Between 1820 and 1957, over 4.6 million people emigrated from the island of Ireland to the United States. The period with the highest levels of migration came between 1845 and 1855 , as the Great Famine devastated Ireland's population, causing the deaths of roughly one million people and leading to the migration of one million more, most of which was to the United States. The period with the lowest levels of migration came in the 1930s and 40s, as the Great Depression and Second World War created an environment where migration to the US was difficult or impractical.

In the past four centuries, the population of the United States has grown from a recorded 350 people around the Jamestown colony of Virginia in 1610, to an estimated 331 million people in 2020. The pre-colonization populations of the indigenous peoples of the Americas have proven difficult for historians to estimate, as their numbers decreased rapidly following the introduction of European diseases (namely smallpox, plague and influenza). Native Americans were also omitted from most censuses conducted before the twentieth century, therefore the actual population of what we now know as the United States would have been much higher than the official census data from before 1800, but it is unclear by how much. Population growth in the colonies throughout the eighteenth century has primarily been attributed to migration from the British Isles and the Transatlantic slave trade; however it is also difficult to assert the ethnic-makeup of the population in these years as accurate migration records were not kept until after the 1820s, at which point the importation of slaves had also been illegalized. Nineteenth century In the year 1800, it is estimated that the population across the present-day United States was around six million people, with the population in the 16 admitted states numbering at 5.3 million. Migration to the United States began to happen on a large scale in the mid-nineteenth century, with the first major waves coming from Ireland, Britain and Germany. In some aspects, this wave of mass migration balanced out the demographic impacts of the American Civil War, which was the deadliest war in U.S. history with approximately 620 thousand fatalities between 1861 and 1865. The civil war also resulted in the emancipation of around four million slaves across the south; many of whose ancestors would take part in the Great Northern Migration in the early 1900s, which saw around six million black Americans migrate away from the south in one of the largest demographic shifts in U.S. history. By the end of the nineteenth century, improvements in transport technology and increasing economic opportunities saw migration to the United States increase further, particularly from southern and Eastern Europe, and in the first decade of the 1900s the number of migrants to the U.S. exceeded one million people in some years. Twentieth and twenty-first century The U.S. population has grown steadily throughout the past 120 years, reaching one hundred million in the 1910s, two hundred million in the 1960s, and three hundred million in 2007. In the past century, the U.S. established itself as a global superpower, with the world's largest economy (by nominal GDP) and most powerful military. Involvement in foreign wars has resulted in over 620,000 further U.S. fatalities since the Civil War, and migration fell drastically during the World Wars and Great Depression; however the population continuously grew in these years as the total fertility rate remained above two births per woman, and life expectancy increased (except during the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918).

Since the Second World War, Latin America has replaced Europe as the most common point of origin for migrants, with Hispanic populations growing rapidly across the south and border states. Because of this, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites, which has been the most dominant ethnicity in the U.S. since records began, has dropped more rapidly in recent decades. Ethnic minorities also have a much higher birth rate than non-Hispanic whites, further contributing to this decline, and the share of non-Hispanic whites is expected to fall below fifty percent of the U.S. population by the mid-2000s. In 2020, the United States has the third-largest population in the world (after China and India), and the population is expected to reach four hundred million in the 2050s.

Recommended citation for this dataset: Garnett, Vicky, & Lucek, Stephen. (2020). The Dublin Language Garden Perceptual Dialectology of Irish English Collection (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4247829

About this Dataset The field of Perceptual Dialectology is an area of sociolinguistic study that investigates how non-linguists view different varieties of language. It often includes hand-drawn map exercises in which participants indicate where they believe various varieties are spoken, and their attitudes towards them.

In 2015, as part of a public linguistics outreach event (the Dublin Language Garden) held at Trinity College Dublin, the authors created an activity for members of the public and collected hand-drawn maps from them that gave responses to the following tasks:

a. Indicate where you come from on the map (using a red dot sticker) b. Draw where you think the Dublin dialect occurs c. Draw the boundaries of any other dialects you believe occur in Ireland d. Tell us what you think are the features of those dialects e. Tell us what you think are the characteristics of the people who speak those dialects.

Participants of all ages were encouraged to take part, but only data from those over 18 were retained after the event and used in this data collection. Participants were all given information on how the data was to be anonymised, processed and published on a clearly displayed poster to read before they were given a map to complete the 5 tasks (listed above). No additional information about the participants, aside from that acquired through Task a, was collected.

