The Historical Gridded Meteorological Dataset in Japan (HGMD-Japan) is a grided high-resolution (1km x 1km, approximately) daily (and in some cases hourly or yearly) meteorological datasets, intended for use in agricultural climate change analysis, created from 1978 to the latest year continuously. The daily data were created by overlaying the spatially interpolated differences between observed and climate normal at the meteorological observation stations onto the 1km resolution gridded climate data. In this process, in order to maintain time-series homogeneity in each variable, possible source of time-series heterogeneities unrelated to climate change, such as changes in statistical methods and instrument types, were corrected as much as possible.

The details of this dataset are described as follows.

■ Common items Projection: Geographic Geodetic system: Tokyo Datum

◆ Daily data Directory structure: HGMDJ_NARO(YYYY)daily[file] File name: (YYYY)_d_(element).bin Element name (element): Mean temperatures (tmp) [0.1 °C]
Maximum temperatures (hourly) (tmx) [0.1 °C] Minimum temperatures (hourly) (tmn) [0.1 °C] Precipitation (pre) [0.1 mm] Solar radiation (srd) [0.1 MJ/m2/d] Sunshine duration (sdr) [0.1 hour] Relative humidity (rhu) [0.1 %] Wind speed at 2.5m height (wsd) [0.1 m/s] Downward long wave radiation (lrd) [0.1 MJ/ m2/d] Potential evapotranspiration (pet) [0.1 mm] FAO reference evapotranspiration (eto) [0.1 mm] Paddy water temperature (LAI=0) (tw0) [0.1 °C] Paddy water temperature (LAI=∞) (twi) [0.1 °C] Error value: -999 Record format: Data format: Binary format (little endian) Data size: 278,237,440 bytes Record length: 736 bytes (4+366*2: see below) Number of rows (meshes): 378040 Structure: 1) 3rd mesh code (4 byte long), data (2 byte short) x 366 days 2) 3rd mesh code (4 byte long), data (2 byte short) x 366 days ・・・ 378040) 3rd mesh code (4 byte long), data (2 byte short) x 366 days * Dummy (-999) for the 366th day in no-leap years

◆ Hourly data Directory structure: HGMDJ_NARO(YYYY)hourly[element][file] File name: (YYYYMMDD)_h_(element).bin Element name (element): Rice panicle temperatures (tp) [0.1 °C] Air temperatures (ta) [0.1 °C] Error value: -999 Record format: Data format: Binary format (little endian) Data size: 19,658,080 bytes Record length: 52 bytes (4+24*2: see below) Number of rows (meshes): 378040 Structure: 1) 3rd mesh code (4 byte long), data (2 byte short) x 24 hours 2) 3rd mesh code (4 byte long), data (2 byte short) x 24 hours ・・・ 378040) 3rd mesh code (4 byte long), data (2 byte short) x 24 hours

◆ Yearly data Directory structure: HGMDJ_NARO(YYYY)yearly[file] File name: (YYYY)_y_(element).bin Element name (element): Heat-dose of daily maximum temperature above 35 ℃ (HD_x35) (hdx35) [0.1 °C day] Heat-dose of daily minimum temperature above 25 ℃ (HD_n25) (hdn25) [0.1 °C day] Heat-dose of daily mean temperature above 26 ℃ (HD_m26) (hdm26) [0.1 °C day] Mean air temperature during 20 days after heading date (hed20atm) [0.1 °C] HD_m26 during 20 days after heading date (hed20hdm26) [0.1 °C day] Mean panicle temperature during daytime within 5 days around heading date (ptm5dc) [0.1 °C] Mean panicle temperature during daytime within 7 days around heading date (ptm7dc) [0.1 °C] Error value: -999 Record format: Data format: Binary format (little endian) Data size: 2,268,240 bytes Record length: 6 bytes (4+2: see below) Number of rows (meshes): 378040 Structure: 1) 3rd mesh code (4 byte long), data (2 byte short) 2) 3rd mesh code (4 byte long), data (2 byte short) ・・・ 378040) 3rd mesh code (4 byte long), data (2 byte short)

Temperature in Japan increased to 13.11 celsius in 2024 from 13 celsius in 2023. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Japan Average Temperature.

