Estimates for UK immigration, emigration and net migration, year ending June 2012 to year ending December 2024. These are official statistics in development. To access the most up-to-date data for each time period, please use the most recently published dataset.

In 2015 a team of researchers based in Greece, Italy, Turkey and Malta undertook interviews with refugees and migrants as well as stakeholders and observed events of the so-called ‘migration crisis’ as they unfolded. The dataset deposited here includes information on semi-structured interviews with a total of 500 refugees and migrants, 440 of whom had crossed the Mediterranean by boat in 2015 to Greece (215 interviews), Italy (205 interviews) and Malta (20 interviews) together with a further 60 respondents who had moved to Turkey and were considering making the onward journey to Europe. These countries reflected the key locations of the crisis. The initial analysis of the dataset has meant that it has been coded to record who was on the move, the journeys that they made and the routes that they took. This enables an examination of the relationship between micro-level characteristics and the geographies of migration that were recorded. Specifically the dataset here includes: 1. Methodological note - a description of the project, the approach to the fieldwork and the analysis undertaken 2. Individuals - data on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the interviewees. 3. Routes - data on the routes taken by our interviewees and the duration taken to travel along them. 4. Journeys - data setting out the individual stops and journeys recorded from each interviewee, travel method between them and duration of travel. This has been prepared for insertion into GIS Mapping software. In the first six months of 2015 more than 100,000 migrants crossed the Mediterranean, arriving at the shores of southern Europe in search of protection or a better life. In the same period more than 1,800 people lost their lives, drowning as overloaded and often unseaworthy boats sank into the sea. Although the crisis is in many ways nothing new, these scenes have captured the public and media imagination and have challenged the ability of European States to respond appropriately. Recent months have seen increasingly heated discussions at the national and EU level about whether rescues at sea are a vital humanitarian intervention or simply encourage others to attempt the crossing, and whether those who arrive can be dealt with through mandatory or voluntary relocation quotas. Many of these discussions are underpinned by assumptions about why it is that migrants make the journey to Europe in the first place. In this context the research aims to better understand the dynamics of migration in the Mediterranean region by providing the first large-scale, systematic and comparative study of the backgrounds, experiences, aspirations and routes of migrants in four European countries (Italy, Greece, Malta and Turkey) gathered from 550 migrants who have recently arrived and 100 stakeholders. The research pushes the theoretical and conceptual boundaries of migration studies, encouraging critical reflexive dialogue and practice by opening new and inclusive spaces for questioning and challenging established ways of categorising and thinking about with the Mediterranean migration crisis. In so doing it will create opportunities for increased policy dialogue and academic collaboration between the case study countries - and across the EU more generally - around the evidence gathered. The research is underpinned by a number of urgent research questions which inform the collection and analysis of the data: 1. What are the underlying factors shaping migration from countries of origin and how do the characteristics and backgrounds of migrants shape the response to structural issues? 2. What are the opportunity structures that shape, inform or constrain migrant journeys to Europe? 3. What are the differences between the Central Mediterranean (principally from Libya to Italy and Malta) and Eastern (Turkey to Greece) Mediterranean routes? 4. To what extent are migrant journeys to Europe, or particular countries within Europe, shaped or even determined by non-state actors (agents, facilitators and civil society)? 5. What are the impacts of policies intended to deter or prevent migrants from crossing the Mediterranean? The research will be delivered by a team of leading UK migration scholars from the Universities of Coventry, Oxford, Birmingham and Sussex working in collaboration with academic partners in the case study countries and supported by experts from international, governmental and non-governmental organisations. The team has established relationships with local civil society organisations that will facilitate access to research participants and provide advice and information on policy or other developments which could impact on the delivery of the project. The research will benefit a wide range of academic, governmental, international and civil society organisations and inform the development of strategic, political and policy responses to the migration crisis in the Mediterranean. This impact will be secured through a three-stage stage process involving: the production of evidence in formats accessible to a range of audiences; a clearly articulated process for securing impact involving dissemination events and outreach activities to connect the evidence with audiences that influence and inform the policy making process and; the development of cross-national networks of researchers, policy makers and practitioners to drive longer term policy change. These will create feedback loops and opportunities for further research. We carried out semi-structured interviews with a total of 500 refugees and migrants, 440 of whom had crossed the Mediterranean by boat in 2015 to Greece (215 interviews), Italy (205 interviews) and Malta (20 interviews) together with a further 60 respondents who had moved to Turkey and were considering making the onward journey to Europe. Our approach to the fieldwork had to be agile and the sampling strategy purposive in order to adapt to different social and political contexts as well us enabling us to interview people who had recently arrived as well as those who were looking to transit onwards.

