This map shows what country naturalized US citizens were born in using the Charts & Size and Predominance mapping styles. The area with the highest amount of foreign born naturalized US citizens is shown by color. Areas are: Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, Northern America, and Oceania.Data are available in 5-year estimates at the state, county, and tract level for the entire US.The data in this map contains the most recent American Community Survey (ACS) data from the U.S. Census Bureau. The Living Atlas layer in this map updates annually when the Census releases their new figures. To learn more, visit this FAQ, or visit the ACS website. Web Map originally owned by Summers Cleary

The layer was derived and compiled from the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2013 – 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates in order to assist 2020 Census planning purposes.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Table B05002 PLACE OF BIRTH BY NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP STATUS, 2013 – 2017 ACS 5-Year Estimates

Effective Date: December 2018

Last Update: December 2019

Update Cycle: ACS 5-Year Estimates update annually each December. Vintage used for 2020 Census planning purposes by Broward County.

Geographical patterns in the distribution of naturalized plants in Central America

Description of the data and file structure

The dataset includes three files. Two raster files that summarize the occurrence records in a resolution of 5 minutes for naturalized plant species in Central America in a projection WGS84.

The TIF file "Ocurrences_Naturalized_Plantas_in_America_Central.tif" is the number of observations by cell obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility after being filtered following the workflow by Seebens and Kaplan (2022).

Seebens H, Kaplan E (2022) DASCO: A workflow to downscale alien species checklists using occurrence records and to re-allocate species distributions across realms. NeoBiota 74: 75-91 74: 75–91. https://doi.org/10.3897/NEOBIOTA.74.81082

The TIF file "No_Species_Naturalized_Plantas_in_America_Central.tif" is the number of species by cell obtained from the previous file.

The TXT file [Species_Naturalized_CentralAmerica.txt] is a dataset containing the number of occurrences by country and species, based on the data obtained from GBIF for the Naturalized Plant species searched.

Files and variables

File: Ocurrences_Naturalized_Plantas_in_America_Central.tif

Description: Number of records by cell of naturalized plant species in Central America in a 5-minute resolution and a WGS84 projection.

File: No_Species_Naturalized_Plantas_in_America_Central.tif

Description: Number of species by cell of naturalized plant species in Central America in a 5-minute resolution and a WGS84 projection.

File: Species_Naturalized_CentralAmerica.txt

Description: number of occurrences by country and species, based on the data obtained from GBIF for the Naturalized Plant species searched.

Variables

• ID: IF row, each row is a naturalized species reported in a Central American country

• Species: Species scientific name of a naturalized plant

• Country: A Central American country

• Occurrences: number of occurrences by country and species

Access information

Other publicly accessible locations of the data:

• By request: edchacon@gmail.com

Data was derived from the following sources:

• Global Biodiversity Information Facility (www.gbif.org)

The project aims at providing the data required to study the descriptive representation of citizens of immigrant origin (CIOs). The main aim is to provide an overview of the social and political profile of Member of Parliament (MPs), with a particular focus on identifying MPs of immigrant origin. In addition to the national level dataset described below, a corresponding regional level dataset is available.

Identification variables: Political level (regional, national); country-ID (NUTS); name of region; region-id (NUTS); date of relevant election; full name of district in which elected; level of electoral tier (first / Lower (or single tier); identifier for tier 1 to 3 districts at national level; number of legislatures in the country, as recorded by the parliament itself; date in which the legislature begins and ends; first name, first (second) surname of MP; MP-ID; national MP is also simultaneously a regional MP; which regional MP.

Demography: sex of MP; year of birth of MP; highest level of education (ISCED 1997); last occupation /profession of the MP before first ever becoming an MP (ISCO 2008); occupation sector when first elected; current occupation/ profession of the MP (ISCO 2008); current occupation sector.

