The data collection involved three methods a) Archival research: defence policy, military doctrine, memoirs, academic commentary b) Interviews: 39 Male soldiers and 17 female soldiers were formally interviewed as part of this research project. c) Fieldwork observation: 40 days were spend observing training in France, Germany, UK, Canada and the US. During the course of this fieldwork, 46 informants were contacted whose comments were recorded in field notes and used in the research. Due to the confidentiality assured to interviewees and informants and the fact that some of the material discussed in the interviews/fieldwork was classified it has been impossible to share the fieldnotes/interviews. However, a record of the key points and data has been recorded in the EOA report for this grant and is disseminated through the publications associated with this grant.Can women be infantry soldiers? Combat is one of the most extreme forms of human activities and throughout human history it has been almost exclusively a masculine domain. This research addresses this important and potentially historic issue of the increasingly active participation of women in war. In the past, women's exclusion from the infantry has typically been justified by reference to female physiology and their presumed effects on cohesion among the male soldiers. Females were seen to threaten the combat performance of male troops. Physical barriers still remain for women but with the professionalisation of the armed forces and the recent pressures of operations in Afghanistan, female participation in the army and on operations has been increasingly accepted and even normalised. Canada and Denmark now allow women in the infantry and, while the UK and US still maintain their bans on females in the infantry, female British and American soldiers have increasingly served on the front line in combat situations. Through documentary, fieldwork and interview research with the armies of Canada, Denmark, Germany, France, the UK and the US, this research seeks to explore the possibilities and limits of women's participation in the infantry. a) Archival research: Documentary analysis of infantry doctrine, operational reports and memoirs by male and especially female soldiers proved very useful in situating and widening the research. b) Interviews: 17 females and 39 males were interviewed as part of this research, either as individuals or in some cases in groups. The data derived from these interviews was rich and compelling. Female soldiers were particularly forthcoming in describing some of their sometimes disturbing experiences. Precisely because of the sensitivity of much of this material, the data has not been able to be made available for general release. The most important material has and will appear in publications however. c) Fieldwork observation Observation of fieldwork in France, the US, UK and Canada took place during the ESRC project. This provided an essential understanding of the practice of infantry work and current operations, essential to analysing the possibility of female integration. It also provided many additional informants whose revealing comments were recorded in field notes.

The Pluralistic Memories Project (PMP) has been funded in 2014 for a period of 6 years. Through a mixed methodology, PMP gathered personal memories of events related to past conflicts that happened in Burundi, Palestine and Sri Lanka, three former colonies that have been struggling with violent civil conflicts. PMP aims to document the diversity of memories about these past conflicts, to examine the processes through which war narratives become official or fall into oblivion, and to support local researchers who study collective memories in conflict-torn societies. The project brings together Burundian, Sri Lankan, Palestinian, Swiss and other international researchers from different scientific disciplines who are guided by a common question: Can the preservation of a plurality of living memories make communities more resilient in face of the exploitation of yesterday’s trauma by tomorrow’s warmongers? PMP data is of multiple type. First, PMP conducted approximately 180+ semi-directive interviews. These interviews were done in the field by local PMP researchers that all shared a common thematic and methodology. Most of these interviews were then transcribed, anonymized, translated into english and documented. In Sri Lanka and Palestine, PMP also gathered data through two quantitative surveys (+ 2 pilots) that were conducted in the field. Particular attention was made to find representative samples that could reflect the diversity of memories. A last, PMP did 2 web surveys in Burundi, that were focused on the Burundian diaspora (so people of Burundi that live, or lived, outside Burundi). Most of the anonymized data that was gathered by PMP is now available here under various licenses (depending on the sensitiveness of the data and the level of consent of participants). Actually, most of PMP data could still be sensitive in some contexts or for some uses. This more sensitive data is only available after the acceptance of a research project proposed by the requester.

The records found in this collection include requisition lists filed in local courts and payroll records of the Virginia Engineer Department. Information found in these records include names of enslaved and free Black people, locality of origin, occupation, location of fortification, names of enslavers, and monetary value of enslaved people. Virginia enacted legislation as early as July 1, 1861 during the Civil War to requisition enslaved and free Black people to work on military fortifications and other defensive works around the commonwealth. From 1862 to 1863, at the request of the president of the Confederate States, the General Assembly passed three more laws that requisitioned enslaved laborers to work on fortifications and other works of the defense. Each county and city were given a certain number of enslaved laborers that had to be provided to the government under the requisition act. Enslaved people requisitioned for service did not have a choice. In many cases, the alternative was severe punishment or to be hanged.

Descriptions included in this dataset are drawn directly from the original documents and may contain language which is now deemed offensive.