This data collection stems from work directly arising out of the project 'Unity out of Diversity? Perspectives on the adaptations of immigrants in Britain'. The main aim of the project was to examine perceptions of adaptation in academic, policy, and public spheres. The research generated new data in the form of: (1) focus groups conducted in Manchester and Glasgow between November 2014 and September 2015; (2) interviews with local and national 'policy stakeholders' conducted between January 2015 and September 2016. This data collection provides access to this new data and related documentation. The research also used existing data from various sources: (a) Existing surveys available via the UK Data Service such as: (1) Ethnic Minority British Election Study; (2) Citizenship Survey; and (3) Understanding Society. This data collection provides scripts that showed how the data was transformed for analysis. (b) Textual data from journal article abstracts; newspaper articles; and Hansard debates. This data collection provides details of the methodology used to extract such data. (c) Online survey data from a related project funded by the British Academy, where Dr Lessard-Phillips was a co-applicant (PI: Dr Maria Sobolewska). This data collection provides a replication dataset and related documentation.The adaptation of immigrants (the immigrants' long-term integration into British society, and British society's response to it) has become an important topic of academic inquiry and debate among policy makers and the general public. Yet there is little systematic research or unified understanding of this process within and across these different arenas. This project aims to investigate the commonalities and differences in the various perceptions and understandings of adaptation and try to reconnect them. This will be done by using an original research design that will examine: the multidimensionality of immigrant adaptation in British academia (via a meta-analysis of the current literature and quantitative analysis of secondary data). Which will be contrasted with the subjective understandings and perceptions of adaptation in Britain among: - policy makers and third-sector stakeholders (via an analysis of policy documents and interviews) - minority and majority groups among the British population (via focus groups). This project will seek an active involvement by academic and non-academic audiences. It will provide a thorough and updated understanding of immigrant adaptation and its dimensionality in Britain, reaching beyond academic and policy circles, with the aim to build a solid evidence base for future research and policy. The qualitative data was collected via focus groups with the members of the public in Manchester and Glasgow (using purposive samples provided by local community organisations), and interviews with policy stakeholders (people working in local and national goverment and third sector organisations) selected based on their expertise on the topic (either via direct sollicitation or adverts about the project).

United Kingdom UK: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Asylum data was reported at 118,913.000 Person in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 123,067.000 Person for 2015. United Kingdom UK: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Asylum data is updated yearly, averaging 148,922.000 Person from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 303,181.000 Person in 2005 and a record low of 43,371.000 Person in 1991. United Kingdom UK: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Asylum data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Refugees are people who are recognized as refugees under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, people recognized as refugees in accordance with the UNHCR statute, people granted refugee-like humanitarian status, and people provided temporary protection. Asylum seekers--people who have applied for asylum or refugee status and who have not yet received a decision or who are registered as asylum seekers--are excluded. Palestinian refugees are people (and their descendants) whose residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948 and who lost their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. Country of asylum is the country where an asylum claim was filed and granted.; ; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Statistics Database, Statistical Yearbook and data files, complemented by statistics on Palestinian refugees under the mandate of the UNRWA as published on its website. Data from UNHCR are available online at: www.unhcr.org/en-us/figures-at-a-glance.html.; Sum;

UK residents by broad country of birth and citizenship groups, broken down by UK country, local authority, unitary authority, metropolitan and London boroughs, and counties. Estimates from the Annual Population Survey.

The UK's decision to leave the EU has necessitated a wholesale rethink of UK immigration policy with the ending of free movement of workers. The motivations for this work then were to examine the immigration/worker protection boundary from a number of perspectives, with particular emphasis on the legal dimension. While understanding the developing EU and domestic (macro) perspective our aims at a micro level were to understand the legal problems EU citizens in low paid work in the UK were facing and how they resolve those problems. These legal problems were at times exacerbated by Brexit, particularly with the advent of the new digital EUSS (EU Settlement Scheme)- our research followed this in real time and recorded issues. One of our key findings and covered by the book published as a result of the dataset here is that of Pragmatic Law and the role of everyday community advice in the wider legal advice eco-system. This is an element of legal advice which to date had been little researched. Another key outcome was the contribution to literature on both EU free movement and citizenship studies, particularly in the context of vulnerable EU citizens.Our aim was to chart the experience and perceptions of EU migrants in the UK before, during and after Brexit to enable us to analyse the experience of EU migrants in seeking access to the social welfare system in the UK, the issues they have with immigration law and employment law, specifically the relationship between race and nationality discrimination and the Brexit process. We will seek to collect robust empirical evidence to establish whether the fact of Brexit, together with the policy changes, media pronouncements and political rhetoric, have an impact on both the experience of, and perceptions surrounding, the experience of EU migrants. This data collection consists of qualitative data, specifically interviews and focus groups. The data is place based: in a small town in the East of England called Great Yarmouth. Interviews were undertaken with EU citizens who had moved to the UK to work in low paid work- particularly in poultry factories. Interviews were semi structured to allow for conversations to flow organically. The data includes qualitative interviews with people (professionals) working in Great Yarmouth- particularly those providing frontline services such as health, debt advice, housing advice etc. It includes a mixture of transcripts or notes recorded. The accompanying excel file notes the date and the location where the interview/ focus group took place. Every effort has been made to anonymise the data. A snowball technique was used to recruit participants to interview, as well as in some instances a targeted approach to approaching relevant service providers we wanted to include e.g. health, housing etc. The data also includes focus groups undertaken with EU citizens living in the UK. Again every effort has been made to anonymise the data. Some focus groups were occupation based- for example only those working in poultry factories and some were nationality based for example Portuguese citizens only. All participants for focus groups were recruited by an advice agency working in Great Yarmouth which we were working with on this research. The data includes interviews with residents and the landlord of an HMO (house of multiple occupation) in Great Yarmouth. Again, every effort has been made to anonymise the participants and the location of the house. Participants were chosen based on their residency in the house. This was to help us understand housing conditions/ the private rent sector for migrant workers in the town.

