conducted by telephone. Wave 6 was conducted 5 years after wave 5, between January and July 2023. Wave 6 data was collected online and face-to-face. The survey and participant materials were translated into 14 languages in wave 1, 9 languages in waves 2 - 5 and 5 languages in Wave 6. Interviews were conducted by bilingual interviewers; some interviews also used interpreters (interviews were conducted in nineteen languages in total in waves 1 and 2, thirteen languages in Wave 3, eleven languages in Wave 4, and ten languages in Wave 5 and seven languages in wave 6). For waves 2 and 4, shorter telephone interviews omit some of the questions asked in the longer face-to-face interviews. Topics covered by the study include: demographics, immigration experience, housing and neighbourhood, English language proficiency, education and training, employment and income, health, self-sufficiency, community support, personal resources and life satisfaction, and life in Australia. Additional modules include the child module in Wave 3, childcare and gender roles from Wave 5 and the COVID-19 and youth module in Wave 6. Researchers interested in using this data should note: (1) BNLA does not include data about migrants in the family and skilled streams of the permanent Migration Program; (2) BNLA only includes humanitarian migrants who arrived/were granted a visa during a specific time period; (3) Analysis at the state level is not possible.

Note: Based on [28]. Note that the most traditional source countries such as the UK, Ireland, and New Zealand have for most of the time been important for Australian immigration.Typical source countries for the waves of immigration to Australia.

Name searchable index to Series S5631 Card Register of Immigrants and Missing Immigrants. This series is a card register of immigrants and missing immigrants dealt with in various correspondence although most cards contain very little information. The cards mainly register the administrative file movement/s of the Immigration Department's correspondence regarding a particular immigrant, but may include the name of the immigrant/missing immigrant, a file number, i.e. 269/24, name of ship, date of arrival, movements of File (dates and file numbers), the name of (correspondence) writer, subject and action. Some cards contain annotations such as "file returned to (other state)" or details concerning an immigrant, for example, age at date of departure etc. There are stamp marks on many of the cards, for example, "Domestic", Decontrolled", "Final", "Decentralised", "Salvation Army", etc

For the Longitudinal Survey of Immigration to Australia, two pilot studies, collectively known as the Prototype Survey, were undertaken with the purpose to research the experiences, concerns and needs of recently migrated peoples to Australia. Respondents, and in some cases their spouses, were asked questions on the migration process (i.e. had they migrated before, why they chose Australia, had they been sponsored to come out to Australia); occupation status, assets, income, and type of dwelling before and after migration; expectations and opinions of living in Australia; social activities; their ability to speak english and details about classes taken to learn English; the type and source of information requested before migration (ie, job prospects, recognition of qualifications); return visits to their home country; citizenship; the household budget; financial help received and given; changes in residence; unemployment and health. Background variables included age, sex, marital status, citizenship status; country of birth; date of arrival in Australia; occupation status, and highest qualification.

These files held at Queensland State Archives record the particulars of travel of nominated/sponsored immigrants who came to Queensland between 1947 and 1976. Each file may include: a nominal roll of assisted passage migrants (passenger list), luggage lists, notes of passenger travel arrangements after arrival, correspondence on payment of rail fares, and welfare officers report on meeting ship. The passenger lists include: name of passenger (nominated immigrants), age, religion, occupation, country / place of origin, name of ship or flight number of aircraft, date of arrival, and name and address of nominator. For the majority of the aircraft files only the passenger list for the flight is included on the file. The files are arranged in chronological order by the date of arrival of the ship or aircraft. While each ship has a separate file for each voyage, the aircraft files include passenger lists for several months or a period of one year.

This index was created from the Register of immigrants by ship and destination, by the Immigration Agent Toowoomba, 1880 to 1888 held at Queensland State Archives. The register contains names of immigrants, date of admittance at Toowoomba, name of ship upon which they made the passage to Australia, destination from Brisbane to Toowoomba and date of leaving. Note many of the immigrants listed in this register originate from Ireland.

This series consists of registers, kept by the Immigration Agent, Maryborough, of immigrants arriving at Maryborough. The registers are not arranged consistently but all include names of ships, passenger lists and arrival dates. IMA3/4 - 5 include agreements with employers; IMA3/7 -10 may include the country of origin of the passengers and where they have gone after leaving the depot.