Community and Identity in the Roman Seventh Legio: Digitally mapping funerary monuments referring to Legio VII servicemen and related members of the military community in Roman Dalmatia

Abstract

This database was designed to facilitate and supplement archaeological and epigraphical research conducted as part of a Master of Research thesis submitted in December 2020. The project builds upon and digitises the robust catalogic work of scholars local to the modern region, such as Domagoj Tončinić's 'Monuments of Legio VII in the Roman Province of Dalmatia'. This database stores various types of geographical, epigraphical, visual, and historical data related to Roman funerary and sacral inscriptions belonging to, or commemorating, servicemen or veterans of the Roman Seventh Legion (Legio VII) in the province of Dalmatia (the modern Eastern Adriatic coastline and hinterland). This project, and the related thesis 'Fratres Romani in Dalmatia’, investigated the social dynamics of Legio VII, as well as processes of identity and community construction within the unit. It is hoped that this dataset will facilitate future research into military life in Dalmatia, as well as investigations of other corpora of Roman funerary stelae, as the general form of the dataset is transplantable onto epigraphical material from different regions of the Roman world.

Period

Early Roman Empire (30 BCE – 259 CE)

Potential Applications of the Data

The dataset has been collated to facilitate further research into the seventh legion in Dalmatia and their monuments. The structure of this dataset has also been designed to best capture the types of epigraphical data which are key for investigating the social dynamics of a Roman community through their inscribed monuments, and it is hoped that future researchers can adapt this database structure onto other Roman epigraphic datasets.

Support

This research was supported by the Croatian Studies Foundation (CSF) 2020 Community, Culture and Research Scheme, and the Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship Scheme (MQRES).

Related Publications

Coopey, E. (2020), ‘Fratres Romani in Dalmatia: The Social Dynamics of Legio VII and the Construction of Community and Identity through Roman Funerary Monuments’, MRes Thesis, Macquarie University. Accessible via: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/1280183

Current Disposition of the Physical Collection

The monuments are either 1) lost, 2) in states of secondary use in modern structures, or 3) are held in museums across Croatia and Bosnia Hercegovina:

• Arheološka zbirka Franjevačkog samostana u Sinju/Archaeological collection of the Franciscan Monastery in Sinj
• Arheološka zbirka Marka Matijevića u Solinu/The Archaeological collection of Marko Matijević in Solin
• Arheološki muzej u Splitu/Archaeological Museum in Split
• Arheološki muzej u Zadru/Archaeological Museum in Zadar
• Basilica of Santa Maria, Porto
• Muzej Cetinske krajina/Museum of Cetina region
• Muzej Triljskog kraja/Trilj Regional Museum
• Muzej grada Trogira/Trogir City Museum
• Muzej u Humcu (Franjevački samostan u Humcu)/Museum of Humac (Franciscan monastery of Humac)
• Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine/The National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina

License

CC-BY-SA 4.0 International

Map of files

(descriptions in parentheses where required)

/BromansCoopey/

• analysis/ (example analysis csvs)
• data/ (data for this database in csvs)
• DB-SQL/ (files related to the database such as bibliogrpahies, the database, building/exporting shell commands)
• original_source_data/ (original data csvs)
• thesis/ (thesis which database is related to)
• publication_files/ (various files related to publication of this database to OCD https://opencontext.org/)

Methodological Notes

This database began with organising the epigraphic data catalogued in Tončinić, D. (2011) Spomenici VII. legije na području rimske provincije Dalmacije / Monuments of Legio VII in the Roman Province of Dalmatia. The data concerning the monuments catalogued within this work was then corroborated with that which available online on the EDCS (http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi.php?s_sprache=en) and EDH (https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/). Geographical data was then sourced from Trismegistos (https://www.trismegistos.org/geo/), Pleiades (https://pleiades.stoa.org/) and Google Maps (https://www.google.com/maps), with archaeological and analytical data sourced from various pieces of scholarly literature (for bibliography see RIS/BIB in DB-SQL/). The aforementioned databases were also used to find comparanda as well as source data concerning relevant monuments which were not recorded in Tončinić (2011). When using online databases, the primary means of navigation was through their linked open data, however their search functions were also used with varying success.

The database has been roughly normalised to third normal form, even though it is intended as an analytical database rather than a transactional database. Data was hand-entered through automatic shell-scripted conversion of CSV datafiles with no intentions of supporting a front-end application. As such, no lookup tables were constructed. Views were created to strongly differentiate analytical outputs from the data sources they drew upon. Better constrained vocabulary enforcement, more thorough annotations with linked open data, and a more robust geospatial layer are all intended improvements for future iterations of this database as time and technology permits. Version control was used from the start, and this paper describes the version at release 1.0.0.

Data was not always taken from online sources ‘as is’ and was assessed for accuracy where appropriate. For instance, personal judgements were made about the dating provided for certain monuments on online, as were certain pieces of geographic data. Sometimes, the author would contact the authors/organisers of the online resource with suggested changes.

