The Maryland Department of Housing and Community Development offers multifamily finance programs for the construction and rehabilitation of affordable rental housing units for low to moderate income families, senior citizens and individuals with disabilities. Our multifamily bond programs issues tax-exempt and taxable revenue mortgage bonds to finance the acquisition, preservation and creation of affordable multifamily rental housing units in priority funding areas. By advocating for increased production of rental housing units, we help create much-needed jobs and leverage opportunities to live, work and prosper for hardworking Maryland families, senior citizens, and individuals with disabilities throughout the state.​ DISCLAIMER: Some of the information may be tied to the Department’s bond funded loan programs and should not be relied upon in making an investment decision. The Department provides comprehensive quarterly and annual financial information and operating data regarding its bonds and bond funded loan programs, all of which is posted on the publicly-accessible Electronic Municipal Market Access system website (commonly known as EMMA) that is maintained by the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board, and on the Department’s website under Investor Information. More information accessible here: http://dhcd.maryland.gov/Investors/Pages/default.aspx

As the renewable energy transition accelerates, housing, due to its high energy demand, can play a critical role in the clean energy shift. Specifically, multifamily housing provides a unique opportunity for solar photovoltaic (PV) system adoption, given the existing competing interests between landlords and tenants which has historically slowed this transition. To address this transition gap, this project identified and ranked Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the United States for ZNE Capital (the client) to acquire multifamily housing to install solar PV systems. The group identified seven criteria to determine favorable markets for rooftop solar PV on multifamily housing: landlord policy favorability, real estate market potential, CO2 abatement potential, electricity generation potential, solar installation internal rate of return, climate risk avoidance, and health costs associated with primary air pollutants. A total investment favorability score is calculated based on criteria importance assigned by the user. Investment favorability scores were investigated for different preferences to demonstrate the robustness and generalizability of the framework. The data analysis and criteria calculations were conducted using RStudio, ultimately to provide reproducible code to be used for future projects. The results are presented in a ranked list from best to worst metro areas to invest in. Future studies can utilize the reproducible code to inform decisions on where to invest in solar PV on multifamily housing anywhere in the United States by changing weights within the model depending on preferences. Methods

Collecting real estate and landlord data for metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) from federal agency databases.

Real estate metrics: Six indicator metrics were selected to represent areas with growing housing demands. The metrics included were population growth, employment growth, average annual occupancy, annual rent change, the ratios of median annual rent to median income, and median income to median home price. The population estimates and median income data was downloaded from the Census Bureau. Median rent data was downloaded from HUDuser. Median home price data was downloaded from National Association of REALTORS®. Students were provided temporary memberships to Yardi Systems Matrix to obtain multifamily occupancy rates, and this data will not be redistributed. All the real estate metrics were combined into a single dataset using CBSA codes, which each MSA has a unique 5-digit identifier. Income-to-home price and rent-to-income ratios were calculated in R Studio.

Landlord data: the minimum security deposit and eviction notice data was collected for each state and manually compiled into an Excel. Security deposit information was provided as the number of months of rent. States with no maximum deposit limit received a score of 1.0, meaning it was the most favorable. Two month's rent was scored as 0.5, and one month's rent was given a score of 0.

Using NREL's REopt web tool to 1) model solar PV system on multifamily buildings in various cities and 2) obtain data to represent energy generation, CO2 abatement potential, avoided health costs from emissions, and solar project financial criteria.

An anchor city was identified within each MSA as the city with the highest population to input into the REopt tool. Default inputs were changed based on information provided by industry experts and changes in federal funding programs. Detailed instructions of inputs were created to ensure consistency when running the model for each city. The four outputs collected from the tool include: annual energy generation from renewables (%), lifecycle total CO2 emissions, health costs associated with primary air pollutants, and internal rate of return(%). The group divided up a list of cities, input the respective data for each one, obtained the outputs, then compiled it into a Google sheet. Outputs were checked by other members to ensure accuracy.

Collecting climate risk data from FEMA's National Risk Index Map.

Climate risk data was downloaded as a CSV file. The risk score was used to represent impacts of climate variability on long-term real estate investments. Risk scores were provided at the county level. The group identified the county each city resided in, to associate the correct score to each city in R Studio

Normalizing the data

Metrics were normalized by subtracting the minimum value for the metric from each value and dividing by the difference between the maximum and minimum values. This resulted in scores between 0 and 1 that were relative to the MSAs included in the analysis.

Weighing the data

Real Estate and Landlord Criteria metrics: these two criteria contained more than one metric, so the metrics within these criteria were weighted to produce real estate and landlord scores. Weights for each criterion sum to 1, in which higher weights indicate greater importance for multifamily real estate investments. Each weight was multiplied by the respective metric, then all weighted metrics within each criterion were summed to produce the criteria score. Investment Favorability Score: seven criteria were multiplied by respective weights based on the stakeholder's preferences. Weights sum to 1 to ensure consistency throughout the project. The sum of the seven weighted criteria is the investment favorability score.

Explore the housing and building statistics of the Emirate of Dubai with this comprehensive dataset, including information on investment villas, industrial buildings, multi-story buildings, and more.

Investment Villa, Industrial Building, Multi-Story Buildings, Industrial Buildings, Urban, Value Added, Total Buildings, Other (Shed - Sandaka - Caravan), Intermediate Consumption, By Area, Number of Stores, Floor Area Ratio Building, All Area, Annual, Part of Arabic House, Floor Area Ratio Buildings, Collective Household, Investment Villas, Output, Public Commercial Buildings, Capital Formation, Building Permits Issued, New Building, Room, Total Housing Units, Private Villa, Other, Compensation of Workers, Total Completed Buildings, Number of Residential Apartments, Commercial Building, Private Villas, Multi-Story Building, Attached to Villa, Apartment, Villa, Number, Arabic House, Million AED, One-Story Building, Number of Workers, Building Permits Issued, Additions and Amendments, Rural, Suqure Feet

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