Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women's employment rates but to decrease their wages in case of extended leave duration. In view of these potential trade-offs, many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave policies. We analyze the impact of a major parental leave reform on mothers' long-term earnings. The 2007 German parental leave reform replaced a means-tested benefit with a more generous earnings-related benefit that is granted for a shorter period of time. Additionally, a "daddy quota" of two months was introduced. To identify the causal effect of this policy mix on long-run earnings of mothers, we use a difference-in-differences approach that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who gave birth just before and right after the reform and nets out seasonal effects by including the year before. Using administrative social security data, we confirm previous findings and show that the average duration of employment interruptions increased for mothers with high pre-birth earnings. Nevertheless, we find a positive long-run effect on earnings for mothers in this group. This effect cannot be explained by changes in the selection of working mothers, working hours or changes in employer stability. Descriptive evidence suggests that the stronger involvement of fathers, incentivized by the "daddy months", could have facilitated mothers' re-entry into the labor market and thereby increased earnings. For mothers with low pre-birth earnings, however, we do not find beneficial long-run effects of this parental leave reform.

Employment rate of parents living with dependent children as a couple or lone parent by age of the youngest child in the UK.

Most countries still have a significant gender gap in labor force participation, and this gap is especially large for immigrants. Despite this gap, Germany introduced various forms of home care allowances in the last decade. Parallel to the extension of early child care and the inclu-sion of a legal claim for it, from 2013 to 2015, a nationwide home care allowance existed for parents who did not use public child care for children aged one or two years. After 2015, home care allowances continued to exist in several German federal states. Some politicians strongly criticized this transfer for allegedly decreasing work incentives, particularly for moth-ers with lower labor market integration, such as immigrant mothers. Using federal state differ-entiated data obtained from the German Socio-Economic Panel (doi: 10.5684/soep.v34), we investigate the impacts of a home care allowance on the labor market participation of mothers. For both native-born and especially immigrant mothers, the effects are significantly negative. We conclude that a home care allowance has negative effects on the labor force participation of mothers of young chil-dren, irrespective of the legal claim for and the extension of public child care. Non-probability Sample Interview

This table is part of a series of tables that present a portrait of Canada based on the various census topics. The tables range in complexity and levels of geography. Content varies from a simple overview of the country to complex cross-tabulations; the tables may also cover several censuses.

This study consists of information from all seven surveys of the 1973-78 cohort. ALSWH began collecting information from the cohort when they were young women (aged 18-23 in 1996) in the early stages of transition from late adolescence to full adulthood. Over time most of this group have moved into the workforce, entered adult relationships, and many have become mothers. This particular dataset is participant data. It has information for each participant from Survey 1 to Survey 7 of the 1973-1978 cohort.

This table is part of a series of tables that present a portrait of Canada based on the various census topics. The tables range in complexity and levels of geography. Content varies from a simple overview of the country to complex cross-tabulations; the tables may also cover several censuses.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The Parental Rights Survey, previously titled the Maternity and Paternity Rights Survey series (MPRS) and the Maternity Rights Survey, has been monitoring the take-up of maternity benefits and mothers' decisions relating to childcare and employment following the birth of the child since the late 1970s, covering changes to maternity and parental rights legislation and their effects over time. The 1993, 2002, 2009-2010 and 2019 surveys are currently held at the UK Data Service. Maternity and Paternity Rights Survey, 2009-2010 The 2009-2010 survey benchmarks key policy changes since the 2007 survey, including the Work and Families Act 2006. The survey was commissioned by the Department for Work and Pensions and the Department for Business Innovation and Skills, and carried out by NatCen Social Research. The aims of the survey were: to examine the impact of the 2007 maternity rights legislative changes on mothers engagement and experience in the labour market prior to, and following, the birth through tracking changes from the 2007 surveyto provide a detailed, statistically representative, up-to-date picture of mothers experiences and take up of maternity rights and benefits to identify the impact of the 2007 legislative changes, and to provide a baseline against which the impact of future changes can be measured to identify differences in take-up and eligibility (including all types of leave and pay, including Occupational Maternity Pay) related to individual characteristics, job characteristics and employer characteristics and how it has changed following the introduction of the 2007 reformsto examine what enables women returners to remain in work, to explore the choices and constraints behind non-working mothers remaining out of the labour market post childbirth and what would enable them to return to work including childcare usageto examine fathers take-up of paternity leave and paternity pay in order to collect robust data on the various provisions for fathers during and after the mothers pregnancyto explore the attitudes of both fathers and mothers on sharing the childcare responsibility during the six months additional maternity leaveFor the second edition (January 2024), the fathers survey data file has been added. Main Topics: The main topics included: mothers’ engagement and experience in the labour market prior to, and following birth; mothers’ experiences and take up of maternity rights and benefits to identify the impact of the 2007 legislative changes; what enables women returners to remain in work; to explore the choices and constraints behind non-working mothers remaining out of the labour market post childbirth and what would enable them to return to work including childcare usage; fathers’ take-up of paternity leave and paternity pay; attitudes of both fathers and mothers on sharing the childcare. Multi-stage stratified random sample Telephone interview Face-to-face interview