File metadata

• Table Field Descriptions: Provided in data/README.md and analysis/README.md.
• Provide “Keys”: Provided in data/README.md and analysis/README.md.
• Controlled Vocabularies (“Standards”): Provided in data/README.md and analysis/README.md.

Current Release v.1.0.4 deployed the GitHub Repo onto Zenodo. Zenodo will now provide this release, and any others from here on in, a DOI. See https://help.zenodo.org/#github

The law of 4 April 1873 “relating to the conservation of the graves of soldiers who died during the last war” (i.e. the French-German War of 1870) allows the French State to buy parcels of communal cemeteries or to expropriate private individuals in order to arrange graves for the remains of French and German soldiers. The National Archives kept records of the establishment of these military graves at the end of the 19th century. Classified by municipality, they contain the following parts: by-law instituting the military tomb(s), plan of the location of the burials, financial documents relating to the work surrounding the graves, exhumation and re-humation of bodies, correspondence. Some plans mention the number of soldiers buried, or even certain names or dress characteristics. The dataset made available lists all the records of municipalities kept in the National Archives. A number of these tombs and burials have now disappeared. Where possible, a link to the database Monuments to the Dead was created.

Historical chart and dataset showing Nepal military size by year from 1985 to 2020.

In September 1914, twenty-five thousand members of public education were mobilised in the French army. To pay tribute to them, the Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts, Albert Sarraut, decided, by circular of 12 September 1914, to open a “Golden Book of the University” composed of lists of “those who have fallen, dead or wounded, on the battlefield”. From all over France, from 1914 until 1920, lists sent to the ministry by the staff of the central administration, the academies and, more rarely, the military authorities or the families of the victims. 17144 records are drawn up, listing the personnel of primary, secondary, higher education and the members of the central administration who have been declared injured, dead or missing during this period. It is from these records, now kept in the National Archives and not claiming completeness, that this base was built by the mission of archives and cultural heritage of the Ministry.

1801 traditionally marks the end of the Walloon troops in Austrian service. Signed in February that year, the Peace of Luneville forced the Habsburg Monarchy to finally accept the loss of the southern Netherlands to France. Within a few months the bulk of the former military establishment of the now lost provinces was moved to Galicia where they were allocated with new permanent conscription districts. Netherlandish officers continued to serve in the Habsburg army in disproportionately large numbers until the end of the Napoleonic Wars. However, we are told that the regiments themselves lost their connection to their homeland, and that while the Walloon designation was formally retained as late as 1816, the former Netherlandish régiments nationaux were no longer seen as such. Indeed, extant published histories of the Walloon units cut off in 1801.

The current dataset shows that the collective presence of Walloons in the Austrian Army was, in fact, far from over. Drawing on the entire papers of the annual muster of 1803 of the 30^th Line Infantry Regiment ‘De Ligne’, 431 individual entries have been collated. These comprise all Walloon members of the regiment, from its proprietor, the Prince De Ligne, up to the last private soldier. This group comprised almost one fifth of the regimental strength. Half were veterans of the Old Walloon establishment and dominated the upper ranks of both officers and NCOs. More significantly, for each of these ‘Old’ Walloons there was at least one ‘New’ Walloon. The latter derived from three sources.

• Firstly, sons of serving and former Walloon officers formed a dominant group among the subalterns.
• Secondly, sons of Walloon veterans mustered from the regimental boys' school were over-represented among the junior NCOs, some of whom rose to become officers.
• Finally, enlistment of men from the former Austrian Netherlands and other traditional recruitment areas of the Walloon troops was maintained. In spite of the possibility of raising foreign mercenaries more closely and more cheaply, the New Walloons comprised the majority of foreigners taken by the ‘De Ligne’ regiment after it had moved to Galicia.

The dataset shows clearly that the regiment favoured recruits from the former Habsburg Netherlands, supplemented by other foreign French and Dutch speakers. At least during the immediate aftermath of its re-classification as a Galician unit, the 30^th Line Infantry Regiment was actively trying to maintain its original composition and regimental identity.