Heat-stressed Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) can experience blood acid-base disequilibrium and electrolyte disregulation. This disequilibrium may influence egg-shell quality, enzyme functions, and synthesis of tissue proteins. To determine effects of multi-generation heat stress on Japanese quail, the following treatments were applied (1) control (TN, non-sibling random mating at thermoneutral temperature [22.2°C]); (2) thermoneutral siblings (22.2°C, TNS); (3) heat stress (HS, non-sibling random mating at 31.1°C); and (4) heat stressed siblings (HSS, siblings of TNS with high feed conversion ratios (FCR), 31.1°C). Body weights (BW), blood gases, and electrolytes of quail were measured during the first 4 hours (acute) and after 3 weeks (chronic) of heat exposure (31.1°C) in generation 10 of the above-mentioned treatments. Statistical significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. Models included treatments, length of exposure, sex, and their interactions. Results showed that acut..., FCR dataset

Body weight of birds was taken when sexual dimorphisms were apparent and birds were singularly caged. Approximately half were male and half were female. Feeders were placed outside of the cages with lids to prevent feed spillage. Feed intake was taken daily at the same time in the morning before quails began eating to obtain the 24-hour feed intake. After 7 days, body weight of birds was taken again.

Performance dataset

Non-sibling male and female pairs were placed in the same cage to mate. Eggs were collected and marked with the maternal wingband number from each pair every morning before the temperature increased in the temperature-controlled chambers which housed the birds. Eggs were collected for 2 weeks. Collected eggs were placed in a 12.78˚C chamber until all eggs were incubated together. At days 9, 11, 13, and 15 of incubation, 20 eggs were cracked open for tissue collection; however, abnormalities in development such as early embryo death, late embryo death..., Microsoft Excel RStudio Numbers

The Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25) represents the first long-term global atmospheric reanalysis undertaken in Asia. Covering the period 1979-2004, it was completed using the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) numerical assimilation and forecast system and specially collected and prepared observational and satellite data from many sources including the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), and the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) of JMA. A primary goal of JRA-25 is to provide a consistent and high-quality reanalysis dataset for climate research, monitoring, and operational forecasts, especially by improving the coverage and quality of analysis in the Asian region.

In JRA-25, three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) data assimilation and a global spectral model were employed to produce 6-hourly atmospheric analysis and forecast cycles. The global spectral model was based on a 320 by 160 (~1.125 degree) Gaussian grid with T106 truncation. Vertical discretization employed a hybrid sigma-pressure coordinate utilizing 40 levels where 0.4 hPa represents the model top level. A predictive mass-flux Arakawa-Schubert scheme was utilized for cumulus parameterization, and Simple Biosphere (SiB) parameterizations for land-surface processes. Assimilated variables include temperature, relative humidity, and surface pressure from conventional observations, and also winds retrieved from geostationary satellites, radiative brightness temperature from TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), and precipitable water from Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I). Variables not directly assimilated include daily sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice based on Centennial in-situ Observation-Based Estimates (COBE), and ozone profiles based on chemical transport models constrained by observations from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS).

The JRA-25 shows marked improvement over previous reanalyses in several notable areas, especially predicted (both 6-hourly and long term) precipitation, with more realistic variability and fewer spurious trends due to contamination of satellite data by volcanic eruptions. JRA-25 is also the first reanalysis to assimilate wind profiles around tropical cyclones deduced from best-track data, resulting in improved tropical cyclone analysis in a global context. In addition, low-level (stratus) cloud decks along the western subtropical coasts of continents are also better simulated, improving radiation budgets in these regions. In 2006, JMA started real-time operation of the JMA Climate Data Assimilation System (JCDAS). JCDAS employs the same system as JRA-25 and the data assimilation cycle is extended to the present time. JRA-25 and JCDAS products will enable users to conduct climate diagnostics with a long-term, and current, homogeneous reanalysis dataset. The JMA has also engaged in ongoing cooperation with ECMWF (European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) on reanalysis, including the ECMWF CDAS (ECDAS), more commonly known as ERA-Interim.