Canada’s appeal as an immigration destination has been increasing over the past two decades, with a total of 464,265 people immigrating to the country in 2024. This figure is an increase from 2000-2001, when approximately 252,527 immigrants came to Canada. Immigration to the Great White North Between July 1, 2022 and June 30, 2023, there were an estimated 199,297 immigrants to Ontario, making it the most popular immigration destination out of any province. While the number of immigrants has been increasing over the years, in 2024 over half of surveyed Canadians believed that there were too many immigrants in the country. However, in 2017, the Canadian government announced its aim to significantly increase the number of permanent residents to Canada in order to combat an aging workforce and the decline of working-age adults. Profiles of immigrants to Canada The gender of immigrants to Canada in 2023 was just about an even split, with 234,279 male immigrants and 234,538 female immigrants. In addition, most foreign-born individuals in Canada came from India, followed by China and the Philippines. The United States was the fifth most common origin country for foreign-born residents in Canada.

Number of persons in the labour force (employment and unemployment) and not in the labour force, unemployment rate, participation rate, and employment rate, by immigrant status and age group, last 5 years.

Overview: Each quarter, the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) publishes Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) statistics on Open Government Data Portal, including quarterly and annual LMIA data related to, but not limited to, requested and approved TFW positions, employment location, employment occupations, sectors, TFWP stream and temporary foreign workers by country of origin. The TFWP does not collect data on the number of TFWs who are hired by an employer and have arrived in Canada. The decision to issue a work permit rests with Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) and not all positions on a positive LMIA result in a work permit. For these reasons, data provided in the LMIA statistics cannot be used to calculate the number of TFWs that have entered or will enter Canada. IRCC publishes annual statistics on the number of foreign workers who are issued a work permit: https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/360024f2-17e9-4558-bfc1-3616485d65b9. Please note that all quarterly tables have been updated to NOC 2021 (5 digit and training, education, experience and responsibilities (TEER) based). As such, Table 5, 8, 17, and 24 will no longer be updated but will remain as archived tables. Frequency of Publication: Quarterly LMIA statistics cover data for the four quarters of the previous calendar year and the quarter(s) of the current calendar year. Quarterly data is released within two to three months of the most recent quarter. The release dates for quarterly data are as follows: Q1 (January to March) will be published by early June of the current year; Q2 (April to June) will be published by early September of the current year; Q3 (July to September) will be published by early December of the current year; and Q4 (October to December) will be published by early March of the next year. Annual statistics cover eight consecutive years of LMIA data and are scheduled to be released in March of the next year. Published Data: As part of the quarterly release, the TFWP updates LMIA data for 28 tables broken down by: TFW positions: Tables 1 to 10, 12, 13, and 22 to 24; LMIA applications: Tables 14 to 18; Employers: Tables 11, and 19 to 21; and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP): Tables 25 to 28. In addition, the TFWP publishes 2 lists of employers who were issued a positive or negative LMIA: Employers who were issued a positive LMIA by Program Stream, NOC, and Business Location (https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/90fed587-1364-4f33-a9ee-208181dc0b97/resource/b369ae20-0c7e-4d10-93ca-07c86c91e6fe); and Employers who were issued a negative LMIA by Program Stream, NOC, and Business Location (https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/f82f66f2-a22b-4511-bccf-e1d74db39ae5/resource/94a0dbee-e9d9-4492-ab52-07f0f0fb255b). Things to Remember: 1. When data are presented on positive or negative LMIAs, the decision date is used to allocate which quarter the data falls into. However, when data are presented on when LMIAs are requested, it is based on the date when the LMIA is received by ESDC. 2. As of the publication of 2022Q1- 2023Q4 data (published in April 2024) and going forward, all LMIAs in support of 'Permanent Residence (PR) Only' are included in TFWP statistics, unless indicated otherwise. All quarterly data in this report includes PR Only LMIAs. Dual-intent LMIAs and corresponding positions are included under their respective TFWP stream (e.g., low-wage, high-wage, etc.) This may impact program reporting over time. 3. Attention should be given for data that are presented by ‘Unique Employers’ when it comes to manipulating the data within that specific table. One employer could be counted towards multiple groups if they have multiple positive LMIAs across categories such as program stream, province or territory, or economic region. For example, an employer could request TFWs for two different business locations, and this employer would be counted in the statistics of both economic regions. As such, the sum of the rows within these ‘Unique Employer’ tables will not add up to the aggregate total.

