Thesis: The migration of Russian academics is influenced by their socialization. Understanding the mobility of academic labor can augment the attractiveness of countries or regions to which immigrants are drawn. Migration patterns were derived from an empirical web survey (level of significance >95%) of 500 Russian academics who migrated to Germany. The results indicated that their decisions were based on their specific values, which determined their perceptions of the transaction costs and benefits involved in international labor markets. New Institutional Economics (NIE) serves as a theoretical framework through which to understand academics’ decisions to migrate and illustrates that peripheral regions and small enterprises can attract well-educated workers. InterviewEigenständig auszufüllender Fragebogen Self-administered questionnaireInterview Russian academics migrating to Germany and having applied for scholarships from German scientific foundations in Russia in the years 2001 to2006. An online survey conducted in Russia (n = 485 conducted from 2/2007 to 4/2007) provided the database regarding the migration of Russian academics.

BackgroundHealth literacy (HL) is considered to be an important precondition for health. HL research often identifies migrants as vulnerable for low HL. However, in-depth data on HL among migrants especially in its domains of health care, disease prevention and health promotion and its determinants are still scarce.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was therefore to analyse the current status of HL among migrants and their descendants from Turkey and from the former Soviet Union (FSU) in Germany and factors associated with it. This has not been studied using large-scale data and bilingual interviews. We differentiate between dimensions of HL, namely the domains of health care, disease prevention and health promotion which goes beyond many previous studies. In addition, we explore new mechanisms by testing the explanatory power of self-efficacy and interethnic contacts for migrants' HL.MethodsThe study includes 825 first- and second-generation adult migrants from two of the largest immigration groups in Germany, from Turkey and FSU, who were interviewed face-to-face in German, Turkish or Russian in late summer 2020. HL was measured using the HLS19-Q47 instrument. Age, gender, educational level, social status and financial deprivation, chronic illness, health-related literacy skills, self-efficacy, interethnic contacts, migration generation, duration of stay and region of origin were considered as possible determinants. Ordinary least square regressions were estimated.ResultsThe average general HL score was 65.5. HL in health promotion and disease prevention was lower than in health care. Low financial deprivation, health-related literacy skills, and self-efficacy were positively correlated with each HL domain. Educational level, social status, age, gender, duration of stay and interethnic contacts were positively correlated with HL in some domains. Region of origin was only correlated with the domain of disease prevention until interethnic contact was accounted for.ConclusionOur study contributes to the existing knowledge by analyzing different domains of HL and testing its correlations with self-efficacy and interethnic contact among migrants. We reveal that migrants cannot generally be considered as vulnerable for low HL, as oftentimes outlined. There is a need for interventions e.g. to enhance the understanding of health information among subgroups with lower HL.

This data was collected to test the gravity approach on Russian migrants.

This data collection includes 'life story' interviews with Russian-speaking women from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus who have married Chinese citizens and moved for their married lives to the People's Republic of China. Most of the recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim in Russian. Some of the non-recorded conversations are summarised in English. The topics covered in the interviews include the women's journeys to China, their experiences of family, social, and working lives, the challenges of legal, socio-cultural and emotional adaptation, and the questions of citizenship and immigration status for women and their children.The growth of mega-cities and more generally rapid urbanization in China not only include hundreds of millions internal migrants, but an increasing number of foreign (including Taiwanese and returning ethnic Chinese) migrants as well. At present, foreign migrants fill relatively small and specific skills and knowledge gaps, but also include marriage migrants, traders, investors, retirees and unskilled workers. However as China's population growth levels off, population ageing sets in. China's working age population is set to decline, slowly at first but increasingly rapidly, especially roughly after 2025. Moreover, the population's sex imbalance will become ever more pronounced and China will face an increasing shortage of marriageable and working age people. Although international migration is set to make an important contribution to these increasing demographic and labour market shortages in China, little research has as yet been done. Our project will provide estimates and projections of the role of international and internal migration on population dynamics in China. The central focus of our project is on the impact of the second demographic transition in China, including family changes, ageing, migration and regional population changes. We will collect vital data on the interaction between labour markets and population dynamics, the consequences of migration, integration policies in China, EU-China mobility, and shifting patterns of inequality and the cultural division of labour. The project therefore speaks directly to the issues under the theme Understanding Population Change of the Europe - China call for collaborative research. This research data collection includes the transcripts of life story interviews with Russian-speaking women from the Soviet Union who have married a Chinese national and moved for a family life to the People's Republic of China. The research participants for this project were recruited through a snowballing method. A written call for participation and project information were distributed through established contacts and social media, inviting interested parties to contact the researcher. A consent form with the project information was shared with prospective participants prior to the interview. The interviews took place face-to-face or through a video or audio function in Skype or in Wechat, China's most popular social media platform.