File List:

_READ_ME - Dublin Language Garden Perceptual Dialectology of Irish English data.txt Contains a detailed description of this dataset.

DLG_PDIE_KML_data_by_location.zip This zipped folder contains the .kml data of multiple hand-drawn maps organised into folders by their location

DLG_PDIE_KML_data_by_part.zip This zipped folder contains the .kml data of multiple hand-drawn maps organised into folders according to the participants.

These folders have been organised in this way in order to make discoverability easier between the data. Users may wish to analyse the data only by the locations of the varieties identified by the participants. Other users may only be interested in the data given by specific participants, and therefore the folder that organises the data in this way may be of better use to them. Both folders, however, contain the same data, it is simply how they are organised.

Garnett and Lucek DLG_PD_IE Qualitative Data (Nov 2020).xlsx Spreadsheet featuring tabulated qualitative data taken from all maps

Sample Hand-drawn Maps.zip Folder containing 2 sample hand-drawn maps from the participants to help contextualise the data presented here.

Any questions? Any enquiries regarding this dataset should be directed to either Vicky Garnett (garnetv@tcd.ie) or Stephen Lucek (stephen.lucek@ucd.ie).

Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Data and Documentation section...Sample size and data quality measures (including coverage rates, allocation rates, and response rates) can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Methodology section..Although the American Community Survey (ACS) produces population, demographic and housing unit estimates, it is the Census Bureau''s Population Estimates Program that produces and disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation, states, counties, cities and towns and estimates of housing units for states and counties..Explanation of Symbols:An ''**'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute a standard error and thus the margin of error. A statistical test is not appropriate..An ''-'' entry in the estimate column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute an estimate, or a ratio of medians cannot be calculated because one or both of the median estimates falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''-'' following a median estimate means the median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''+'' following a median estimate means the median falls in the upper interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''***'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that the median falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution. A statistical test is not appropriate..An ''*****'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that the estimate is controlled. A statistical test for sampling variability is not appropriate. .An ''N'' entry in the estimate and margin of error columns indicates that data for this geographic area cannot be displayed because the number of sample cases is too small..An ''(X)'' means that the estimate is not applicable or not available..Estimates of urban and rural population, housing units, and characteristics reflect boundaries of urban areas defined based on Census 2000 data. Boundaries for urban areas have not been updated since Census 2000. As a result, data for urban and rural areas from the ACS do not necessarily reflect the results of ongoing urbanization..While the 2011 American Community Survey (ACS) data generally reflect the December 2009 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definitions of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas; in certain instances the names, codes, and boundaries of the principal cities shown in ACS tables may differ from the OMB definitions due to differences in the effective dates of the geographic entities..The American Community Survey (ACS) implemented a variety of new race and ethnicity coding changes in 2010 to be consistent with the 2010 decennial census coding rules. Any changes in ancestry estimates for 2010 and beyond should be used with caution. For more information on these changes, please see "Coding Changes to the American Community Survey Between 2009 and 2010 and Their Potential Effect on the Estimates of Ancestry Groups" on the Ethnicity and Ancestry Branch website at http://www.census.gov/population/www/ancestry/..Starting in 2008, the Scotch-Irish category does not include Irish-Scotch. People who reported Irish-Scotch ancestry are classified under "Other groups," whereas in 2007 and earlier they were classified as Scotch-Irish..Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. The degree of uncertainty for an estimate arising from sampling variability is represented through the use of a margin of error. The value shown here is the 90 percent margin of error. The margin of error can be interpreted roughly as providing a 90 percent probability that the interval defined by the estimate minus the margin of error and the estimate plus the margin of error (the lower and upper confidence bounds) contains the true value. In addition to sampling variability, the ACS estimates are subject to nonsampling error (for a discussion of nonsampling variability, see Accuracy of the Data). The effect of nonsampling error is not represented in these tables..Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2011 American Community Survey

This graph shows the distribution of nationalities among documented immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1820 and 1870. As we can see, over seven million people arrived in the US in this 50 year period, with the majority coming from Ireland, Germany and Britain. The largest groups, by far, were Irish and German, who together made up roughly two thirds of all immigrants to the US during this time. The reasons for this were because of the Irish Potato famine from 1845 to 1849, which resulted in the death or emigration of twenty to twenty five percent of the total Irish population, and a number of internal factors in Germany such as economic migration for farmers affected by industrialization, political/religious asylum, and in order to avoid conscription. One noteworthy exclusion from the information is of those transported to US as slaves, whose information was not recorded in this statistic (although the slave trade was abolished in 1808, the practice continued in the decades that followed).