Annual number of interprovincial migrants by province of origin and destination, Canada, provinces and territories.

Temporary residents who are in Canada on a study permit in the observed calendar year. Datasets include study permit holders by year in which permit(s) became effective or with a valid permit in a calendar year or on December 31st. Please note that in these datasets, the figures have been suppressed or rounded to prevent the identification of individuals when the datasets are compiled and compared with other publicly available statistics. Values between 0 and 5 are shown as “--“ and all other values are rounded to the nearest multiple of 5. This may result to the sum of the figures not equating to the totals indicated.

Data on admission category and applicant type by period of immigration, age, gender and pre-admission experience for the immigrant population admitted between 1980 and 2021, in private households in Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations and parts.

Data on immigrant status and period of immigration by place of birth, citizenship, age and gender for the population in private households in Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and parts.

Data on the immigrant population by place of birth, period of immigration, gender and age for the population in private households in Canada.

IntroductionImmigrants were disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 and experience unique vaccination barriers. In Canada (37 million people), 23% of the population is foreign-born. Immigrants constitute 60% of the country’s racialized (non-white) population and over half of immigrants reside in Ontario, the country’s most populous province. Ontario had several strategies aimed at improving vaccine equity including geographic targeting of vaccine supply and clinics, as well as numerous community-led efforts. Our objectives were to (1) compare primary series vaccine coverage after it was widely available, and first booster coverage 6 months after its availability, between immigrants and other Ontario residents and (2) identify subgroups experiencing low coverage.Materials and methodsUsing linked immigration and health administrative data, we conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study including all community-dwelling adults in Ontario, Canada as of January 1, 2021. We compared primary series (two-dose) vaccine coverage by September 2021, and first booster (three-dose) coverage by March 2022 among immigrants and other Ontarians, and across sociodemographic and immigration characteristics. We used multivariable log-binomial regression to estimate adjusted risk ratios (aRR).ResultsOf 11,844,221 adults, 22% were immigrants. By September 2021, 72.6% of immigrants received two doses (vs. 76.4%, other Ontarians) and by March 2022 46.1% received three doses (vs. 58.2%). Across characteristics, two-dose coverage was similar or slightly lower, while three-dose coverage was much lower, among immigrants compared to other Ontarians. Across neighborhood SARS-CoV-2 risk deciles, differences in two-dose coverage were smaller in higher risk deciles and larger in the lower risk deciles; with larger differences across all deciles for three-dose coverage. Compared to other Ontarians, immigrants from Central Africa had the lowest two-dose (aRR = 0.60 [95% CI 0.58–0.61]) and three-dose coverage (aRR = 0.36 [95% CI 0.34–0.37]) followed by Eastern Europeans and Caribbeans, while Southeast Asians were more likely to receive both doses. Compared to economic immigrants, resettled refugees and successful asylum-claimants had the lowest three-dose coverage (aRR = 0.68 [95% CI 0.68–0.68] and aRR = 0.78 [95% CI 0.77–0.78], respectively).ConclusionTwo dose coverage was more equitable than 3. Differences by immigrant region of birth were substantial. Community-engaged approaches should be re-invigorated to close gaps and promote the bivalent booster.

This table provides quarterly estimates of the number of non-permanent residents by type for Canada, provinces and territories.