Abstract

The Migration Cost Surveys (MCS) project is a joint initiative of the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD) and the International Labor Organization (ILO). The project was initiated to support methodological work on developing a new Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator (10.7.1) on worker-paid recruitment costs. The surveys of migrant workers conducted in multiple bilateral corridors between 2015 and 2017 provide new systematic evidence of financial and some non-financial costs incurred by workers to obtain jobs abroad. The compiled dataset is divided into two waves (2015 and 2016) based on the questionnaire version used in the surveys. This document describes surveys conducted using the 2016 version of the MCS questionnaire.

Geographic coverage

Multinational coverage - India - Philippines - Nepal - Uzbekistan - Kyrgyz Republic - Tajikistan - Countries in Western Africa

Analysis unit

KNOMAD-ILO Migration Costs Surveys (KNOMAD-ILO MCS) have the following unit of analysis: individuals

Universe

Surveys of migrants from the following corridors are included: • India-Saudi Arabia • Philippines to Saudi Arabia • Nepal to Malaysia, Qatar and Saudi Arabia • Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan to Russia • West African countries to Italy

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

All surveys conducted for this project used either convenience or snowball sampling. Sample enrollment was restricted to migrants primarily employed in low-skilled positions. There is variation in terms of when migrants were interviewed in their migration life-cycle. Two surveys of recruited workers - that is workers who are recruited in their home countries for jobs abroad - namely Filipinos and Indians to Saudi Arabia, were conducted with migrants returning to their origin countries (for visits or permanently). The surveys of non-recruited migrants - Central Asian migrants to Russia and West African migrants to Italy - were administered in the destination countries, which permitted multiple bilateral migration channels to be documented (at cost of smaller sample sizes in some corridors, particularly with Italy as destination). The survey instruments for non-recruited migrants were worded in present tense for various aspect of stay in the destination country. The content of the variables remains analogous to the surveys of returnees. Finally, the survey of Nepalese migrants was conducted with migrants who were departing to their destination countries within a two-week period. Please refer to Annex Table 1 of the 2016 KNOMAD_ILO MCS Guide for a summary description of the samples included in the 2016 KNOMAD-ILO MCS dataset.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The 2016 KNOMAD-ILO Migration Costs Surveys consists of 7 survey modules: A. Respondent information B. Information on costs for current job C. Borrowing money for the foreign job D. Job search efforts and opportunity costs E. Work in foreign country F. Job environment G. Current status and contact information

Sampling error estimates

n/a

Data appraisal

n/a

Large carnivores were persecuted to near extinction during the last centuries, but have now recovered in some countries. It has been proposed earlier that the recovery of the Northern European brown bear is supported by migration from Russia. We tested this hypothesis by obtaining for the first time continuous sampling of the whole Finnish bear population, which is located centrally between the Russian and Scandinavian bear populations. The Finnish population is assumed to experience high gene flow from Russian Karelia. If so, no or a low degree of genetic differentiation between Finnish and Russian bears could be expected. We have genotyped bears extensively from all over Finland using 12 validated microsatellite markers and compared their genetic composition to bears from Russian Karelia, Sweden, and Norway. Our fine masked investigation identified two overlapping genetic clusters structured by isolation-by-distance in Finland (pairwise FST = 0.025). One cluster included Russian bears, and migration analyses showed a high number of migrants from Russia into Finland, providing evidence of eastern gene flow as an important driver during recovery. In comparison, both clusters excluded bears from Sweden and Norway, and we found no migrants from Finland in either country, indicating that eastern gene flow was probably not important for the population recovery in Scandinavia. Our analyses on different spatial scales suggest a continuous bear population in Finland and Russian Karelia, separated from Scandinavia.