This dataset contains data on single, female, assisted immigrants arriving in New South Wales, Australia between 1848 and 1887 compiled from shipping lists held by the NSW State Archives. It contains information on 3,768 single (unmarried), female, assisted (sponsored or subsidised) immigrants and any children travelling with them arriving in Sydney, NSW between the opening of the Female Immigration Depot in 1848 and its closure in 1887. This sample was selected by using a random number generator to choose one ship arriving in Sydney for each year of the period. Data for each woman or child was transcribed by hand from digitized copies of 'NRS 5316 Persons on bounty ships (Agent's Immigrant Lists), 1838-96' made available online by NSW State Archives. For information about data collection, cleaning, and the variables used see the Data Schema.

This dataset lists inmates incarcerated at Cockatoo Island prison in Sydney (Australia) between 1847-1869. It offers insights into how the colonial criminal justice system operated after New South Wales’ transition from a penal colony to a ‘free’ colony when transportation ceased in 1840. It is a useful tool for genealogists tracing the lives of their criminal ancestors and for historians of crime and punishment researching nineteenth-century Australia. The dataset includes prisoners' names and aliases, their ship of arrival, place of origin, details of their colonial conviction(s) (trial place, court, offence, sentence), date(s) admitted to Cockatoo Island, and when and how they were discharged from Cockatoo Island. In some cases, it also includes prisoners' place of origin, occupation, biometric information (height, eye/hair colour, complexion, scars, tattoos), 'condition upon arrival' (convict or free), and (for convicts) details of their original conviction in Britain or Ireland. As a UNESCO World Heritage 'Convict Site' Cockatoo Island is best known as a site of secondary punishment for recidivist convicts, especially those transferred from Norfolk Island. This dataset demonstrates the diversity of the prison population: including nominally free convicts (ticket-of-leave holders), migrants from Britain, China and other Australian colonies drawn in by the gold rush, exiles from Port Phillip, Aboriginal Australians convicted during frontier warfare, colonial-born white Australians (including bushrangers), and black, Indian and American sailors visiting Sydney. Significant attention has been paid to the more than 160,000 British and Irish convicts who were transported Australia as colonists between 1787 and 1868. Much less has been said about those punished within the criminal justice system that arose in the wake of New South Wales' transition from 'penal' to 'free' colony (Finnane, 1997: x-xi). Cockatoo Island prison opened in 1839, a year before convict transportation to New South Wales ceased, and was intended to punish the most recidivist and violent of the transported convicts. This archetype has prevailed in historical discourses, and they have been described as 'criminal lunatics... [and] criminals incapable of reform' (Parker, 1977: 61); 'the most desperate and abandoned characters' (O'Carrigan, 1994: 64); and people of 'doubtful character' (NSW Government Architect's Office, 2009: 29). Yet, this was far from the truth. My analysis of 1666 prisoners arriving between 1839-52 show they were overwhelming non-violent offenders, tried for minor property crimes at lower courts. They were also far more diverse population than commonly recognised, including Indigenous Australian, Chinese and black convicts alongside majority British and Irish men (Harman, 2012). This project will make publicly available extremely detailed records relating to Cockatoo Island's prisoners to show people firsthand exactly who made up the inmate population. The digital version of the original registers will include information on convicts' criminal record, but also their job, whether they were married or had children, and even what they looked like. It will also be a name-searchable database so family historians can search for their ancestors, who may have been incarcerated on the island. As it stands, they will be able find information online about ancestors who were transported as long as they remained in the 'convict system', but they may seem to disappear as soon as they are awarded their ticket-of-leave and become 'free'. However, many former convicts, and free immigrants, to New South Wales were convicted locally, and these records can give us information about their lives within the colony. The type of data included in these registers will also allow researchers to investigate questions including: (1) were convicts more likely to offend again than free immigrants? (2) Were the children of convicts more likely to offend than others? (3) Did the influx of mostly Chinese migrants during the gold rush actually lead to a crime-wave, as reported in the press? (4) Were laws introduced between 1830 and 1853, actually effective at prosecuting bushrangers (highwaymen)? (5) Was the criminal-judicial system in Australia more rehabilitative, despite developing out of a harsher convict transportation system? Alongside the dataset, the website will include 'life-biographies' of individual convicts to show you how this dataset can be used to piece together a life-story. It also to warns against understanding a real-life person only through the records of their conviction. There many of fascinating stories to tell, including those 'John Perry' ('Black Perry') the prizewinning boxer; the love story of the 'Two Fredericks'; and Tan, the Chinese gold-digger who resisted his incarceration. In addition, there will be teaching resources for secondary school children and undergraduate university students who want to engage directly with historical materials, without having to leave their classroom. Overall, this website invites anyone with an interest in the history of crime and punishment, and any visitors to the UNESCO world heritage site 'Cockatoo Island', to try searching for a name in the database or read about a featured convict's life story. It asks them, though, to think about how and why these people's lives intersected with the state, leading to their incarceration, and how history has erased much of their lives outside of it. Data collection involved photographing a Cockatoo Island’s surviving prison registers and returns kept at the State Archives of New South Wales (call numbers: 4/4540, 4/6501, 4/6509, 6571, 4/6572, 4/6573, 4/6574, 4/6575, X819). In these volumes, clerks had listed details of incoming prisoners on the dates they arrived between April 1847 and October 1869. This prison register for the period 1839-46 (call number: 2/8285) had not survived to a good enough quality for accurate transcription and was excluded from data collection. I photographed and then transcribed these records in full into a tabular form, with minor standardisation of abbreviations and irregular spellings. Where multiple records existed for one person I combined information from two separate archival records into one line of the dataset. Where I could not verify that two people with the same name were the same person, I listed them as separate entries. Barring errors in entry at the time of record creation, the studied population represents the entire population of prisoners incarcerated at Cockatoo Island between April 1847 and October 1869 when the prison closed.