Monthly usage figures for online resources including databases and e-book platforms when available, for January 2005 to present. Additional information Blank means no data available In 2020, all library buildings closed from 19 March included due to the coronavirus outbreak. Resources included : description {minimum dates of subscription} What the figure is 19th Century British Library Newspapers : digital newspaper archive {May 2007 - present} Number of sessions Access to Research : online journals {April 2014 - present} Number of pages viewed Ancestry : family history {October 2008 - present} Number of sessions until May 2015; number of content pages viewed from June 2015 Britannica Online : encyclopedia {January 2005? - present} Number of searches conducted, until June 2014; number of sessions from July 2014 British Standards {March 2005 - April 2017; November 2017 - present} Number of content pages viewed British Way of Life : information to help asylum seekers, refugees and migrants in getting settled in the UK {October 2016 - January 2023} Number of sessions - subscription ceased January 2023 Citizens Advice Notes : UK law made understandable {March 2007 - March 2016} Number of pages viewed COBRA : business information fact sheets and business sector profiles {October 2005 - present} Number of pages viewed Corporate researcher / Market IQ : company information database {January 2008 - 2015} Number of "reports viewed" EISODOS : information for foreigners coming to live in the UK {October 2008 - October 2013} Information on meaning of figure lost Enquire : "ask a librarian" online chat service {2005 - March 2016} Number of chats started by users in the Newcastle area Find my past : family history {April 2011 - present} Number of sessions (or so we seem to remember when we had access to usage figures) Go Citizen : replaces Life in Great Britain, citizenship test preparing for UK citizenship. {September 2023 - present} Number of tests taken IBISWorld : market research {January 2017 - present} Number of pages viewed Key Note : company information and market research {April 2011 - October 2018} Number of reports viewed Kompass : business information {2006 - July 2011} Information on meaning of figure lost Know UK : current reference information {January 2007 - June 2011} Information on meaning of figure lost Life in Great Britain : self-learn course to prepare for the Life in the UK citizenship test {January 2010 - January 2023} Number of sessions - subscription ceased January 2023 Local Data Online : business (retail sector) information {November 2013 - July 2015?} Number of queries per month. No longer receive stats on this as of July 2024. Mint UK & Mint Global : company information databases {March 2014 - 2015} Information on meaning of figure lost Mintel : market reports {2006? - April 2010; June 2013 - present} Number of reports viewed Newsstand : online newspapers {January 2011 - March 2014} Information on meaning of figure lost Onesource / Avention : company information database (changed name over the years) {March 2012 - October 2013; July 2015 - present} Number of searches conducted - Subscription ceased June 2024 News UK : newspaper articles {January 2007 - October 2010?} Information on meaning of figure lost Oxford English Dictionary {May 2006 - present} Number of sessions Oxford Art Online {March 2006 - present} Number of sessions Oxford Dictionaries {February 2015 - present} Number of sessions Oxford Dictionary of National Biography {January 2006 - present} Number of sessions Oxford Music Online {March 2006 - present} Number of sessions Oxford Reference Online {March 2006 - present} Number of sessions Safari Select : online books (to read online, as opposed to the e-books you can download and read offline) {May 2009 - March 2014} Number of books viewed Times Digital Archive : digitised newspapers {January 2005 - present} Number of sessions Theory Test Pro : practice questions for the driving theory test {August 2010 - present} Number of sessions Transparent language online / Byki : language courses {January 2011 - November 2012} Number of courses accessed Universal Skills : learn basic computer skills and how to use Universal Job Match {November 2014 - present} Number of users Newcastle Library App (devices) : number of devices the app is on {2013 - present} Newcastle Library App (launches) : number of times the app has been used {2013 - present} Bibliotheca Cloud Library : e-books and e-audiobooks {February 2016 - March 2018} Number of items borrowed Bolinda : e-audiobooks collection {2012 - February 2016} Number of items borrowed (figures only from April 2015) Bolinda BorrowBox e-books {February 2018 - present} Number of items borrowed Bolinda BorrowBox e-audiobooks {February 2018 - present} Number of items borrowed ComicsPlus : e-comic books {March 2017} Number of items borrowed - no longer record this, not sure when subscription ceased OneClick / RB Digital (e-audiobooks) : e-audiobooks collection (became RB Digital in... 2017?) {May 2015} Number of items borrowed - no longer record this, not sure when subscription ceased Overdrive (e-audiobooks) {2011 - May 2016} Number of items borrowed (figures only from April 2015) - subscription ceased January 2023016} Number of items borrowed (figures only from April 2015) - subscription ceased March 2023 Public Library Online : e-books collection {April 2016 - February 2018} Number of items borrowed Zinio / RB Digital (magazines) : digital magazines (the Zinio service became integrated with the other RB Digital content in 2017) {May 2015 - present} Number of magazines downloaded (figures only from January 2016)