Within the framework of the Immigrant German Election Study (IMGES), for the first time in Germany exclusively persons with a Turkish migration background or an origin from countries of the former Soviet Union were interviewed about political attitudes and behaviour. One of the main objectives of the study was to investigate whether the voting behaviour of German citizens with a migration background can be explained by established theories of electoral research or whether it is more dependent on migration-specific characteristics. The survey was conducted after the 2017 federal elections and was conducted simultaneously with the post-election survey of the German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES). The project was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) between October 2016 and March 2020. Migration background of the respondent and the partner: Political interest; born in Germany; country of birth; month and year of moving close to Germany; acquisition of German citizenship at birth or later; year of acquisition of German citizenship; previous citizenship; dual citizenship; second citizenship; reason for migration; parents born in Germany, country of birth of father and mother; Year when father and mother moved to Germany; nationality of father and mother; region of origin in Turkey, Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine; marital status; living together with a partner; partner born in Germany, country of birth of partner; country of birth of father and mother of partner 2. Germany - political problems, goals, economic situation: currently most important and second most important problem in Germany; most suitable party to solve the problems; most important problem in Germany for one´s own migration group; most suitable party to solve this problem; most important and second most important goal of the Federal Republic of Germany in the next 10 years (Inglehart Index) assessment of the general economic situation in Germany; assessment of the current economic situation of one´s own migration group; turnout in the last Bundestag election; postal vote; election decision Bundestag election (first and second vote); hypothetical turnout and election decision (respondents under 18 years of age); date of election decision; recall Bundestag election 2013: Voter participation and decision (first and second vote). 3. Political orientation and assessment of political actors: Sympathy Scale for the parties CDU, CSU, SPD,FDP, Die Linke, Grüne and AfD; Sympathy Scale for selected top politicians (Angela Merkel, Martin Schulz, Christian Lindner, Sahra Wagenknecht, Dietmar Bartsch, Horst Seehofer, Cem Özdemir, Katrin Göring-Eckardt, Alice Weidel and Alexander Gauland); satisfaction with the performance of the federal government from CDU/CSU and SPD (Scale); left-right classification of the above-mentioned parties; left-right self-classification; satisfaction with democracy; address during the election campaign for the 2017 Bundestag elections; address during the election campaign by which party; address during the election campaign as a migrant; address during the election campaign on German politics by various organisations; assessment of the current own economic situation; state elections Voter turnout at the last state elections in NRW; election receipt at the state elections (first vote and second vote). 4. Political issues: agreement on various statements: demand for a legally established women´s quota for the supervisory boards of large companies, government should take measures to reduce income disparities, registered same-sex partnerships should be given equal status to marriage; too much influence of foreign governments (Turkey or Russia) on politics in Germany; opinion on religious instruction at state schools in Germany; opinion on voting rights in local elections for foreigners living permanently in Germany who do not come from an EU member state; political knowledge First vote/ second vote, 5% hurdle; party positions and own position on the topic of taxes and welfare state benefits (socio-economic dimension); personal importance of the topic of taxes and welfare state benefits (salience socio-economic dimension); party positions and own position on the topic of facilitated or limited opportunities for foreigners to move to Germany (libertarian-authoritarian dimension); personal importance of the topic of opportunities for foreigners to move to Germany; party positions regarding their relationship to the respondent´s country of origin; importance of the relationship of German parties to the country of origin. 