This table is part of a series of tables that present a portrait of Canada based on the various census topics. The tables range in complexity and levels of geography. Content varies from a simple overview of the country to complex cross-tabulations; the tables may also cover several censuses.

The primary purpose of the five sets of surveys that comprise the National Longitudinal Surveys is the collection of data on the labor force experience of specific age-sex groups of Americans: Older Men aged 45-59 in 1966, Mature Women aged 30-44 in 1967, Young Men aged 14-24 in 1966, Young Women aged 14-24 in 1968, and Youth aged 14-21 in 1979. Each of the 1960s cohorts has been surveyed 12 or more times over the years, and the Youth cohort has been surveyed yearly since 1979. The major topics covered within the surveys of each cohort include: (1) labor market experience variables (including labor force participation, unemployment, job history, and job mobility), (2) socioeconomic and human capital variables (including education, training, health and physical condition, marital and family characteristics, financial characteristics, and job attitudes), and (3) selected environmental variables (size of labor force and unemployment rates for local area). While the surveys of each cohort have collected data on the above core sets of variables, cohort-specific data have been gathered over the years focusing on the particular stage of labor market attachment that each group was experiencing. Thus, the surveys of young people have collected data on their educational goals, high school and college experiences, high school characteristics, and occupational aspirations and expectations, as well as military service. The surveys of women have gathered data on topics such as fertility, child care, responsibility for household tasks, care of parents, volunteer work, attitudes towards women working, and job discrimination. As the older-aged cohorts of men and women approached labor force withdrawal, surveys for these groups collected information on their retirement plans, health status, and pension benefits. Respondents within the 1979 Youth cohort have been the focus of a number of special surveys, including the collection of data on: (1) last secondary school attended, including transcript information and selected aptitude/intelligence scores, (2) test scores from the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), (3) illegal activities participation including police contacts, and (4) alcohol use and substance abuse. Finally, the 1986 and 1988 surveys of the Youth cohort included the administration of a battery of cognitive-socioemotional assessments to the approximately 7,000 children of the female 1979 Youth respondents. Data for the five cohorts are provided within main file releases, i.e., Mature Women 1967-1989, Young Women 1968-1991, Young Men 1966-1981, Older Men 1966-1990, and NLSY (Youth) 1979-1992. In addition, the following specially constructed data files are available: (1) a file that specifies the relationships among members of the four original cohorts living in the same household at the time of the initial surveys, i.e., husband-wife, mother-daughter, brother-sister, etc., (2) an NLSY workhistory tape detailing the week-by-week labor force attachment of the youth respondents from 1978 through the most current survey date, (3) an NLSY child-mother file linking the child assessment data to other information on children and mothers within the NLSY, (4) a supplemental NLSY file of constructed and edited fertility variables, (5) a women's support network tape detailing the geographic proximity of the relatives, friends, and acquaintances of 6,308 female NLSY respondents who were interviewed during the 1983-1985 surveys, and (6) two 1989 Mature Women's pension file detailing information on pensions and other employer-provided benefits. (Source: ICPSR, retrieved 07/05/10)

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at ICPSR at https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR07610.v1. We highly recommend using the ICPSR version as they may make this dataset available in multiple data formats in the future.