This document describes the background and methodology of four surveys under the general study title Issues in Multicultural Australia. The four surveys are: a general sample of the population; non-English speaking born immigrants in general (the NESB sample); persons born in Australia whose father or mother was born in a non-English speaking country (the second generation sample); and persons who migrated to Australia since July 1981 from non-English speaking countries (the new arrivals sample). The general of this study are: to examine multiculturalism as a policy, through the experience of Australians; as a set of beliefs, through their attitudes; and as an aspect of cultural maintenance, through their perceptions. The study concentrates on three broad themes. First, it examines the attitudes of the Australian and overseas born towards multiculturalism, focussing in particular on views about the maintenance of customs, ways of life and patterns of behaviour among immigrants. Second, the barriers which exist to providing full access and equity to overseas born groups are analysed, principally in the fields of education, jobs and in the provision of general health and welfare programmes and services. Third, the study looks at levels of participation in the social and political spheres in community, culture and work related organisations, and in the use of the political process to remedy problems and grievances. Separate sections of the questionnaire deal with the respondent's background - country of birth and parents' country of birth, father's occupation and educational level; language - English language ability, languages spoken, use of own language, ethnicity - identification with ethnic groups, government aid to such groups, religious observance; education - school leaving age, qualifications obtained, recognition of overseas qualifications, transition to employment; current job - job status, occupation , industry, working conditions, trade union membership, gross income, problems looking for work; spouse - country of birth, education and qualifications, occupation and industry, income and income sources; immigration - attitudes to immigration policy, opportunities for immigrants, social distance from various ethnic groups, and attitudes to authority; family and social networks - numbers of children, siblings in Australia, numbers of close friends in Australia, neighbours; citizenship - citizenship status, participation in political matters and interest in politics, trust in government; and multiculturalism - views on what multiculturalism means, and its importance to Australian society.

Index to the Register of immigrants arriving by ship at Mackay 1884 to 1911. The register was kept by the Assistant Immigration Agent, Mackay to record passenger lists of immigrants arriving by ship at Mackay, now held at Queensland State Archives. Details for each entry include the name of the ship and date of arrival, number, immigrant's name, adult - whether married or single, children 1-12 or infants under 1, and remarks.

This dataset provides information concerning the patterns of labour market access and the employment outcomes of African refugees in Australia. It focuses on recently-arrived migrants and refugees from Eritrea who came to Australia predominantly on humanitarian grounds. It explores the correlation between academic qualifications and previous employment experiences on the one hand and employment outcomes in Australia on the other. In doing so, a number of related factors including language skills, links to community organisations and level and nature of job assistance services are analysed as variables that potentially impact upon access to and ultimately integration into the labour market.

