China Population: Rural Poverty data was reported at 16.600 Person mn in 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 30.460 Person mn for 2017. China Population: Rural Poverty data is updated yearly, averaging 144.025 Person mn from Dec 1978 (Median) to 2018, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 770.390 Person mn in 1978 and a record low of 16.600 Person mn in 2018. China Population: Rural Poverty data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Socio-Demographic – Table CN.GA: Population. The current rural poverty standard is annual income RMB2300 (2010's constant price) per person each year. 现行农村贫困标准为每人每年收入2300元(2010年不变价)。

China Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data was reported at 11.600 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 11.900 % for 2020. China Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data is updated yearly, averaging 15.100 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.500 % in 2010 and a record low of 8.900 % in 1990. China Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The percentage of people in the population who live in households whose per capita income or consumption is below half of the median income or consumption per capita. The median is measured at 2017 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using the Poverty and Inequality Platform (http://www.pip.worldbank.org). For some countries, medians are not reported due to grouped and/or confidential data. The reference year is the year in which the underlying household survey data was collected. In cases for which the data collection period bridged two calendar years, the first year in which data were collected is reported.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

China Income per Capita: Rural Household: Low Income data was reported at 4,878.324 RMB in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 4,420.543 RMB for 2011. China Income per Capita: Rural Household: Low Income data is updated yearly, averaging 2,554.566 RMB from Dec 2002 (Median) to 2012, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,878.324 RMB in 2012 and a record low of 1,551.790 RMB in 2002. China Income per Capita: Rural Household: Low Income data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HD: Income and Expenditure by Income Level: Rural.

Statistics of the poverty alleviation effects of different assistance subjects.

China Household Survey: Number of Person per Household: Urban: Low Income data was reported at 3.210 Person in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.200 Person for 2011. China Household Survey: Number of Person per Household: Urban: Low Income data is updated yearly, averaging 3.410 Person from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2012, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.480 Person in 1986 and a record low of 3.200 Person in 2011. China Household Survey: Number of Person per Household: Urban: Low Income data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HC: No of Household Surveyed: Urban: By Income Level.

China Household Survey: Number of Person per Household: Urban: Lowest Income: Poor data was reported at 3.330 Person in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.320 Person for 2011. China Household Survey: Number of Person per Household: Urban: Lowest Income: Poor data is updated yearly, averaging 3.585 Person from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2012, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.550 Person in 1985 and a record low of 3.300 Person in 2009. China Household Survey: Number of Person per Household: Urban: Lowest Income: Poor data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HC: No of Household Surveyed: Urban: By Income Level.

This data collection consists of transcripts from 12 focus group discussions on themes related to social equality in Russia. The focus group discussions were conducted by the Institute of Applied Politics in Moscow, directed by Dr Kryshtanovskaya; using a discussion guide written by the Investigators. They were held in 12 cities chosen to represent different regions of the country, with an emphasis on provincial cities: Ufa, Kaliningrad, Ekaterinburg, Tiumen, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Ivanovo, Irkutsk, Obolensk, Vladivostok and Protvino. The respondents included a mix of ages, genders, blue and white collar workers. The focus groups in Protvino and Ulyanovsk were held only for respondents age 18-29. The focus group discussions dealt with household and national economic change, perceptions of social fairness, and welfare values. Specifically, respondents were asked about the state of the national and local economies, their household economy, how they define rich and poor people and how they position themselves in relation to these categories. They were asked about whether they perceived differences in wealth between individuals, regions and between urban and rural areas as fair, and whether such differences are increasing or decreasing. Finally they were asked about whether the rich should take more responsibility for the welfare of the poor, about their own personal responsibility and that of the state and businesses, as well as about progressive income taxes and the degree to which the state should control the economy. The discussion guide is provided in Russian and English. Basic information about the respondents, including gender, age, and occupation are provided at the top of each focus group transcript. Each participant is identified by their given name only. The transcripts are provided in Russian. The Russian text was transcribed by the Institute of Applied Politics from audio files. A parallel set of focus groups was conducted in China and are available as the collection Social equality forum China: Focus group transcripts (see Related Resources). Taken together, Russia and China account for 41 per cent of the total territory of the BRICs and 63 per cent of their GDP/PPP. On Goldman Sachs projections China will be the world’s largest economy by 2050, and Russia its sixth largest. The project will seek to examine the following propositions: (1) that these two BRIC countries are becoming increasingly unequal; (2) that within them, political power and economic advantage are increasingly closely associated; (3) that their political systems have increasingly been employed to ensure that no effective challenge can be mounted to that combination of government position and economic advantage; (4) that set against a broader comparative perspective, an increasingly unequal society in which government is effectively immune from conventional challenge is likely to become increasingly regressive, or unstable, or both. Evidence will be drawn from official statistics, interviews with policy specialists and government officials, two dozen focus groups, and an analysis of the composition of the management boards of the largest companies in both countries. A final part of the analysis will employ crossnational evidence to test a series of hypotheses relating to the association between inequality and political instability on a more broadly comparative basis. Focus group discussions held in 12 Russian cities with 6 participants each drawn from a range of ages, both genders and different professions. Two focus groups were held for respondents age 18-29 only.