This research aimed to understand childcare provision and usage in Britain using a number of large-scale national datasets, including the Family Resources Survey (FRS), the Labour Force Survey (LFS), and The Childcare and Early Years Survey of Parents (CEYSP). Analysis focused on the most recent data but also compared patterns between 2005 and 2014. Key Findings: (1) The childcare workforce has shrunk over time: around five per cent in Britain since 2005 (from 329k in 2005-07 to 313k in 2012-14: LFS). This raises concerns about who will do childcare work in the future. (2) The results show a highly gendered (98% female), low valued workforce in which qualifications are modestly rising (12% increase over time in NVQ level 3) but persistently low paid (on average £6.60 per hour compared with £13.10 per hour for other occupations). (3) More people describe themselves as childminders in the LFS than are registered with Ofsted, suggesting a possible growth in illegal childminding. (4) Despite previous concerns of high workforce turnover, the mean service length is now over six years and increasing. Employment in this sector may offer nonfinancial benefits such as satisfying work and the opportunity for part-time employment that can be combined with family life which may explain long periods of service among workers, given the low pay. (5) Childcare usage is high (68%), with around half of families using more than one type and reliance on informal care is still high (31% of all usage is grandparents). This suggests current childcare does not cover what parents need, especially to work full-time, as parents are using more than one form of childcare to provide cover for what they need. Furthermore, childcare use is not evenly distributed: formal childcare is used more by employed, higher income families whereas informal care is used more by mothers who are not employed and by younger mothers. Couples where both partners were in employment were most likely to use childcare. The project collaborated with the National Day Nurseries Association (NDNA), a providers’ body, and the Family and Childcare Trust, a charity campaigning for childcare for parents. The Research Advisory Group included representatives from the Department for Work and Pensions, Department for Education, the Preschool Learning Alliance and Grandparents Plus.This study will combine information about the users (parents) and the providers of preschool childcare, both formal and informal. It will do this through a secondary analysis of a number of large-scale, quantitative datasets, including the Labour Force Survey, the Family Resources Survey, the Childcare and Early Years Providers Survey, and the Childcare and Early Years Survey of Parents. The aim of this research is to inform understandings of the future shape of childcare provision and usage in Britain. The specific objectives are to: - examine childcare usage in the Britain, including combinations of formal and informal care, and how the use of care is related to the demographic characteristics of families - examine who provides informal childcare, their demographic characteristics and the extent to which they have other caring responsibilities - examine the formal childcare workforce - such as nursery nurses, playgroup workers and childminders - including their demographic characteristics, their qualifications and their work patterns. Collaboration with the NDNA and the Family and Childcare Trust will ensure the research is of value to non-academics. Quantitative secondary analysis of large scale UK datasets, including: the Family Resources Survey (FRS), Childcare and Early Years Survey of Parents (CEYSP), Labour Force Survey (LFS) and Childcare and Early Years Providers Survey (CEYPS).

The issue of gender equality in employment has given rise to numerous policies in advanced industrial countries, all aimed at tackling gender discrimination regarding recruitment, salary and promotion. Yet gender inequalities in the workplace persist. The purpose of this research is to document the psychosocial process involved in the persistence of gender discrimination against working women. Drawing on the literature on the justification of discrimination, we hypothesized that the myths according to which women’s work threatens children and family life mediates the relationship between sexism and opposition to a mother’s career. We tested this hypothesis using the Family and Changing Gender Roles module of the International Social Survey Programme. The dataset contained data collected in 1994 and 2012 from 51632 respondents from 18 countries. Structural equation modellings confirmed the hypothesised mediation. Overall, the findings shed light on how motherhood myths justify the gender structure in countries promoting gender equality.

The Maternity Services Data Set has been developed as a key driver to achieving better outcomes of care for mothers and babies. The data set will provide comparative, mother and child-centric data that will include information on the amount of care provided and the specific care received. This then can be used to improve clinical quality and service efficiency; and to commission services in a way that improves health and reduces inequalities. This report has been produced to identify the current sources of maternity data, and consider the difficulties currently faced in the reporting of these statistics. The Maternity Services Data Set should address some of these difficulties by collecting and linking much of this information together. The information presented within this report represents and brings together the available maternity data currently published from various data sources, thereby creating a "Compendium of maternity data".

This table is part of a series of tables that present a portrait of Canada based on the various census topics. The tables range in complexity and levels of geography. Content varies from a simple overview of the country to complex cross-tabulations; the tables may also cover several censuses.