Electoral and parliamentary tenure variables: number of times the MP has been previously elected to parliament in this district; type of electoral district; number of times the MP has been previously elected to parliament in this tier; Rookie: MP elected for the first time in this term; number of times the MP has been elected to parliament; number of times the MP has taken up the seat in parliament once elected; year when the MP was first elected to national/regional parliament; total number of years spent in national/regional parliament as MP, prior to this legislature (seniority); when was the MP elected for the last time prior to this legislature (continuity); MP was elected to chamber from inauguration; MP stayed continuously with no interruptions from the moment of taking up the seat until the end of the legislative term; number of months the MP did serve (if he did not serve a full legislative term); MP came back to reclaim the seat if MP left seat at some point; position in party list; rank position in which the MP was elected in district; double candidacy in another tier; MP won seat as incumbent, or as contender; parliamentary group the MP joined at the beginning and at the end of his/her term; full name and acronym of party or list in which elected; party code according to the CMP (Comparative Manifesto Project) dataset; party-ID.

Immigrant origin variables (corresponding coding for MPs mother and father): MP was born in the country of parliament; country (ISO 3166-1), world region (UN Classification for ‘Composition of macro geographical regions’), and country region (NUTS) in which the MP was born; data sources for country of birth (e.g. official parliamentary source, personal blogs, etc.); specific sources for country of birth; reliability of the data regarding the country of birth of the MP (as judged by the coder); year of immigration; born as a national citizen of the country of parliament; country of nationality at birth; data sources country of nationality at birth; specific sources for country of citizenship at birth; reliability of the data regarding citizenship at birth; year in which naturalized as a citizen; data sources year of naturalization; specific sources for date of naturalization; reliability of the data regarding naturalization.

Variables relating to aspects potentially related to discrimination: the MP is a native speaker of an official country language and data sources; specific sources for native language of MP; MP can be perceived by voters as a member of an ‘identifiable’ minority; source where picture found; specific sources for picture of MP; does the MP self-identify as a member of an ethnic minority; ethnicity; sources and specific sources for information on ethnic self-identification of MP; self-identification as a member of a certain religion; religion the MP identifies with.

Party career and committee membership variables: year in which the MP joined the party for which she/he was elected in this legislative term; highest position within the party; MP changed party affiliation during the legislative term; date of change; full name and party acronym of the new party joined, CMP code of the new party and Pathways identifier for party; (corresponding co...

This is only metadata. The data is not available for reuse without collaboration with the researcher due to its highly personal content. The dataset is based on a total of 42 semi-structured interviews and consists of audio recordings (40), transcripts (41), note files (41), and interview material (7 documents). The difference in numbers is due to one interview taking place via e-mail (thus no recording was made or notes taken) and one interview not being recorded as requested by the interviewee (thus no recording or transcript). The interviews were conducted with four sets of interviewees: 1. German naturalized citizens (15), 2. Canadian naturalized citizens (15), 3. German citizenship caseworkers (9), 4. three individuals working for the Canadian government, namely one Canadian Member of Parliament (MP), one employee of the Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada department, and one office staff member of a Canadian MP. The interviews of set 1 were conducted in the fall of 2021, set 2 in March to August of 2022, set 3 in the fall of 2022 and set 3 between October of 2022 and March 2023. Interviews with German individuals were conducted in German. Interviews with Canadian individuals were conducted in English. The interview materials include 4 different interview guides (2 in English and 2 in German) with one per set of interviews, and 3 vignettes based on set 1 and utilized in set 2. A total of 3031 minutes of interviews were recorded. Interviews lasted between 30 minutes to three hours and were conducted in a place chosen by the interviewee either in-person or via Zoom or Webex. This includes but is not limited to cafes, interviewees' homes, the researcher's office space, parks and interviewees' places of work. The interviews in subsets 1 and 2 were conducted in the district of Cologne, Germany. The interviews in subsets 2 and 3 were conducted in Toronto, Canada and from the Netherlands digitally (2). Based on the interviews with naturalized German citizens (set 1), the researcher extracted 3 real-life vignettes, which were then used as interview material in the conversations with German caseworkers (set 2). They were given these vignettes and asked to react to them. Every interviewee gave either written or oral consent before being interviewed.