This data collection consists of semi-structured interviews designed to cover processes in five domains of integration (social, cultural, structural, civic and political, identity) with sections on life before and after marriage. The data deposited consists of the transcripts of the recorded semi-structured interviews with British Pakistani Muslim and British Indian Sikh spouses, and migrant Pakistani Muslim and migrant Indian Sikh spouses. This research explored the relationships between marriage migration and integration, focusing on the two largest UK ethnic groups involved in transnational marriages with partners from their parents’ or grandparents’ countries of origin: British Pakistani Muslims and British Indian Sikhs. Spouses constitute the largest category of migrant settlement in the UK. In Britain, as elsewhere in Europe, concern is increasingly expressed over the implications of marriage-related migration for integration. In some ethnic minority groups, significant numbers of children and grandchildren of former immigrants continue to marry partners from their ancestral homelands. Such marriages are presented as particularly problematic: a 'first generation' of spouses in every generation may inhibit processes of individual and group integration, impeding socio-economic participation and cultural change. New immigration restrictions likely to impact particularly on such groups have thus been justified on the grounds of promoting integration. The evidence base to underpin this concern is, however, surprisingly limited, and characterised by differing and often partial understandings of the contested and politicised concept of integration. This project combined analysis of relevant quantitative data sets, with qualitative research with the two largest ethnic groups involved (Indian Sikhs and Pakistani Muslims), to compare transnational ‘homeland’ marriages with intra-ethnic marriages within the UK. These findings will enhance understanding of the relationships between marriage-related migration and the complex processes glossed as integration, providing much needed new grounding for both policy and academic debates. The project employed mixed methods: analysis of existing survey data, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups. Data was collected between October 2013 and March 2015. Interview participants were recruited in Bradford, the Midlands, Bristol, Leeds and London.

2015 UNHCR Refugees statistics by Country of Asylum broken down by Country of Origin Figures between 1 and 4 are redacted for Refugees protection reasons

When people migrate internally, do they tend to move to locations that reflect their political preferences? To address this question, we combine evidence from a unique panel dataset on population movements across local authority districts in England and Wales (2002-2015) with evidence stemming from individual survey-based data. Our results suggest that political similarity between two districts exerts an important positive effect on their bilateral migration flows. Our results also suggest that political alignment to the district of residence contributes to individuals' sense of belonging and `fitting in', consistent with the existence of a homophily mechanism.

Version DetailsUpdate of estimates of international migration flows from Abel & Cohen (2019) based on newly published International Migrant Stock (IMS2020) data inputs by the United Nations and the most recent WPP (WPP2019). Also includes a correction for the treatment of Serbia, Montenegro, Sudan and South Sudan as separate countries prior to 2005. During 1990-1995, 1995-2000 and 2000-2005, 2005-2010 periods there are 197 countries, where the old three letter alpha numeric codes for Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) and Sudan (SUD) are used. The combination of these countries follows their representation in United Nations migrant stock data. In periods after 2005-2010 there are 200 countries, where Serbia, Montenegro, Sudan and South Sudan are separate (as in the paper and previous versions) and estimates for Curaçao are also feasible. A description of the changes in the estimates can be found here.See Version 1 (link above) for estimates presented in the paper, based on WPP2017 and IMS2017.Data DetailsRow for each migration corridor - period combination (197 origins x 197 destinations x 4 periods + 200 origins x 200 destinations x 2 periods = 235,236).year0 - first year of five year periodorig - origin ISO three letter country codedest - destination ISO three letter country Columns for estimates based on the following migration flow estimation methods:Stock Differencing Approaches:sd_drop_neg - see for example Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Özden, Ç. (2011). Diasporas. Journal of Development Economics, 95(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.11.004sd_rev_neg - see for example Beine, M., & Parsons, C. R. (2015). Climatic Factors as Determinants of International Migration. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 117(2), 723–767. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12098Migration Rate Approach:mig_rate - see Dennett, A. (2016). Estimating an Annual Time Series of Global Migration Flows - An Alternative Methodology for Using Migrant Stock Data. In Global Dynamics (pp. 125–142). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118937464.ch7Demographic Accounting Approaches:da_min_open - see Abel, G. J. (2013). Estimating global migration flow tables using place of birth data. Demographic Research, 28(March), 505–546. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2013.28.18da_min_closed - see Abel, G. J. (2018). Estimates of Global Bilateral Migration Flows by Gender between 1960 and 2015. International Migration Review, (Fall), imre.12327. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12327da_pb_closed - see Azose, J. J., & Raftery, A. E. (2018). Estimation of emigration, return migration, and transit migration between all pairs of countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201722334. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1722334116

This table contains 32 series, with data for years 1956 - 1976 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years), and was last released on 2012-02-16. This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Unit of measure (1 items: Persons ...) Geography (32 items: Outside Canada; Great Britain; France; Europe ...).