EU challenges and priorities in 2023. Topics: general direction things are going in: EU, USA, China, Russia; current influence of the EU in the world compared with: USA, Japan, China, Russia; embodiment of selected values by the EU compared to other countries: respect for nature and the environment, social equality and welfare, peace, progress and innovation, respect for fundamental rights and values, tolerance and openness, respect for history, solidarity with countries within and outside the EU; importance of each of the following EU initiatives: diversifying energy supply away from Russia, providing financing to member states for accelerated investment in renewables via REPowerEU, measures at European level to limit the immediate impact of rising energy prices on consumers and companies, facilitating joint purchase of gas by EU Member States to ensure security of supply, promoting sustainable use of natural resources, building partnerships with other global actors to reduce excessive commercial dependencies from countries like Russia or China, enhancing competitiveness of Europe’s clean industry, increasing resilience of the EU’s economy, measures to bring forward digital transformation while protecting consumers; attitude towards the following statements: gas storage in the EU should be filled up to avoid risks of shortage for next winter, EU measures should aim at reducing energy consumption, EU should boost the manufacturing of clean technologies within its member states, EU should fund joint defence projects to develop strategic defence capabilities and technologies; attitude towards selected statements on the war in Ukraine: European Union should continue to show solidarity with Ukraine, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine shows the EU needs to increase military cooperation between member states, Russia´s invasion of Ukraine shows the EU needs to ensure its energy and economic security, Russian authorities should be held accountable for the current situation in Ukraine; attitude towards the following statements with regard to continuing selected EU measures: imposing economic sanctions against Russia, supporting Ukraine financially and economically, financing purchase and supply of military equipment and training to Ukraine, providing humanitarian support to the people affected by the war, welcoming in the EU refugees from Ukraine, supporting the integration of Ukraine into the single market, supporting Ukraine on its path towards European integration. Demography: age; sex; nationality; type of community; age at end of education; occupation; professional position; household composition and household size; region. Additionally coded was: respondent ID; country; device used for interview; nation group; weighting factor. Herausforderungen und Prioritäten der EU in 2023. Themen: allgemeine Richtung der Dinge in: EU, USA, China, Russland; derzeitiger Einfluss der EU in der Welt im Vergleich zu: USA, Japan, China, Russland; Verkörperung ausgewählter Werte durch die EU im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern: Respekt vor Natur und Umwelt, soziale Gerechtigkeit und Wohlfahrt, Frieden, Fortschritt und Innovation, Respekt der Grundrechte und -werte, Toleranz und Offenheit, Respekt vor der Geschichte, Solidarität mit Ländern innerhalb und außerhalb der EU; Wichtigkeit der folgenden Initiativen der EU: Diversifizierung der Energieversorgung weg von Russland, Bereitstellung finanzieller Unterstützung für die Mitgliedstaaten zur Erhöhung der Investitionen in erneuerbare Energien mittels REPowerEU, Maßnahmen auf europäischer Ebene zur Begrenzung der unmittelbaren Auswirkungen steigender Energiepreise auf Verbraucher und Unternehmen, Erleichterung des gemeinsamen Einkaufs von Gas durch die EU-Mitgliedstaaten zur Gewährleistung der Versorgungssicherheit, Förderung der nachhaltigen Nutzung natürlicher Ressourcen, Aufbau von Partnerschaften mit anderen globalen Akteuren zur Verringerung übermäßiger kommerzieller Abhängigkeiten von Ländern wie Russland oder China, Verbessern der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Europas sauberer Industrie, Erhöhung der Resilienz der europäischen Wirtschaft, Maßnahmen zur Förderung der digitalen Transformation bei gleichzeitigem Schutz der Verbraucher; Einstellung zu den folgenden Aussagen: Auffüllen der Gasspeicher in der EU zur Vermeidung von Versorgungsengpässen im nächsten Winter, EU-Maßnahmen sollten auf eine Verringerung des Energieverbrauchs abzielen, EU sollte die Herstellung sauberer Technologien in ihren Mitgliedstaaten vorantreiben, EU sollte gemeinsame Rüstungsprojekte zur Entwicklung strategischer Verteidigungspotenziale und -technologien finanzieren; Einstellung zu ausgewählten Aussagen zum Krieg in der Ukraine: Europäische Union sollte weiterhin Solidarität mit der Ukraine beweisen, Russlands Invasion in der Ukraine zeigt die Notwendigkeit zur Erhöhung der militärischen Kooperation zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten, Russlands Invasion in der Ukraine zeigt die Notwendigkeit für die EU der Sicherstellung ihrer Energie- und wirtschaftlichen Sicherheit, russische Behörden sollten für die derzeitige Situation in der Ukraine zur Verantwortung gezogen werden; Einstellung zu den folgenden Aussagen im Hinblick auf die Fortführung ausgewählter Maßnahmen der EU: Wirtschaftssanktionen gegen Russland, finanzielle und wirtschaftliche Unterstützung der Ukraine, Finanzierung von Kauf und Lieferung militärischer Ausrüstung sowie militärischer Ausbildung, Bereitstellung humanitärer Hilfe für die vom Krieg betroffenen Menschen, Aufnahme von Kriegsflüchtlingen in der EU, Unterstützung der Integration der Ukraine in den Binnenmarkt, Unterstützung der Ukraine auf ihrem Weg in die europäische Integration. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Staatsangehörigkeit; Urbanisierungsgrad; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Stellung; Haushaltszusammensetzung und Haushaltsgröße; Region. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten-ID; Land; für das Interview genutztes Gerät; Nationengruppe; Gewichtungsfaktor.