Financial inclusion is critical in reducing poverty and achieving inclusive economic growth. When people can participate in the financial system, they are better able to start and expand businesses, invest in their children’s education, and absorb financial shocks. Yet prior to 2011, little was known about the extent of financial inclusion and the degree to which such groups as the poor, women, and rural residents were excluded from formal financial systems. By collecting detailed indicators about how adults around the world manage their day-to-day finances, the Global Findex allows policy makers, researchers, businesses, and development practitioners to track how the use of financial services has changed over time. The database can also be used to identify gaps in access to the formal financial system and design policies to expand financial inclusion.

Financial inclusion is critical in reducing poverty and achieving inclusive economic growth. When people can participate in the financial system, they are better able to start and expand businesses, invest in their children’s education, and absorb financial shocks. Yet prior to 2011, little was known about the extent of financial inclusion and the degree to which such groups as the poor, women, and rural residents were excluded from formal financial systems. By collecting detailed indicators about how adults around the world manage their day-to-day finances, the Global Findex allows policy makers, researchers, businesses, and development practitioners to track how the use of financial services has changed over time. The database can also be used to identify gaps in access to the formal financial system and design policies to expand financial inclusion.

China Household Survey: Number of Employee per Household: Urban: Lowest Income: Poor data was reported at 1.210 Person in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.160 Person for 2011. China Household Survey: Number of Employee per Household: Urban: Lowest Income: Poor data is updated yearly, averaging 1.625 Person from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2012, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.700 Person in 1985 and a record low of 1.130 Person in 2005. China Household Survey: Number of Employee per Household: Urban: Lowest Income: Poor data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HC: No of Household Surveyed: Urban: By Income Level.

Financial inclusion is critical in reducing poverty and achieving inclusive economic growth. When people can participate in the financial system, they are better able to start and expand businesses, invest in their children’s education, and absorb financial shocks. Yet prior to 2011, little was known about the extent of financial inclusion and the degree to which such groups as the poor, women, and rural residents were excluded from formal financial systems. By collecting detailed indicators about how adults around the world manage their day-to-day finances, the Global Findex allows policy makers, researchers, businesses, and development practitioners to track how the use of financial services has changed over time. The database can also be used to identify gaps in access to the formal financial system and design policies to expand financial inclusion.

China Income per Capita: Urban: Lowest Income: Poor data was reported at 7,520.860 RMB in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 6,445.450 RMB for 2011. China Income per Capita: Urban: Lowest Income: Poor data is updated yearly, averaging 2,235.850 RMB from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2012, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7,520.860 RMB in 2012 and a record low of 438.360 RMB in 1985. China Income per Capita: Urban: Lowest Income: Poor data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HD: Income and Expenditure by Income Level: Urban.