Monthly usage figures for online resources including databases and e-book platforms when available, for January 2005 to present.

Additional information

Blank means no data available

Resources included : description {minimum dates of subscription} What the figure is

19th Century British Library Newspapers : digital newspaper archive {May 2007 - present} Number of sessions

Access to Research : online journals {April 2014 - present} Number of pages viewed

Ancestry : family history {October 2008 - present} Number of sessions until May 2015; number of content pages viewed from June 2015

Britannica Online : encyclopedia {January 2005? - present} Number of searches conducted, until June 2014; number of sessions from July 2014

British Standards {March 2005 - April 2017; November 2017 - present} Number of content pages viewed

British Way of Life : information to help asylum seekers, refugees and migrants in getting settled in the UK {October 2016 - present} Number of sessions

Citizens Advice Notes : UK law made understandable {March 2007 - March 2016} Number of pages viewed

COBRA : business information fact sheets and business sector profiles {October 2005 - present} Number of pages viewed

Corporate researcher / Market IQ : company information database {January 2008 - 2015} Number of "reports viewed"

EISODOS : information for foreigners coming to live in the UK {October 2008 - October 2013} Information on meaning of figure lost

Enquire : "ask a librarian" online chat service {2005 - March 2016} Number of chats started by users in the Newcastle area

Find my past : family history {April 2011 - present} Number of sessions (or so we seem to remember when we had access to usage figures)

IBISWorld : market research {January 2017 - present} Number of pages viewed

Key Note : company information and market research {April 2011 - October 2018} Number of reports viewed

Kompass : business information {2006 - July 2011} Information on meaning of figure lost

Know UK : current reference information {January 2007 - June 2011} Information on meaning of figure lost

Life in Great Britain : self-learn course to prepare for the Life in the UK citizenship test {January 2010 - present} Number of sessions

Local Data Online : business (retail sector) information {November 2013 - July 2015?} Information on meaning of figure lost

Mint UK & Mint Global : company information databases {March 2014 - 2015} Information on meaning of figure lost

Mintel : market reports {2006? - April 2010; June 2013 - present} Number of reports viewed

Newsstand : online newspapers {January 2011 - March 2014} Information on meaning of figure lost

Onesource / Avention : company information database (changed name over the years) {March 2012 - October 2013; July 2015 - present} Number of searches conducted

News UK : newspaper articles {January 2007 - October 2010?} Information on meaning of figure lost Oxford English Dictionary {May 2006 - present} Number of sessions

Oxford Art Online {March 2006 - present} Number of sessions

Oxford Dictionaries {February 2015 - present} Number of sessions

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography {January 2006 - present} Number of sessions

Oxford Music Online {March 2006 - present} Number of sessions

Oxford Reference Online {March 2006 - present} Number of sessions

Safari Select : online books (to read online, as opposed to the e-books you can download and read offline) {May 2009 - March 2014} Number of books viewed

Times Digital Archive : digitised newspapers {January 2005 - present} Number of sessions

Theory Test Pro : practice questions for the driving theory test {August 2010 - present} Number of sessions

Transparent language online / Byki : language courses {January 2011 - November 2012} Number of courses accessed

Universal Skills : learn basic computer skills and how to use Universal Job Match {November 2014 - present} Number of users

Newcastle Library App (devices) : number of devices the app is on {2013 - present}

Newcastle Library App (launches) : number of times the app has been used {2013 - present}

Bibliotheca Cloud Library : e-books and e-audiobooks {February 2016 - March 2018} Number of items borrowed

Bolinda : e-audiobooks collection {2012 - February 2016} Number of items borrowed (figures only from April 2015)

Bolinda BorrowBox e-books {February 2018 - present} Number of items borrowed

Bolinda BorrowBox e-audiobooks {February 2018 - present} Number of items borrowed

ComicsPlus : e-comic books {March 2017 - present} Number of items borrowed

OneClick / RB Digital (e-audiobooks) : e-audiobooks collection (became RB Digital in... 2017?) {May 2015 - present} Number of items borrowed

Overdrive (e-audiobooks) {2011 - May 2016} Number of items borrowed (figures only from April 2015)

Overdrive (e-books) {2011 - May 2016} Number of items borrowed (figures only from April 2015)