5. Religion and affiliation: self-assessment of religiousness; denomination or faith community; frequency of participation in religious meetings; denomination of the partner; social identity: group membership; strongest group membership; important for identity as a German/German (being born in Germany, sharing German values and traditions, being able to speak German, having German ancestors); refusal to marry a person of German origin without a migration background, Syrian origin, Russian-German origin, Turkish origin, Christian faith or Muslim faith 6. Political opinions: attitude towards politics: Voter participation as a civic duty, politicians only represent interests of the rich and powerful, political issues often difficult to understand, strong political leader good for Germany, even if he bends the laws; attitude towards the immigration of different groups of people to Germany (workers from EU countries, workers from non-EU countries, refugees from war zones, politically persecuted refugees, economic refugees); type of political participation in the last 12 months (e.g. establishing contact with a politician, working in a political party or grouping, etc.); supported party; participation in activities of various organisations in the last 12 months (e.g. employers´ organisations, religious/church groups, sports and leisure club, etc.); at least half of the members of the participants of this organisation with a migration background; institutional trust Germany (parliament, judiciary, government, police, political parties, media); general social trust; likelihood of voting for the following parties: CDU, CSU, SPD, Die Linke, Grüne, FDP and AfD; frequency of discussions about politics in the past week; party affiliation; strength of party identification; type of party identification (e.g. party means a lot to me, party in itself means less to me, but it makes the better politics); frequency of visits to the country of origin; direct family members in the country of origin; home ownership in the country of origin; frequency of use of different media for information about the country of origin (German newspapers, German television, Turkish/Russian newspapers or television, newspapers or television of the country of origin); frequency of contact with relatives in the country of origin; political interest in relation to the country of origin; voter participation in the last national election in the country of origin; voting decision in the last election in the country of origin; dual citizens: intended voting decision in parliamentary elections in the country of origin; hypothetical voting decision in parliamentary elections in the country of origin; institutional trust in the country of origin; membership of a foreign party or Donation of money to that party; participation in activities of a foreign party in the last two years; opinion on Turkey´s membership of the EU; participation in a referendum on constitutional reform in Turkey; decision for or against constitutional reform; hypothetical decision concerning that referendum; sympathy scale for politicians of foreign origin (Turkish President Erdogan/Russian President Putin); support or rejection of the Russian Federation´s approach to the integration of Crimea. 7. Discrimination and social network: identity as a member of a group disadvantaged in Germany; reasons for discrimination (e.g. foreign descent, etc.); areas of discrimination (e.g. finding accommodation, etc.) Social trust with regard to one´s own migrant group; composition of circle of friends and colleagues (proportion with migrant background); self-assessment of language skills (German, Turkish, Kurdish, Russian, other language of origin); language mainly used at work, with friends and in the family; frequency of discussions about Turkish/Russian policy with the family; family member present with positive and negative evaluation of the current policy of the Turkish/Russian government; number of family members with positive and negative evaluation. Demography: sex; age (year of birth; household size; age of persons in the household; country of last school attendance (Germany or other country); highest school leaving certificate; years of school attendance abroad; vocational training completed in Germany or in another country; type of vocational training certificate; type of vocational training abroad; current or previous employment; current or previous employment; current or previous occupational status; job title; temporary work; current or previous employment sector; fear of unemployment or loss of business; self-assessment of shift membership; union member in household; net household income (categorised); education and occupation of partner: country of schooling; years of schooling abroad; school-leaving certificate; current or previous employment; current or previous job. Additionally coded: timestamp modules 1 - 15 incoming; timestamp modules 1 - 15 outgoing; sequential number; date of interview (day, month, year); state; sample: subsample after onomastics/ subsample after screening; data collection mode (CAPI or CASI); language of data collection (CAPI German, CASI Turkish, CASI Russian); consent to interview; control questions; willingness to re-interview; PSU: point number; weighting factors; return code; screening questions: origin; German citizenship; end of interview (no

Tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin suomalaisten arvoja ja asenteita. Tällä kertaa teemoina ovat sosiaaliturvan uudistaminen, maahanmuutto, luottamus yhteiskunnan eri toimijoihin, yhteiskunnan viime aikaiset muutokset, turvallisuus ja Suomen ulkopolitiikan hoito. Aluksi vastaajille esitettiin väittämiä yhteiskunnan eri osa-alueilta. Ne käsittelivät muiden muassa julkisia palveluita, maahanmuuttoa ja demokratian toimivuutta. Sosiaaliturvan uudistamiseen liittyen kysyttiin vastaajien mielipiteitä mm. sosiaaliturvan vastikkeellisuudesta, perusturvasta sekä etuuksien rahoituksesta ja tasosta. Maahanmuutosta esitettiin vastaajille useita väittämiä esimerkiksi Suomen ulkomaalaispolitiikan tiukkuudesta, maahanmuuttajien sosiaalieduista, rikollisuuden ja levottomuuksien lisääntymisestä sekä työelämän tarpeista. Edelleen kysyttiin millaiseksi vastaajat kokevat oman asemansa suomalaisessa yhteiskunnassa ja kuinka suurta luottamusta he tuntevat yhteiskunnan eri toimijoita kohtaan. Lisäksi tiedusteltiin maailman muuttumisesta kymmenen viime vuoden aikana sekä pyydettiin vastaajia arvioimaan, kuinka suuriksi tai pieniksi uhkiksi he kokevat esimerkiksi hybridivaikuttamisen, terrori-iskun, tietovarkauden tai ilmaston lämpenemisen. Lopuksi vastaajat arvioivat Suomen ulkopolitiikan hoitoa ja kertoivat, miten he suhtautuvat EU-jäsenyyteen ja euroon. Lisäksi kartoitettiin näkemyksiä euron ja EMU-jäsenyyden hyödyistä ja haitoista Suomelle nykyisessä taloustilanteessa. Taustamuuttujia olivat sukupuoli, ikäryhmä, asuinkunnan koko, asuinmaakunta, peruskoulutus, ammatillinen koulutus, ammattiryhmä, työnantaja, työsuhde, toimiala, puoluekanta (mitä puoluetta äänestäisi, jos eduskuntavaalit pidettäisiin nyt), ammatillinen keskusjärjestö ja yhteiskuntaluokka. The survey charted the values and attitudes of Finnish people. The main themes of the autumn 2018 survey included social services reformation, immigration, trust in different actors in Finnish society, recent societal changes, security and Finland's foreign policy. First, the respondents were presented with attitudinal statements regarding different spheres of society, for instance, public services, immigration, the Finnish workforce, NATO membership, Russia and the United States, climate policy, the functionality of democracy, and whether politicians care about ordinary people's lives and opinions. As regards reforming social services and welfare, respondents' opinions were charted on, for instance, the gratuitousness of welfare, basic security, universal basic income, and the funding and level of social benefits. Views on immigration were charted with attitudinal statements regarding, for instance, strictness of Finnish policy on aliens, social benefits received by immigrants, increased crime due to immigrants, and immigration as an aid to shortage of workforce. Next, the respondents' views were examined on equality and their own position in Finnish society (e.g. in occupational life, as a taxpayer, in the eyes of authorities). Their trust in different types of actors in society was also charted (e.g. Parliament, church, judicial system, police, enterprises, banks, social media, Wikipedia, the market economy, newspaper press, Google). In addition, the respondents were asked to estimate whether Finland had changed positively or negatively in the previous 10 years in different areas (e.g. Finland's position in Europe, democracy, disparity in income and well-being, standard of education, social security). The next questions charted the respondents' views on the severity of different threats, e.g. armed attack against Finland, cyber attacks, terrorist attack, financial crisis, foreign efforts to interfere with Finnish elections, global warming, pandemic diseases, being a victim of violence. The respondents were asked to evaluate how well different actors (e.g. president, prime minister, foreign minister, the current Government) had handled foreign policy. Finally, the respondents' views on Finland's EU membership and the Euro were examined as well as how the respondents would vote if a referendum were held on Finland's EU membership. Background variables included gender, age group, type of municipality of residence, region of residence, education level, economic activity and occupational status, type of employer, occupational sector, type of contract, political party preference (which party R would vote for if parliamentary elections were held at the time of the survey), federation of trade unions membership, and self-perceived social class. Todennäköisyysotanta: monivaiheinen otantaProbability.Multistage Probability: MultistageProbability.Multistage Itsetäytettävä lomake: verkkolomakeSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.CAWI