Literacy in India has been increasing as more and more people receive a better education, but it is still far from all-encompassing. In 2023, the degree of literacy in India was about 77 percent, with the majority of literate Indians being men. It is estimated that the global literacy rate for people aged 15 and above is about 86 percent. How to read a literacy rateIn order to identify potential for intellectual and educational progress, the literacy rate of a country covers the level of education and skills acquired by a country’s inhabitants. Literacy is an important indicator of a country’s economic progress and the standard of living – it shows how many people have access to education. However, the standards to measure literacy cannot be universally applied. Measures to identify and define illiterate and literate inhabitants vary from country to country: In some, illiteracy is equated with no schooling at all, for example. Writings on the wallGlobally speaking, more men are able to read and write than women, and this disparity is also reflected in the literacy rate in India – with scarcity of schools and education in rural areas being one factor, and poverty another. Especially in rural areas, women and girls are often not given proper access to formal education, and even if they are, many drop out. Today, India is already being surpassed in this area by other emerging economies, like Brazil, China, and even by most other countries in the Asia-Pacific region. To catch up, India now has to offer more educational programs to its rural population, not only on how to read and write, but also on traditional gender roles and rights.

China Household Survey: Number of Dependent Per Employee: Urban: Low Income data was reported at 2.098 Person in 2012. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.119 Person for 2011. China Household Survey: Number of Dependent Per Employee: Urban: Low Income data is updated yearly, averaging 2.080 Person from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2012, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.240 Person in 2008 and a record low of 1.880 Person in 1997. China Household Survey: Number of Dependent Per Employee: Urban: Low Income data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HC: No of Household Surveyed: Urban: By Income Level.

China Household Survey: Number of Employee per Household: Urban: Low Income data was reported at 1.530 Person in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.510 Person for 2011. China Household Survey: Number of Employee per Household: Urban: Low Income data is updated yearly, averaging 1.785 Person from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2012, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.060 Person in 1986 and a record low of 1.440 Person in 2008. China Household Survey: Number of Employee per Household: Urban: Low Income data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HC: No of Household Surveyed: Urban: By Income Level.

China Consumption Exp per Capita: Urban: Poor: Transport & Communication data was reported at 495.330 RMB in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 397.550 RMB for 2011. China Consumption Exp per Capita: Urban: Poor: Transport & Communication data is updated yearly, averaging 126.340 RMB from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2012, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 495.330 RMB in 2012 and a record low of 4.440 RMB in 1985. China Consumption Exp per Capita: Urban: Poor: Transport & Communication data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HD: Consumption Structure by Income Level: Urban.

China Disposable Income per Capita: Urban: Lowest Income: Poor data was reported at 6,520.030 RMB in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 5,398.170 RMB for 2011. China Disposable Income per Capita: Urban: Lowest Income: Poor data is updated yearly, averaging 2,130.015 RMB from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2012, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6,520.030 RMB in 2012 and a record low of 394.800 RMB in 1985. China Disposable Income per Capita: Urban: Lowest Income: Poor data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HD: Income and Expenditure by Income Level: Urban.

China Income per Capita: Urban: Low Income data was reported at 13,724.720 RMB in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 11,751.280 RMB for 2011. China Income per Capita: Urban: Low Income data is updated yearly, averaging 3,423.745 RMB from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2012, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13,724.720 RMB in 2012 and a record low of 599.160 RMB in 1985. China Income per Capita: Urban: Low Income data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HD: Income and Expenditure by Income Level: Urban.

China Consumption Exp per Capita: Urban: Poor: Miscellaneous data was reported at 129.210 RMB in 2012. This records a decrease from the previous number of 141.120 RMB for 2011. China Consumption Exp per Capita: Urban: Poor: Miscellaneous data is updated yearly, averaging 62.230 RMB from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2012, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 141.120 RMB in 2011 and a record low of 24.120 RMB in 1985. China Consumption Exp per Capita: Urban: Poor: Miscellaneous data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HD: Consumption Structure by Income Level: Urban.

China Cash Income per Capita: Rural Household: Low Income data was reported at 3,948.614 RMB in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 3,497.953 RMB for 2011. China Cash Income per Capita: Rural Household: Low Income data is updated yearly, averaging 1,890.981 RMB from Dec 2002 (Median) to 2012, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,948.614 RMB in 2012 and a record low of 1,022.420 RMB in 2002. China Cash Income per Capita: Rural Household: Low Income data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HD: Income and Expenditure by Income Level: Rural.