Resistance to trade and demands for protectionist policy can derive from social as well as economic factors. A sense of cultural threat surrounding immigrants, especially immigrants visibly from groups that are widely stigmatized among the local population, may potentially stimulate such recoiling from exposure to the world. Voting patterns in the 1889 election in New South Wales, Australia, confirm this hypothesis: in a contest between the Protectionist and Free Trade Parties amidst reaction against the Chinese-Australian population, larger shares of voters preferred the protectionist, trade-restricting side in areas with proportionately larger ethnically Chinese populations than in otherwise similar areas elsewhere.

The dataset contains twelve transcripts of semistructured interviews conducted between December 2019 and June 2020. It is drawn from two face-to-face interviews and telephone interviews conducted with 12 contemporary Chinese immigrants in New Zealand and Australia, who were operating in online business, trading with China. Six of them were classified as necessity-driven, who had to engage in entrepreneurship since they had no other options. Another six were opportunity-driven, who were involved in entrepreneurship as an option—the interview questions related to demographic and psychological characteristics of entrepreneurs. The questions asked also related to the immigration entrepreneurship process: motivation, strategies, and outcomes. Questions were asked and answered from an entrepreneurial ecosystem domain perspective, including accessible market, funding and finance, human capital, government policies, business support and social-culture perspectives, in relation to Australia, New Zealand and China.

The dataset supports the findings of a randomised pilot trial below. The dataset contains de-identified original data collected via REDCap database, including CSV/Microsoft excel (raw data), and CSV/Microsoft excel (label).

Background: Traditional cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs face low participation and high dropout rates, especially among culturally and linguistically diverse communities, such as Chinese migrants. This study assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of a co-designed, community-based CR program tailored to the needs of Chinese migrants in Australia.

Methods: This pilot randomised controlled trial included 19 Chinese migrants (31.6% female) who had undergone stent or bypass surgery. Participants were randomly assigned to a CR group or a waitlist control. The CR program comprised: (1) Virtual shared medical appointment: a one-time 90-minute group consultation and 30-min individual consultations; (2) Virtual Tai Chi: twice-weekly, 60-minute sessions for 24 weeks; and (3) Health education: four semi-personalised weekly messages for 24 weeks. Primary outcomes included recruitment rate, retention rate, and safety. Secondary outcomes included cardiometabolic markers, physical capacity, self-efficacy, social support, quality of life, psychological wellbeing, physical activity and satisfaction. Assessments were conducted at baseline, week 12 and 24. Statistically analysis were conducted using SPSS (version 26.0).

Results: No program-related adverse events were reported, and the retention rate was 86%. Compared with the waitlist control, the CR group showed significant improvements over 24 weeks in physical capacity (6-minute walk test, p=0.041), physical activity (7-day walking distance, p=0.01), and psychological wellbeing, including depression p=0.017, anxiety p=0.006, and overall distress (total DASS-21 score, p=0.017).

Conclusion: A community-based CR program is feasible and effective in improving physical fitness, physical activity, and psychological wellbeing among Chinese migrants over 24 weeks. Future fully powered randomized clinical trial should confirm its effectiveness.

This project has extended ethics approval. To discuss or request access to the dataset, please contact Emily Yang (Guoyan Yang E.Yang@westernsydney.edu.au) 0000-0002-8012-2379

New loans issued by the Quebec government (unaudited). DEFINITIONS OF SAVINGS PRODUCTS: QUEBEC MEDIUM-TERM NOTE REGIMES Borrowings made by the government under specific borrowing regimes authorizing the issuance and sale of Quebec medium-term notes as part of a continuous offer on various markets (Canada, United States, Europe, Australia). QUEBEC NON-SPECIFIC BORROWING REGIME Borrowings made by the government under a non-specific borrowing regime authorizing the issuance and sale of Quebec bonds on various markets. SAVINGS PRODUCTS Loans made by the government under the borrowing regime authorizing the issuance and sale of Quebec savings products through an account registration system. IMMIGRANT INVESTOR PROGRAM The Immigrant Investor Business Assistance Program allows businesses to obtain a non-repayable financial contribution that comes from the interest generated by investments made by immigrant investors. The program is administered by IQ Immigrants Investors Inc., a subsidiary of Investissement Québec.

This index was compiled from the passport clearance registers and the passport receipts, as created by the Immigration Department, Brisbane, recording the names of some immigrants who left Queensland between 1923 and 1940. The records are held at Queensland State Archives.\r \r NOTE: Although the series is dated 1926 to 1939 the actual data in the index covers the period 1923 to 1940.