AbstractImmigration into small recipient populations is expected to alleviate inbreeding and increase genetic variation, and hence facilitate population persistence through genetic and/or evolutionary rescue. Such expectations depend on three standard assumptions: that immigrants are outbred, unrelated to existing natives at arrival, and unrelated to each other. These assumptions are rarely explicitly verified, including in key field systems in evolutionary ecology. Yet, they could be violated due to non-random or repeated immigration from adjacent small populations. We combined molecular genetic marker data for 150-160 microsatellite loci with comprehensive pedigree data to test the three assumptions for a song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) population that is a model system for quantifying effects of inbreeding and immigration in the wild. Immigrants were less homozygous than existing natives on average, with mean homozygosity that closely resembled outbred natives. Immigrants can therefore be considered outbred on the focal population scale. Comparisons of homozygosity of real or hypothetical offspring of immigrant-native, native-native and immigrant-immigrant pairings implied that immigrants were typically unrelated to existing natives and to each other. Indeed, immigrants’ offspring would be even less homozygous than outbred individuals on the focal population scale. The three standard assumptions of population genetic and evolutionary theory were consequently largely validated. Yet, our analyses revealed some deviations that should be accounted for in future analyses of heterosis and inbreeding depression, implying that the three assumptions should be verified in other systems to probe patterns of non-random or repeated dispersal and facilitate precise and unbiased estimation of key evolutionary parameters. MethodsData for ‘Are immigrants outbred and unrelated? Testing standard assumptions in a wild metapopulation’ Dickel et al., Molecular Ecology, 2021 These data come from the long-term song sparrow field study on Mandarte Island, BC, Canada (latitude 48.6329°, longitude -123.2859°). The data provided here are sufficient to replicate the analyses presented in the above paper, and are therefore a restricted subset of the full Mandarte dataset. Full methods of data assembly and analyses are in the main paper. See also Nietlisbach et al., 2017, Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Usage notesEach row in the dataset relates to one individual. Key to variables: "id" - individual identifier for each individual "prop_homoz" - proportion of loci at which the individual is homozygous "immigrant" - binary variable indicating if the individual is an immigrant or not "parent immigrant" - binary variable indicating if the individual has an immigrant parent "immigratedness" - categorical variable indicating the immigration status "year.appearance" - indicating when the individual entered in the population. Either arrival of immigrants or hatching for Mandarte hatched individuals columns titled "Sosp" - ending with 'a or 'b' - microsatellites "fcoef" - coefficient of inbreeding (pedigree based) "main_dataset - binary variable indicating if the individual was included in the main analyses (dependent on the number of loci genotyped) "adult_dataset" - binary variable indicating if the individual survived to adulthood

Data on province or territory of intended destination by admission category and applicant type, period of immigration, age and gender for the immigrant population in private households admitted between 1980 and 2021, in Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations and parts.

The Department of Labour, Skills and Immigration (LSI) issues nomination certificates to prospective immigrants who meet a labour market need and who will make a contribution to Nova Scotia’s economy. Nominees then apply to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada for a permanent resident visa. In 2023, LSI began using the National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 to designate the occupational group that nominees fall under. This was a transitional year and NOC 2016 values are also present, as they were in all years prior to 2023. The NOC is Canada’s national system for describing occupations. The NOC comprises more than 40,000 job titles gathered into 516 unit groups, organized according to six Training, Education, Experience and Responsibilities (TEER) categories and ten broad occupational categories. Unit groups can often be linked directly to one occupation (such as NOC 31110 – Dentists) or to more than one occupation (such as NOC 72600 – Air pilots, flight engineers and flying instructors). Detailed information on the NOC can be found at https://noc.esdc.gc.ca/. This dataset provides the number of certificates issued annually by NOC TEER or skill category, NOC Code (5 digits in 2021 version, 4 digits in 2016 version), and Occupational Group: * NOC TEER and skill level corresponds to the type and/or amount of training or education typically required to work in an occupation; * The 4- and 5-digit NOC codes are comprised of over 500 occupational groups identified as unit groups; * Occupational Groups describe each of the unit groups in plain language terms such as Financial auditors and accountants; Mining engineers; and Audiologists and speech-language pathologists. The maximum number of certificates that LSI may issue annually through the Nova Scotia Nominee Program is determined by the federal government.

Data on employment income statistics, by occupation minor group (4-digit code) from the National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021, immigrant status and period of immigration, highest level of education, work activity during the reference year, age and gender, for the population aged 15 years and over who reported weeks worked and employment income in 2020 in private households in Canada, provinces and territories.

Data on the main mode of commuting by immigrant status and period of immigration, visible minority, age and gender.

Data on labour force status including employment, unemployment and labour force participation rates by visible minority, immigrant status and period of immigration, highest level of education, age and gender.

Overqualification of immigrants (with period of immigration) by educational characteristics, including location of study.

Components of population change by census division, single year of age, five-year age group and gender for the period from July 1 to June 30, annual, based on the Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) 2021. The components include births, deaths, immigrants, net emigration, emigrants, returning emigrants, net temporary emigration, net interprovincial migration, net intraprovincial migration, net non-permanent residents and residual deviation.

Income of Immigrant tax-filers, by sex, pre-admission experience, knowledge of official languages, immigrant admission category, admission year and tax year, for Canada and provinces, 2022 constant dollars.

Data on citizenship by visible minority and immigrant status and period of immigration, age and gender for the population in private households in Canada, provinces and territories, and federal electoral districts.