Experiences of naturalized citizens with naturalization processes. Topics: length of procedure in months; difference between naturalization year and the year of application; assessment of the progress of the procedure; emitted documents after the application; time between naturalization decision and the application for naturalization in months; assessment of the German authorities regarding the naturalization procedure; nationality before naturalization; keep original nationality; kind of formal release from the former citizenship (automatically or application); duration of the dismissal procedure; assessment of dropping the previous citizenship; naturalization of another family member; experience of the naturalization procedure in the authority (friendly staff, complicated procedure, good information by staff, long latency time, felt welcome, delays in processing); concerns about the successful course of the naturalization procedure; reasons for these concerns (knowledge of the German language, naturalization test, discharge from the former citizenship, necessary documents from abroad, examination of police file and criminal file, proof of livelihood, possible reactions of the authorities or other concerns); feelings after naturalization (joy, sense of belonging, nothing, emptiness, glad that it´s over, torn, free, other); assessment of the presentation of the certificate of naturalization; event (e.g. naturalization ceremony) in the own administrative district or city; receipt of the certificate of naturalization during a naturalization ceremony, in the issuing authority, or otherwise; not seen as a foreigner with a German passport; information behavior before naturalization in selected organisations (town hall at the residence, foreigners´ registration office, state authority, federal authority, migrant organisations, welfare organisations, associations, family or friends) and kind of information (personal, Internet, brochure or flyer); decision to naturalize at own request or at the request of the family; importance of specific reasons for personal naturalization (living in Germany, sense of belonging, living in Germany anytime, freedom to travel, participation in elections, no treatment as a foreigner, elimination of bureaucracy with authorities of the country of origin, professional future, living and working in other EU-countries, social constitutional state, the future of the family); other reasons for naturalization. Demography: age (year of birth, categorized); gender; highest school degree; professional qualifications; marital status; children; country of birth; reason for immigration to Germany; year of immigration. In addition, comments of the respondents to various survey questions were recorded. Erfahrungen von Eingebürgerten mit Einbürgerungsprozessen. Themen: Verfahrensdauer in Monaten; Differenz zwischen Einbürgerungsjahr und Antragsjahr; Einschätzung des Verfahrensverlaufs; Abgeben von Dokumenten nach der Antragstellung; Zeit zwischen Einbürgerungsentschluss und Einbürgerungsantrag in Monaten; Einschätzung der deutschen Behörden hinsichtlich des Einbürgerungsverfahrens; Staatsangehörigkeit vor der Einbürgerung; bisherige Staatsangehörigkeit behalten; Art der formalen Entlassung aus der bisherigen Staatsangehörigkeit (automatisch oder Antragstellung); Dauer des Entlassungsverfahrens; Einschätzung der Aufgabe der bisherigen Staatsangehörigkeit; Miteinbürgerung weiterer Familienangehöriger; Erleben des Einbürgerungsverfahrens in der Behörde (Mitarbeiter freundlich, Verfahren kompliziert, gute Information durch Mitarbeiter, lange Wartezeiten, willkommen gefühlt, Verzögerungen bei der Bearbeitung); Bedenken hinsichtlich des erfolgreichen Verlaufs des Einbürgerungsverfahrens; Gründe für diese Bedenken (Deutschkenntnisse, Einbürgerungstest, Entlassung aus der bisherigen Staatsangehörigkeit, notwendige Dokumente aus dem Ausland, Prüfung der Polizei- und Strafakte, Nachweis über den Lebensunterhalt, mögliche Reaktionen der Behörde oder andere Bedenken); Gefühl nach der Einbürgerung (Freude, Zugehörigkeitsgefühl, Nichts, Leere, froh, dass es vorbei ist, hin- und hergerissen, befreit, anderes); Bewertung der Übergabe der Einbürgerungsurkunde; Veranstaltung z.B. Einbürgerungsfeier im eigenen Landkreis oder der Stadt; Erhalt der Einbürgerungsurkunde während einer Einbürgerungsfeier, in der Behörde oder anders; mit deutschem Pass nicht mehr als Ausländer gesehen; Informationsverhalten vor der Einbürgerung bei ausgewählten Organisationen (Rathaus am Wohnort, Ausländerbehörde, Landesbehörde, Bundesbehörde, Migrantenorganisationen, Wohlfahrtsverbände, Vereine, Familie oder Freunde) und Informationsart (persönlich, Internet, Broschüre bzw. Flyer); Entscheidung zur Einbürgerung auf eigenen Wunsch oder auf Wunsch der Familie; persönliche Bedeutung ausgewählter Gründe für die Einbürgerung (Leben in Deutschland verbringen, Zugehörigkeitsgefühl, jederzeit in Deutschland leben, Reisefreiheit, Teilnahme an Wahlen, keine Behandlung als Ausländer, Wegfall der Bürokratie mit Behörden des Herkunftslande, berufliche Zukunft, Leben und Arbeiten in anderen EU-Ländern, sozialer Rechtsstaat, Zukunft der Familie); weitere Gründe für die Einbürgerung. Demographie: Alter (Geburtsjahr kategorisiert); Geschlecht; höchster Schulabschluss; berufliche Qualifikation; Familienstand; Kinder; Geburtsland; Grund für den Zuzug nach Deutschland; Zuzugsjahr. Zusätzlich wurden Kommentare des Befragten zu diversen Fragen offen erfasst.