Public Library Online : e-books collection {April 2016 - February 2018} Number of items borrowed

Zinio / RB Digital (magazines) : digital magazines (the Zinio service became integrated with the other RB Digital content in 2017) {May 2015 - present} Number of magazines downloaded (figures only from January 2016)

The project undertook fieldwork with three sets of respondents: semi-structured interviews with 52 key informants/policy stakeholders (not included in archive for anonymity reasons), 27 focus groups with frontline welfare practitioners who implement policy; and repeat qualitative longitudinal interviews with a diverse sample of 481 welfare service users (WSU) who were subject to conditionality. Each person was invited to interview three times. WSU were sampled to inform 9 different policy areas (ASB / Disability / Ex-Offenders/ Homelessness / Jobseeking / Lone Parents / Migrants / Social Housing / Universal Credit). The fieldwork took place in a range of cities across England and Scotland. For further details about the context and methods of Welfare Conditionality, please see www.welfareconditionality.ac.uk.In the UK the use of conditional welfare arrangements that combine elements of sanction and support which aim to 'correct' the 'problematic' behaviour of certain welfare recipients are now an established part of welfare, housing, criminal justice and immigration systems. A strong mainstream political consensus exists in favour of conditionality, whereby many welfare entitlements are increasingly dependent on citizens first agreeing to meet particular compulsory duties or patterns of approved behaviour. Conditionality is currently embedded in a broad range of policy arenas (including unemployment benefit systems, family intervention projects, street homelessness interventions, social housing, and asylum legislation) and its use is being extended to cover previously exempt groups e.g. lone parents and disability benefit recipients. However, assumptions about the benefits and usefulness of conditionality in changing the behaviour of social welfare recipients remain largely untested. This project has two key aims. First, to advance understanding about the role of conditionality in promoting and sustaining behaviour change among a diversity of welfare recipients over time. Second, to consider the circumstances in which the use of conditionality may, or may not, be ethically justified. We aim to address gaps in existing knowledge by establishing an original and comprehensive evidence base on the efficacy and ethicality of conditionality across a range of social policy fields and diverse groups of welfare service users. We will use a range of methods to achieve these aims. Initially, we will review relevant literature, statistical data sources and policy documents. To help inform and critically interrogate our approach, we have secured the involvement of leading international scholars who will participate in a series of expert panel seminars convened in the early stages of the study. We will also conduct 'consultation workshops' with welfare recipients and practitioners to feed into research design (these workshops will be held again towards the end of the study to reflect on emerging findings). Following on from this we will undertake fieldwork with three sets of respondents: 1. semi-structured interviews with 40 'elite' policymakers; 2. 24 focus groups (with 6-10 respondents) with frontline welfare practitioners who implement policy; and 3. repeat qualitative longitudinal interviews with a diverse sample of 400 welfare recipients who are subject to conditionality. Each person will be interviewed three times giving a total of 1200 interviews. The elite interviews will explore the reasons why policymakers introduce conditional welfare policies and their understandings of how they might promote behavioural change. The focus groups will consider both what frontline practitioners think should happen (ethically) and what they think would/does happen (in practice) when conditionality is implemented. The three rounds of repeat qualitative longitudinal interviews with welfare recipients will provide a meaningful way to examine the transitions, adaptations and coping strategies of individuals subject to conditionality, how these may change over time, and why there may be diverse outcomes for different people. Fieldwork will take place in a variety of locations in England and Scotland, including the cities of London, Manchester, Salford, Sheffield, Glasgow and Edinburgh. This will allow for a comparative analysis of the interplay between shared social security law and the different policy and legal frameworks on housing, homelessness and criminal justice that exist in England and Scotland. All interviews will be audio recorded and transcribed (with permission). The new data generated will then be analysed to explore commonalities and differences between the perspectives of policymakers, frontline workers and welfare recipients. Findings will be disseminated to policymaker, practitioner, academic and welfare service user audiences. Qualitative semi-structured interviews with key informants, focus groups with welfare street-level bureaucrats, and repeat semi-structured qualitative longitudinal interviews with a diversity of welfare service users subject to welfare conditionality(three waves over a two-year period).