The real total consumer spending in Ireland was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2029 by in total 16.9 billion U.S. dollars (+11.58 percent). After the fifth consecutive increasing year, the real total consumer spending is estimated to reach 162.5 billion U.S. dollars and therefore a new peak in 2029. Consumer spending here refers to the domestic demand of private households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs). Spending by corporations and the state is not included. The forecast has been adjusted for the expected impact of COVID-19.Consumer spending is the biggest component of the gross domestic product as computed on an expenditure basis in the context of national accounts. The other components in this approach are consumption expenditure of the state, gross domestic investment as well as the net exports of goods and services. Consumer spending is broken down according to the United Nations' Classification of Individual Consumption By Purpose (COICOP). As not all countries and regions report data in a harmonized way, all data shown here has been processed by Statista to allow the greatest level of comparability possible. The underlying input data are usually household budget surveys conducted by government agencies that track spending of selected households over a given period.The data has been converted from local currencies to US$ using the average constant exchange rate of the base year 2017. The timelines therefore do not incorporate currency effects. The data is shown in real terms which means that monetary data is valued at constant prices of a given base year (in this case: 2017). To attain constant prices the nominal forecast has been deflated with the projected consumer price index for the respective category.

The real per capita cosumer spending in Ireland was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2029 by in total 1,682.3 U.S. dollars (+6.86 percent). According to this forecast, in 2029, the consumer spending will have increased for the fifth consecutive year to 26,219.19 U.S. dollars. Consumer spending, here depicted per capita, refers to the domestic demand of private households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs). Spending by corporations and the state is not included. The forecast has been adjusted for the expected impact of COVID-19.Consumer spending is the biggest component of the gross domestic product as computed on an expenditure basis in the context of national accounts. The other components in this approach are consumption expenditure of the state, gross domestic investment as well as the net exports of goods and services. Consumer spending is broken down according to the United Nations' Classification of Individual Consumption By Purpose (COICOP). As not all countries and regions report data in a harmonized way, all data shown here has been processed by Statista to allow the greatest level of comparability possible. The underlying input data are usually household budget surveys conducted by government agencies that track spending of selected households over a given period.The data has been converted from local currencies to US$ using the average constant exchange rate of the base year 2017. The timelines therefore do not incorporate currency effects. The data is shown in real terms which means that monetary data is valued at constant prices of a given base year (in this case: 2017). To attain constant prices the nominal forecast has been deflated with the projected consumer price index for the respective category.

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the majority of documented migration to the United States of American came from European countries. Between 1820 and 1957, of the approximate 41 million migrants to the US, over 34 million of these came from Europe. The most commonly documented countries of origin during this time were Germany (6.6 million), Italy (4.9 million), Ireland (4.6 million), Great Britain (4.5 million), and Russia (3.4 million). The first wave of mass migration came in the 1850s, as the Great famine crippled Ireland's population, and many in rural areas of mainland Europe struggled to adapt to industrialization, and economic opportunities attracted many in the 1870s, following the American Civil War. The 1880s saw another wave, as steam powered ships and lower fares made trans-Atlantic journeys much more affordable. The first wave of mass migration from Eastern and Southern Europe also arrived at this time, as industrialization and agricultural advancements led to high unemployment in these regions.

The majority of migrants to the United States settled in major urban centers, which allowed the expansion of industry, leading to the United States' emergence as one of the leading global economies at the turn of the twentieth century. The largest wave of migration to the United states during this period came in the first fifteen years of the 1900s. The influx of migrants from Northern and Western Europe had now been replaced by an influx from Eastern and Southern Europe (although migration from the British Isles was still quite high during this time). European migration fell to it's lowest levels in eighty years during the First World War, before fluctuating again in the interwar period, due to the Great Depression. As the twentieth century progressed, the continent with the highest levels of migration to the US gradually changed from Europe to Latin America, as economic opportunities in Western Europe improved, and the US' relationship with the Soviet Union and other Eastern, communist states became complicated.

In 2022, the police in the Republic of Ireland recorded 65,986 incidents of theft, compared with 46,787 in the previous year. Between 2003 and 2015, there was consistently more than 70,000 theft offences before a sudden drop in offences in 2016.