Share of employment for older workers of different age thresholds by industry, occupation, sector, sex, region and ethnic group.

Annual data on death registrations by single year of age for the UK (1974 onwards) and England and Wales (1963 onwards).

This aggregate-level dataset links poor relief data recorded on 1 January 1891 with several variables from corresponding 1891 census data, all at the level of the registration district (RD). Specifically, the numbers of men and women receiving indoor and outdoor relief in the ‘non-able-bodied’ category (taken as a proxy of the numbers of older-age men and women on relief) are accompanied with a series of socio-economic variables calculated from census data on the population aged 60 years and over (our definition of ‘old age’). Thus, the dataset fulfils two objectives: 1. To start reconciling poor relief data from the House of Commons Parliamentary Papers archive with transcribed Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) available at the UK Data Service (UKDS). 2. To capture geographical variations in the proportion of older-age men and women on poor relief as well as in several household, occupational and migratory compositions recorded in the census, consulting data from 1891 as a pilot study in anticipation of an extended project covering all censuses from 1851-1911.The study of old age in history has generally had a narrow focus on welfare needs. Specific studies of the extreme poverty, or pauperism, of older people in late nineteenth-century London by Victorian contemporary Charles Booth (1840-1916) have remained remarkably influential for historical research on old age (Booth, 1894; Boyer and Schmidle, 2009). Old age is also examined through institutional care, particularly workhouse accommodation (Lievers, 2009; Ritch, 2014), while the subgroup of the elderly population that were not poor has been underexplored. However, my PhD thesis shows that pauperism was not a universal experience of old age between 1851 and 1911. Using transcribed census data for five selected counties in England and Wales, I find that pauperism was contingent upon many socio-economic factors recorded in census datasets, such as the occupational structure of older people, their living arrangements and their capacity to voluntarily retire from work based on their savings, land and capital. I find that, in some districts of the northern counties of Cheshire and the Yorkshire West Riding, the proportion of men described in the census as 'retired' and the proportion of women 'living on their own means' was greater than the respective proportions of men and women on welfare. For elderly men in particular, there were regional differences in agrarian work, where those in northern England are more likely to run smallholding 'family farms' whereas, in southern England, elderly men generally participate as agricultural labourers. I find that these differences play an important part in the likelihood of becoming pauperised, and adds to the idea of a north-south divide in old age pauperism (King, 2000). Furthermore, pauperism was predicated on the events and circumstances of people throughout their life histories and approaching their old age. My fellowship will enable me to expand upon these findings through limited additional research that stresses an examination of the experiences of all older people in England and Wales. Old age has to be assessed more widely in relation to regional and geographical characteristics. In this way, we refine Booth's London-centric focus on the relationship between poverty and old age. My fellowship will achieve these objectives by systematically tracing the diversity of old age experiences. A pilot study will link welfare data recorded on 1 January 1891 from the House of Commons Parliamentary Papers archive with the socio-economic indicators contained in the 1891 census conducted on 5 April, all incorporated at the level of c. 650 registration districts in England and Wales. I will also visit record offices to extract data on the names of older people recorded as receiving welfare in materials related to the New Poor Law, thereby expanding on the PhD's examination of the life histories of older people. With the key findings from my PhD presented above, I will spend my time addressing a wider audience on my research. As I will argue in blogs and webinars addressed to Age UK, the International Longevity Centre UK and History and Policy, a monolithic narrative of old age as associated with welfare dependency and gradual decline has been constructed since Booth's research in the late nineteenth century. This narrative has remained fixed through the growth of our ageing population, and the development of both old age pensions and the modern welfare state. My research alternatively uses historical censuses that reveal the economic productivity of older people in a manner that is not satisfactorily captured in present day discourse. I will also receive training on how to address my PhD to local schools, through the presentation of maps that present variations in the proportions of older people receiving welfare, and in the application of transcribed census data. Data on the numbers of 'non-able-bodied' men and women receiving outdoor and indoor relief on 1 January 1891 (taken as a proxy for the numbers in old age receiving welfare on this date) by Poor Law Union (648) are then converted to the numbers by corresponding Registration District (630). They are linked with several socio-economic variables involving the numbers of men and women aged 60 years and over in the 1891 census. Further information on this is in the User Guide.