This data comes from a survey completed with refugees resettled to the UK and resident (at the time of the survey) in Manchester, Sheffield, Norwich or Brighton and Hove. Refugees arrived in the UK in 2010 or earlier and data was collected at three time points approximately one year apart in 2014, 2015 and 2016. The first survey involved 280 refugees and the same individuals completed subsequent surveys in slightly smaller numbers with 180 individuals completing the third survey. The questionnaire concerns measures of long term integration and wellbeing. Refugees originate from Ethiopia, Iraq and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Refugee resettlement is one of the most radical of all voluntary international migrations in terms of its impact on individual migrants. Resettlement is a very different way of becoming a refugee from the asylum system since refugees do not have to reach the territory of the destination state. Refugees are selected for resettlement by potential host states, in their country of first asylum, which is usually a neighbouring country to their own. Arrangements are made for their settlement and ongoing support, paid for either by the government of their new state, or by a sponsoring organisation. Refugees have social rights equivalent to citizens on arrival. Unlike the long, uncertain journeys undertaken by asylum seekers, the transition for resettled refugees is sudden and, given the contexts where they have been living previously, dramatic. In the UK, refugees are selected for resettlement specifically on the basis of their vulnerability, making adaptation even more challenging. The UK manages resettlement through the Gateway Protection Programme, which relies on local council implementation, sometimes in collaboration with civil society. The aim of this programme is to achieve the integration of refugees along several different life domains (e.g. employment, housing, education, health, language and cultural knowledge, well-being and social relationships). Previous research into the integration of refugees has been scant and has tended to focus on the first four 'easier to measure' domains in cross-sectional studies. In this project we will additionally study refugee integration in the less tangible but no less important areas of well-being, quality of social relationships, self-efficacy and perceived social acceptance. We will also adopt a longitudinal approach so that refugee adaptation can be tracked over time. This is a proposal for a multidisciplinary and multi-methods research project that will develop existing approaches to the integration of refugees through a longitudinal comparative study of resettled refugees in three different UK locations (Brighton, Greater Manchester and Norwich). Two research questions will be addressed: 1. How do these three areas compare in terms of integration outcomes for resettled refugees? 2. What are the key determinants of integration outcomes among resettled refugees, especially subjective well-being, self-efficacy and perceived social acceptance? Answers to these questions will inform government refugee resettlement policy and theories of social cohesion and intergroup relations. We will use a combination of focus groups, quantitative survey research and individual interviews, sequenced into three stages: Three focus groups will be held in each area once a draft questionnaire has been designed, in order to discuss the design and focus of the questions. A longitudinal survey of around 300 refugees will be conducted in three stages, nine months apart. This will permit the tracking of changes in participants' life experiences and well-being over the project, as well as providing insights as to potential causal relationships among variables. Individual interviews with key informants in each area and with a purposively selected sample will be held after each stage of the questionnaire. They will allow more detailed exploration of emerging themes from the survey and capture the diversity and richness of refugee experience, shedding vital light on the processes underlying their well-being and overall integration. The project will also involve a significant capacity building element for 9 refugees who will be involved in the planning and implementation of the research. The Home Office, Refugee Action, The Refugee Council and the relevant local governments will all be represented on a steering group to advise on the conduct and direction of the research. The project will conclude with a substantial national conference to coincide with the tenth anniversary of the Gateway Scheme 2014. Data was collected through questionnaires completed by researchers. Interviews were held in English or in refugees' own language.

Understanding Society (the UK Household Longitudinal Study), which began in 2009, is conducted by the Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER) at the University of Essex, and the survey research organisations Verian Group (formerly Kantar Public) and NatCen. It builds on and incorporates, the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), which began in 1991.

Understanding Society (the UK Household Longitudinal Study), which began in 2009, is conducted by the Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER) at the University of Essex, and the survey research organisations Kantar Public and NatCen. It builds on and incorporates, the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), which began in 1991.

In Wave 5 adult respondents who finished higher education in 1995 or after at a UK institution were asked about the higher education establishment that they attended. This dataset contains the higher education institution identifiers for up to four higher education establishments per respondent.

In Wave 11 the data was re-gathered on the same basis. As well as the higher education institution identifiers the ukprn of the establishment has also been released. Users of the Wave 11 file should be aware that approximately 2,000 respondents that didn’t give consent to a linkage consent question were incorrectly not asked for their establishment identifiers.

In Wave 12 the respondents affected by the incorrect data collection in Wave 11 were asked the same questions again and data was also collected of newly eligible survey members.

For full details of this dataset including explanations of the issues at Wave 11 and how they were corrected at Wave 12 please refer to the High Education user guide.

The details in this dataset can be linked to the main Understanding Society datasets SN 6614 (end user licence), SN 6931 (special licence) and SN 6676 (secure access) using the crosswave personal identifier pidp. The institution identifiers in the data files can be used to link to publicly available datasets published by HESA and elsewhere.

Latest Edition Information

For the 5th edition (November 2024), Wave 14 data has been added and the User Guide updated.