In recent decades we have seen a dramatic rise of dual citizenship; many states are now officially accepting the fact that their citizens have a further passport and many people use the opportunity to formalize their multiple affiliations. Switzerland is a vanguard in this respect. It accepted dual citizenship in 1992. Today more than ten percent of the Swiss in Switzerland and three quarters of the Swiss abroad have more than one passport. However, the consequences of this trend are disputed and not well understood. In popular discourses it is mostly seen as a threat to national cohesion and democracy. In contrast, many intellectuals and scholars conceive of dual citizens as vanguard of citizenship practices above and across nation states, and as an important source for democratizing a globalizing world order. However, the debates on national integration and the discourses on cosmopolitan/transnational democracy are not only taking place in different discursive fields, the two aspects are also not well connected in empirical research. The proposed research project tries to fill this void by tracing the political involvement of dual citizens in Switzerland as well as their transnational and their cosmopolitan citizenship practices. Since the terms cosmopolitan and transnational citizenship are often used in a fuzzy and inconsistent way, a first goal of the proposed research project is to lay out a theory-based and coherent typology of spaces of citizenship practices and political involvement beyond the nation state. This will facilitate our second and main goal which is to find out empirically whether transnational ties and membership in multiple national communities hinder political involvement in the country of residence, and whether they facilitate the development of supranational citizenship practices. Our analysis thus focuses on the question whether the formal membership of citizens in more than one political community (their citizenship status) influences their political involvement (their citizenship practices) within and beyond their country of residence. Focusing on the influence of formal status on actual practices of citizenship also allows us to evaluate the proposition that various forms of citizenship (status, rights, participation and identity) can be disaggregated and assigned to various political levels/fields of citizenship. Our empirical study follows a quantitative approach. We collect and analyze survey data. We survey dual citizens and control groups (autochtonous Swiss, foreign residents, naturalized mono-citizens) in Switzerland. By tracing citizenship practices of dual citizens in Switzerland, in other countries and on a supra-national level, we provide answers to the theoretically and practically highly salient question whether political involvement in one community hinders political involvement in other communities or not. This also allows us to assess whether dual citizens are a hazard for the political community of the country of residence and/or a vanguard for political community building beyond national confines.

A checklist of the native and naturalized vascular plants found in North America, defined here to comprise Canada, Greenland, the continental United States, and the French Territorial Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. The list is based on names that are accepted in the Flora of North America North of Mexico (1993 onwards), but reflects nomenclatural corrections that have been made to the published work.