Data Source

Data Source : UK GOV

Sunshine data taken from a Campbell Stokes recorder.

(no more from an automatic Kipp & Zonen sensor marked with a #)

Content

Place: Cambridge.

Location: 543500E 260600N, Lat 52.245 Lon 0.102.

Height above mean sea level: 26 metres.

Columns

• year: Date in format YYYY.
• month: Date in format MM.
• tmax: Maximum temperature of the day in °C.
• tmin: Minimum temperature of the day in °C.
• af: Numbers of air frost days in a month.
• rain: Rainfall in millimeters.
• sun_hr: Sun hours in hours.

Missing Value

Missing values are marked as -1.

Data Processing

• Process RAW data (plain text) to csv format.
• Original data is marked with a * after the value indicating Estimated.
  • -> Symbol * has been removed and treated as normal value.
• Missing data (more than 2 days missing in month) is marked by ---.
  • -> This is marked as -1, indicating missing value

This is a point feature service which shows the following: "LSOA level deprivation data are applied proportionally to the ADS practice populations. The Proportion of children aged 0–15 years living in income deprived households as a proportion of all children aged 0–15 years. Adults aged 60 years or over living in pension credit (guarantee) households as a proportion of all those aged 60 years or over." This data was downloaded in February 2015. Esri UK accepts no responsibility over the quality of the data or ownership. All content is available under the Open Government Licence, except where otherwise stated.