Row for each migration corridor - period combination (200 origins x 200 destinations x 5 periods = 200,000).year0 - first year of five year periodorig - origin ISO three letter country codedest - destination ISO three letter country Columns for estimates based on the following migration flow estimation methods:Stock Differencing Approaches:sd_drop_neg - see for example Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Özden, Ç. (2011). Diasporas. Journal of Development Economics, 95(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.11.004sd_rev_neg - see for example Beine, M., & Parsons, C. R. (2015). Climatic Factors as Determinants of International Migration. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 117(2), 723–767. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12098Migration Rate Approach:mig_rate - see Dennett, A. (2016). Estimating an Annual Time Series of Global Migration Flows - An Alternative Methodology for Using Migrant Stock Data. In Global Dynamics (pp. 125–142). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118937464.ch7Demographic Accounting Approaches:da_min_open - see Abel, G. J. (2013). Estimating global migration flow tables using place of birth data. Demographic Research, 28(March), 505–546. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2013.28.18da_min_closed - see Abel, G. J. (2018). Estimates of Global Bilateral Migration Flows by Gender between 1960 and 2015. International Migration Review, (Fall), imre.12327. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12327da_pb_closed - see Azose, J. J., & Raftery, A. E. (2018). Estimation of emigration, return migration, and transit migration between all pairs of countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201722334. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1722334116

Update of estimates of international migration flows Abel & Cohen (2019) based on newly published WPP (WPP2019) demographic inputs by the United Nations.A description of the changes in the estimates can be found here

Data Details:

Row for each migration corridor - period combination (200 origins x 200 destinations x 5 periods = 200,000).year0 - first year of five year periodorig - origin ISO three letter country codedest - destination ISO three letter country Columns for estimates based on the following migration flow estimation methods:Stock Differencing Approaches:sd_drop_neg - see for example Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Özden, Ç. (2011). Diasporas. Journal of Development Economics, 95(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.11.004sd_rev_neg - see for example Beine, M., & Parsons, C. R. (2015). Climatic Factors as Determinants of International Migration. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 117(2), 723–767. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12098

Migration Rate Approach:mig_rate - see Dennett, A. (2016). Estimating an Annual Time Series of Global Migration Flows - An Alternative Methodology for Using Migrant Stock Data. In Global Dynamics (pp. 125–142). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118937464.ch7

Demographic Accounting Approaches:da_min_open - see Abel, G. J. (2013). Estimating global migration flow tables using place of birth data. Demographic Research, 28(March), 505–546. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2013.28.18

da_min_closed - see Abel, G. J. (2018). Estimates of Global Bilateral Migration Flows by Gender between 1960 and 2015. International Migration Review, 52(3), 809–852. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12327

da_pb_closed - see Azose, J. J., & Raftery, A. E. (2019). Estimation of emigration, return migration, and transit migration between all pairs of countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(1), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1722334116

Replication data set (STATA format) and R code to reproduce analyses and figures in the paper. Abstract: What citizens think about Muslim immigrants is of great importance for some of the most pressing challenges facing Western democracies. To advance our understanding of what “Islamophobia” really is – i.e. whether it is a dislike based on immigrants` ethnic background, their religious identity or their specific religious behaviour – we fielded a representative online survey experiment in the UK in the summer 2015. Our results suggest that Muslims are not per se viewed more negatively than Christian immigrants. Instead, we provide evidence that citizens’ uneasiness with Muslim immigration is first and foremost the result of a rejection of fundamentalist forms of religiosity. This suggests that com-mon explanations, which are based on simple dichotomies between liberal supporters and conservative critics of immigration need to be re-evaluated. While the politically left and culturally liberal have more positive attitudes towards immigrants than right leaning and conservatives, they are also far more critical towards religious groups. We conclude that a large part of the current political controver-sy over Muslim immigration has to do with this double opposition. Importantly, the current political conflict over Muslim immigration is not so much about immigrants versus natives or even Muslim versus Christians as it is about political liberalism versus religious fundamentalism.

This data collection includes data collected as part of the Kenyan Pentecostals between home, London, and the Kingdom of God project. It includes (1) transcribed notes from meetings and conversations with key informants; and (2) electronic files of religious ephemera. (1) Between 2014 and 2015, a range of key informants (e.g. local council representatives and community and religious organisations and leaders) were interviewed with the aim of understanding their views of and interactions with African-Pentecostal churches and their members generally in their local areas and/ or the wider borough and their views on local social dynamics (long-term and recent residents; residents of different religious, ethnic, racial, and national backgrounds). (2) Church and religious ephemera (e.g. flyers and posters) related to events, activities, and conferences organised and attended by the study churches and/or their members have also been deposited. It is often presumed that migrants from the same country or region of origin constitute a pre-existing community. This study will challenge that presumption by examining modes of migrant identification and pathways of integration through the lens of religion. In doing so, it will explore the complex ways in which place, identity, and sociality intersect. Qualitative ethnographic research will be conducted among Kenyan Pentecostal migrants and Pentecostal churches in East London, UK. Key areas of interest include stories of conversion, the ways in which they make their faith visible in the urban landscape, and the social engagement activities of churches. A complementary field of inquiry will focus on the wider communities where the churches are based. The study will contribute to debates at the interface of migration, faith, identity, and urbanism and expand the comparative base for understanding exclusionary religious projects. In addition to its contributions to scholarly research, it will engage with more policy-oriented questions concerning migrant-led African Pentecostal churches’ role in wider civil society. The project employed ethnographic methods. Data was collected between September 2014 and December 2016 in several East London boroughs in the UK.