This table is part of a series of tables that present a portrait of Canada based on the various census topics. The tables range in complexity and levels of geography. Content varies from a simple overview of the country to complex cross-tabulations; the tables may also cover several censuses.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.BackgroundThe British Social Attitudes (BSA) survey series began in 1983. The series is designed to produce annual measures of attitudinal movements to complement large-scale government surveys that deal largely with facts and behaviour patterns, and the data on party political attitudes produced by opinion polls. One of the BSA's main purposes is to allow the monitoring of patterns of continuity and change, and the examination of the relative rates at which attitudes, in respect of a range of social issues, change over time. Some questions are asked regularly, others less often. Funding for BSA comes from a number of sources (including government departments, the Economic and Social Research Council and other research foundations), but the final responsibility for the coverage and wording of the annual questionnaires rests with NatCen Social Research (formerly Social and Community Planning Research). The BSA has been conducted every year since 1983, except in 1988 and 1992 when core funding was devoted to the British Election Study (BES).Further information about the series and links to publications may be found on the NatCen Social Research British Social Attitudes webpage. Main Topics:Each year, the BSA interview questionnaire contains a number of 'core' questions, which are repeated in most years. In addition, a wide range of background and classificatory questions is included. The remainder of the questionnaire is devoted to a series of questions (modules) on a range of social, economic, political and moral issues - some are asked regularly, others less often. Cross-indexes of those questions asked more than once appear in the reports. In the 1994 survey, as well as the standard demographic and classificatory items, the following topics were covered: government spending and the National Health Service; labour market participation, the workplace, childcare arrangements and preferences, gender segregation at work, work orientations; civil libertarian issues; fear of crime; race and immigration; courts, sentencing and prisons; education; Northern Ireland; charitable giving; local government; political trust; countryside, transport and the environment; European Community and international relations; economic issues and policies (including income and taxation); gender issues, women at home and at work; welfare issues, single parents and poverty. Standard Measures The questionnaires contain three scales developed by researchers involved in the British Social Attitudes survey series and the British Election Study (BES) series. These are: libertarian/authoritarian';left/right'; and `welfarist'. For details see: Heath, A. et al (1990) The measurement of core beliefs and values JUSST Working Paper No. 2, SCPR: London, and the Technical Report on the 1994 BSA survey. Multi-stage stratified random sample See documentation for each BSA year for full details. 1994 ABORTION ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT ADOLESCENTS AGE AGRICULTURAL POLICY AGRICULTURE AID ANIMAL RIGHTS ARTS ASIANS ASSAULT ATTITUDES BLACK PEOPLE BRITISH POLITICAL P... BURGLARY BUSES CAMERAS CARE OF DEPENDANTS CENSORSHIP CENTRAL GOVERNMENT CHARITABLE ORGANIZA... CHILD CARE CHILD DAY CARE CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD PROTECTION CHILDREN CIVIL DISTURBANCES CIVIL SERVANTS CLASS SIZE COHABITATION COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS COMMUNITIES COMMUNITY ACTION COMMUNITY BEHAVIOUR COMMUTING CONDITIONS OF EMPLO... COSTS COUNCIL TAX COUNCILLORS COUNTRYSIDE COURT OFFICIALS AND... CRIME AND SECURITY CRIME VICTIMS CRIMINAL DAMAGE CRIMINALS CURRENCIES CURRICULUM CYCLING DAY NURSERIES DEATH PENALTY DECENTRALIZED GOVER... DEFENCE DENTAL HEALTH DISABILITIES DISARMAMENT DISCRIMINATION DISEASES DIVORCE DOMESTIC RESPONSIBI... DRIVING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC SYSTEMS EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND EDUCATIONAL EXPENDI... EDUCATIONAL FEES EDUCATIONAL OPPORTU... EDUCATIONAL TESTS ELECTIONS ELECTRIC LIGHTING ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY EMERGENCY AND PROTE... EMPLOYEES EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT HISTORY ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENVIRONMENTAL CONSE... ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRA... ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEM... ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EQUAL PAY ETHNIC CONFLICT ETHNIC GROUPS EUROPEAN UNION EUTHANASIA EXAMINATIONS FAMILIES FAMILY ENVIRONMENT FAMILY ROLES FATHERS FEAR OF CRIME FINANCIAL EXPECTATIONS FINANCIAL RESOURCES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOREIGN POLICY FRAUD FREE EDUCATION FREEDOM OF THE PRESS FREEDOM OF THOUGHT FRINGE BENEFITS FULL TIME EMPLOYMENT GENDER GENERAL PRACTITIONERS GIFTS GOVERNMENT POLICY GROUPS HEALTH HEALTH PROFESSIONALS HEALTH RELATED BIOT... HEALTH SERVICES HIGHER EDUCATION HOME BASED WORK HOME OWNERSHIP HOMOSEXUALITY HOSPITAL OUTPATIENT... HOURS OF WORK HOUSEHOLD BUDGETS HOUSEHOLDS HOUSING HOUSING TENURE HUMAN SETTLEMENT ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IMMIGRANTS IMMIGRATION INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRIES INFIDELITY INFLATION INFORMATION INSTITUTIONS INTERNATIONAL ALLIA... INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT INTERNATIONAL COOPE... INTERNATIONAL EQUIL... INTERNATIONAL RELAT... INTERNATIONAL ROLE JOB CHANGING JOB HUNTING JOB SHARING JOURNALISTS JUDICIAL POWER JURIES LABOUR MIGRATION LABOUR RELATIONS LANDLORDS LAW AND JUSTICE LAW ENFORCEMENT LAWFUL OPPOSITION LEAVE LEGISLATION LEGISLATURE LOCAL FINANCE LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENT CA... LOTTERIES MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS MANAGERS MARITAL HISTORY MARITAL STATUS MARRIAGE MARRIAGE DISSOLUTION MASS MEDIA MATERNITY LEAVE MEDICAL CARE MEDICAL INSURANCE MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT MEMBERSHIP MEN MIXED MARRIAGES MONARCHY MONUMENTS MORTGAGES MOTHERS MOTOR VEHICLES NATIONAL IDENTITY NATIONALITY DISCRIM... NATIONALIZATION NATURAL ENVIRONMENT NEWSPAPER READERSHIP NEWSPAPERS NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS NUCLEAR WARFARE NUCLEAR WEAPONS OCCUPATIONAL PENSIONS OCCUPATIONAL STATUS OCCUPATIONAL TRAINING OCCUPATIONS ONE PARENT FAMILIES PARENT RESPONSIBILITY PARENT SCHOOL RELAT... PARENTAL ROLE PARENTS PART TIME EMPLOYMENT PARTNERSHIPS BUSINESS PASSENGERS PATERNITY LEAVE PATIENTS PERSONAL IDENTIFICA... POLICE SERVICES POLICING POLITICAL ALLEGIANCE POLITICAL ATTITUDES POLITICAL AWARENESS POLITICAL COALITIONS POLITICAL EXTREMISM POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES POLITICAL INTEREST POLITICAL PARTICIPA... POLITICAL REPRESENT... POLITICAL SYSTEMS POLITICAL UNIFICATION POLITICIANS POLITICS PORNOGRAPHY POVERTY PRE PRIMARY EDUCATION PRE PRIMARY SCHOOLS PREMARITAL SEX PRISON SENTENCES PRIVATE EDUCATION PRIVATE SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATIZATION PROFESSIONAL OCCUPA... PROPORTIONAL REPRES... PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUNISHMENT QUALIFICATIONS RACE RELATIONS RACIAL DISCRIMINATION RACIAL PREJUDICE RACISM REFUGEES RELIGION RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION RELIGIOUS ATTENDANCE RENTED ACCOMMODATION REPRESENTATIVE DEMO... RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY RESOURCES CONSERVATION RESPONSIBILITY RETIREMENT RETRAINING RETURN TO WORK INCE... RIGHT TO INFORMATION RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES RIGHTS OF ACCUSED RIGHTS OF PRISONERS ROAD TRAFFIC ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE ROADS SCHOOL LEAVING SCHOOL LEAVING AGE SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS SCHOOL TIME SELECTIVE SCHOOLS SELF EMPLOYED SEX DISCRIMINATION SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR SEXUAL HARASSMENT SHARES SICK LEAVE SOCIAL ATTITUDES SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE SOCIAL HOUSING SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL ISSUES SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL PROBLEMS SOCIAL PROTEST SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SECURITY BEN... SOCIAL WELFARE SOCIAL WELFARE PHIL... SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS SPORTS FACILITIES SPOUSE S ECONOMIC A... SPOUSE S EDUCATIONA... SPOUSE S OCCUPATION SPOUSE S OCCUPATION... SPOUSE S WAGES SPOUSES STANDARD OF LIVING STATE AID STATE CONTROL STATE LEGAL AID STATE RETIREMENT PE... STUDENTS SUPERVISORS Social behaviour an... Social conditions a... TAXATION TELEPHONES TERMINATION OF SERVICE THEFT TOURISM TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP TRADE UNION RIGHTS TRADE UNIONS TRAINING COURSES TRAINS TRAVELLING PEOPLE TRAVELLING TIME TRUANCY TRUST UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS UNIVERSITY CURRICULUM UPPER HOUSE VOLUNTARY WORK VOTING BEHAVIOUR WAGES WALKING WATER METERS WATER SUPPLY WELFARE POLICY WOMEN S EDUCATION WOMEN S EMPLOYMENT WOMEN S RIGHTS WORK ATTITUDE WORK LIFE BALANCE WORKERS WORKING CONDITIONS WORKING MOTHERS WORKING WOMEN WORKPLACE RELATIONS YOUTH EMPLOYMENT

Dataset from Ministry of Manpower. For more information, visit https://data.gov.sg/datasets/d_96415fe7d30b8f82f3628602f627a4fa/view

This table is part of a series of tables that present a portrait of Canada based on the various census topics. The tables range in complexity and levels of geography. Content varies from a simple overview of the country to complex cross-tabulations; the tables may also cover several censuses.