This is a qualitative data collection. The Pioneers of Social Research collection includes the full interview transcripts, interview summaries, edited thematic highlights, short biographies and links to audio extracts from detailed life story interviews conducted with some fifty pioneers of social research. Undertaken by pioneering oral historian, Paul Thompson and his colleagues, over a 20 year period (1996-2018) the interviews record the researcher’s own account of the influences which shaped the major phases of their research work, and how the research was carried out, including the problems encountered. The interviews begin with family background and education, in order to understand the key influences that originally shaped the researcher’s interests, and also include some brief account of later family life, but the focus is primarily on understanding the research work. Because of their detail, these interviews are long, in Peter Townsend’s case extending to some twenty hours of recording. The material provides a valuable insight into their lives and careers and the trajectory of social research in some key disciplines in the social sciences. Those recorded include: Frank Bechhofer on researching The Affluent Worker, the petite bourgeoisie and identity on the Anglo-Scottish borderColin Bell on middle class families in Wales, the second Banbury community study and East Anglian farmersDaniel Bertaux on life stories in France and social mobility in France and UKMildred Blaxter on Scottish women and healthGeorge Brown and Tirril Harris on the social origins of depression among London womenSir David Butler on quantitative and qualitative sources in the media in politicsJohn Bynner on youth cultures and on longitudinal studiesPat Caplan on community and gender in Nepal, Madras and TanzaniaStan Cohen on moral panics, teenage culture, prisons and working for peace in IsraelLeonore Davidoff on feminism, gender, work and the familyJohn Davis on community and land in rural southern ItalyGlen Elder on methods and interpretation of American community studiesJanet Finch on qualitative and mixed methods, families and inheritanceRuth Finnegan on oral tradition in Sierra Leone and musical culture in BritainRonald Frankenberg on community study in WalesSir Raymond Firth on community, family and work in the Pacific, Malaya and in BritainJohn Goldthorpe , Daniel Bertaux and Paul Thompson on class, gender and social mobilitySir Jack Goody, Mary Douglas, Ruth Finnegan, Bruce Kapferer and Sandra Wallman on kinship and anthropological theory in AfricaSir Jack Goody on oral tradition in Ghana, the Church and the family in Europe, and the social cultures of food and flowers in Africa, North America and AsiaHarry Goulbourne, Stuart Hall and Raymond Smith on community, family, migration and race in the CaribbeanHarry Goulbourne on transnational familiesSir Peter Hall on urbanism, planning and the culture of citiesStuart Hall on New Left culture in the 1950s-60s, the development of Cultural Studies, and the impact of feminism on academic and personal livesDavid Hargreaves on the sociology of education, school cultures and training doctorsBruce Kapferer on industrialisation and the family in Zambia and network theoryDiana Leonard on the feminist revival in BritainDavid Lockwood on working class culture and social classPeter Loizos on exile from a Greek community in CyprusRobert Moore on researching class and race in Birmingham, mining communities in northern England and a Scottish fishing portHoward Newby on deferential farm workers and farmers in East AngliaAnn Oakley on gender, housework and motherhood and on evidence-based researchRay Pahl on urban sociology, gender in business families, community studies, and friendshipJudith Okely on researching marginal groups including gypsiesMargaret Stacey on the Banbury community studies and on feminism within sociologyMarilyn Strathern on her secondary study of family and community in an East Anglian villagePaul Thompson on oral history, family and the economy in fishing communities, grandparenting and social mobilityPeter Townsend on East London families, old people’s homes in England, poverty, and social policy in Britain, and social policies for Georgia and KenyaSandra Wallman on families in Lesotho, women and AIDS in Kampala, community and migration in London and London householdsMeg Stacey and Colin Bell on urban community studiesMichael Young, Janet Finch and Colin Bell on family, kinship and community The data collection results from three grants since 2009; the first from the University of Essex, and the second two from The British Academy and the Leverhulme Trust respectively. The second phase added a further 12 Pioneers including more accounts from women researchers, anthropologists and on linked social research in cultural studies and social geography. The third set added in prominent quantitative researchers, statisticians and economists. The archived collection includes interviews with 56 pioneers, set out in the Data List in the documentation. All interviews are fully transcribed and summarised, and key text extracts and audio clips, selected by Paul Thompson, have been published. As well as being available to download, from the Data Catalogue, a selection of the interviews have been published to UK Data Service’s online data browsing system, Qualibank, where the content can be explored. Audio extracts can be listened to on the UK Data Service's YouTube Pioneers channel where each Pioneer has its own playlist. Finally, the UK Data Service has also created the Pioneers Teaching Resource website to showcase the Pioneers interviews, and includes further information about the Pioneers project, and for each Pioneer, a short biography, a list of publications, and links to any data they have themselves deposited. A book from the Pioneers collection combining extracts and discussion of the material will be published by Thompson and colleagues from the University of Essex in 2020. Some of the Pioneers were also video interviewed earlier as part of the Leading Thinkers project, hosted by the University of Cambridge Video and Audio service. The collection also holds video interviews with a range of pioneering anthropologists, historians, ethno-musicologists, international travellers, amongst others. The further 13 pioneers that have been interviewed between 2016-18 will be available in the next edition Mark Abrams on his innovative work implementing new techniques in statistical surveying and opinion polling.Avtar Brah on Asians in Uganda and BritainSir David Cox, Lord Claus Moser, John Goldthorpe, Sarah Arber, Harvey Goldstein, Jonathan Gershuny and Dame Karen Dunnell on survey and statistical methodsSir Ivor Crewe on the development of quantitative methods in political research, and of archiving social researchMeghnad Desai economic theory, fieldwork and interpreting class power in rural IndiaDuncan Gallie on economic sociology, work and unemployment in France and BritainRichard Lipsey on his theory of Positive Economics, and practical applications in CanadaMaxine Molyneux on colonial society in India and in Latin America, on the position of women in socialist Yemen and Ethiopia and on women in Latin AmericaKen Plummer on researching sexuality and on qualitative methodsHilary Rose on researching marginal groups including squatters and the unemployedElizabeth Thomas-Hope on community, family, migration and race in the CaribbeanW.M. Williams on rural community studies